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ObjectiveEarly exposure and mentorship in surgical specialties like otolaryngology – head and neck surgery are critical for medical students. This paper presents initiatives implemented at our institution to engage early-career medical students with the field.MethodsA hands-on laryngoscope workshop was organised, and a centralised online platform was created for research and mentorship opportunities using a collaborative project management tool. Both measures were advertised via e-mail to student interest groups and campus diversity groups. At the end of the workshop, participating students completed an online distributed survey.ResultsStudents’ perception of their knowledge of airway anatomy and related clinical scenarios significantly improved after the laryngoscopy workshop (p = 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively). All attendees indicated that the workshop increased their comfort level with procedures and that they would recommend the workshop to colleagues. Nearly half of participants reported becoming ‘very interested’ in exploring otolaryngology – head and neck surgery through future elective courses.ConclusionImplementation of such initiatives at other institutions can generate medical student interest and may improve diversity in otolaryngology – head and neck surgery.

The investigation aimed to study the effect of foliar application of chemicals on the plant canopy, vegetative growth and flowering, as well as on overall appearance of the Ixora chinensis plants grown in pot. Application of salicylic acid, benzyl adenine and silicon at different concentrations significantly influenced the growth, flowering, pigments as well as overall appearance of Ixora chinensis plants as compared to untreated plants (control). Plants treated with 10 mg/l and 20 mg/l salicylic acid showed significant increase in plant height, plant spread, number of branches with thicker stems and number of leaves and leaf area during the experiment. Further, the number of inflorescence per plant, inflorescence diameter and flowers per inflorescence were observed maximum in plants treated with 10 mg/l salicylic acid. Improved flowering period (89.60 days), delayed senescence and maximum in situ flower longevity (14.87 days) was observed in ixora plants sprayed with benzyl adenine at 30 mg/l. The maximum chlorophyll content (1.81 mg/g) in leaves and maximum anthocyanin content (0.282 mg/g) in petal tissue was observed with application of silicon at 1.5 % concentration, which was followed by silicon at 1.0 % concentration. The highest overall appearance as pot plant (4.15) on a visual basis was noted in ixora plants sprayed with salicylic acid at 10 mg/l, which was followed by salicylic acid at 30 mg/l and benzyl adenine 30 mg/l.

Investigation was done to find out the effect of different polyamines viz., spermine and spermidine (5, 10, 20 mg/l) and biostimulants viz., 2 % Novel (banana pseudostem sap) and 2% cow urine as foliar spray on growth parameters of rose var. Top Secret. Plant height, number of branches and number of leaves were found to be significantly higher with foliar spray of polyamines and biostimulants. Maximum plant height was found in plants treated with 20 mg/l spermidine while number of branches were found maximum in plants treated with 20 mg/l spermine. Maximum number of leaves were observed with 20 mg /l spermine and were at par with 10 mg/l spermine and 20 mg/l spermidine. Flower stem length and stem diameter were significantly maximum with treatment 20 mg/l spermine, at par with 10 mg/l spermine and 2% novel. Bud diameter was significantly higher with treatment of 10 mg/l spermine, 20 mg/l spermine, 20 mg/l spermidine and 2% novel while bud length and flower diameter were maximum in 20 mg/l spermidine. Chlorophyll and anthocyanins pigments were observed maximum in plants treated with 20 mg/l spermine followed by 2% Novel spray. Further, plants treated with 2% Novel showed maximum flower yield (16.98 flowers/plant) as well as vase life (8.53 days).

The plant IQD gene family is responsive to a variety of stresses. In this study, we studied the structural features and functions of the gene BrIQD35 in Chinese cabbage, a member of the IQD gene family. BrIQD35 was cloned and shown to contain an IQ motif. Transient expression of BrIQD35 indicated that it was localized on the plasma membrane and was significantly upregulated under drought and salt stress in Chinese cabbage. To further identify the function of BrIQD35, it was heterologously overexpressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. Although there was no significant difference between BrIQD35-overexpressed and wild-type (WT) plants under salt stress, WT N. benthamiana showed more wilting than the BrIQD35-overexpressed plants under drought stress. Since the IQ motif has been annotated as a CaM binding site, yeast two-hybrid assays were used to explore the interaction between BrIQD35 and CaM. The results indicated that BrIQD35 interacts weakly with CaMb, but not with CaMa, suggesting that BrIQD35 may function through the Ca

To improve services, the tourism industry makes use of a large amount of data collected from a variety of sources. Because of the easy availability of feedback, evaluations, and impressions from a wide range of visitors, tourism planning has become both rich and complex. As a result, the tourism industry faces a significant challenge in determining tourist preferences based on the data collected. Unfortunately, some user comments are meaningless and difficult to comprehend, making it difficult to make recommendations. Approaches to sentiment classification that are based on aspects have shown promise in terms of reducing noise. At the moment, there isn't a lot of work being done on aspect-based sentiment and classification. Aspect-based sentiment classification recommendation methods are introduced in this paper, which employ deep learning algorithms to not only classify aspects quickly, but also to perform classification tasks with high accuracy. A series of experiments on real-time review classification have been conducted to determine how effective the framework is at assisting tourists in locating the best location, hotel, and restaurant in a region. Keywords: Classification, Deep Learning, Tourist Reviews, Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis.

BackgroundThe coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic created challenges in surgical education that expedited the development of virtual learning. Virtual rotations have been one such solution. However, they require co-ordination and technological equipment to create a meaningful, interactive experience for students.MethodsVarious otolaryngology surgical procedures were live-streamed during a two-week virtual rotation for medical students. A mobile audiovisual cart comprising a computer mounted with a webcam and microphone/speaker were utilised to live-stream from four sources: video-assisted telescope operating monitor (‘VITOM’) exoscope, microscope, endoscope and room camera. A dedicated faculty member, who was not the operating surgeon, was present to facilitate students’ understanding of the procedure.ConclusionA wide breadth of otolaryngology surgical procedures were live-streamed via a mobile audiovisual computer, including views of the room, endoscopic views, microscopic views and open views via an exoscope (video-assisted telescope operating monitor). This virtual rotation set-up, along with the dedicated faculty facilitator, reduced the burden on the operating surgeon and enhanced students’ learning experience.

Spacecraft observations provide evidence about the existence of various waves and kinetic instabilities in solar wind plasmas. These instabilities and waves play an important role in the dynamics of the solar wind. In the present work, bump-on-tail (BOT) instability is revisited by employing the κ and then the modified (r, κ) distributions using a quasilinear approach. The evolution of bump-on-tail instability is studied analytically and numerically by using the solar wind data. The growth rate of BOT instability for varying ratios of temperature and number density is also observed. It is observed that the maximum growth rate increases with increasing number density and decreases with increasing electron temperature in the bump. The effect of spectral indices κ in the kappa distribution and r and κ in the modified (r, κ) distribution functions ultimately contributes towards the shoulder and tail of the distribution functions and the results appear to have been modified. Stimulation of wave energy density shows rapid variation in the quasilinear evolution of bump-on-tail instability as compared to the simple linear model.

Objective: To assess the association between the controlled and uncontrolled type-2 diabetic patients to the severity of Alveolar bone loss Study Designed: Cross-sectional analytical study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Radiology, Sardar Begum Dental College and Khyber College of Dentistry Peshawar KPK from 1st October 2020 to 31st March 2021. Methodology: One hundred and seventy patients were included. Daniel formula (1999) was used for the patient to check the alveolar bone loss and questionnaire was filled by the researcher and examination was done on the dental unit using examination instruments. Results: The mean age was 39.41±6.92. The oral hygiene status in patients visiting the radiology department using toothpaste twice a day was 50.58% while bone loss among patient using toothpaste and brushing their teeth twice a day was 21.51%. The patient with a controlled glucose level was 41.28% while a patient with an uncontrolled glucose level was 58.72%. The bone loss in a patient with controlled HbA1c the bone loss in normal to moderate 38.38%while severe bone loss was 2.90% which is less as compared to the controlled group. The bone loss was reported higher in males (51.16%)as in females were 48.84%, but there was a severe bone loss in females 31,40% as compared to males 17.44%. Conclusion: There is a strong association between alveolar bone loss with the increased level of HbA1c. When the levels of HbA1c level increased the bone loss in both male and female was reported high. Type 2 diabetic patients having increased HbA1c levels cause severe bone loss. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Out-patient department, Hemoglobin A1c

Inclusion of a quantizing magnetic field in a partially degenerate plasma has interesting effects on the propagation of solitary and nonlinear periodic structures in coupled kinetic Alfven acoustic waves. In this paper, we use two-potential theory to investigate the nonlinear structures using Sagdeev potential approach and further analyze it using nonlinear dynamical methods. It is shown that the existence of solitary structure is sensitive to small temperature effects and quantizing magnetic field in a dense plasma with adiabatically trapped electrons. The work presented here is useful in understanding the low frequency wave propagation in a dense astrophysical environment like white dwarf stars and in low beta laboratory plasmas e.g. intense laser-plasma interactions.

Summary Background Here we detail our experience of managing patients found to have a neuroendocrine neoplasm (NEN) whilst on immunosuppression for a transplanted organ. Aim We aimed to quantify the behaviour of NENs under solid-organ transplant-related immunosuppression. Design This was an observational, retrospective case series. Methods Ten patients were identified from a prospectively kept database. Three were excluded. Results Four patients received a liver, two a kidney, and one a heart transplant. All but one received calcineurin-based immunosuppression. NENs were found in five patients post-transplant: one had surgery for transverse colonic neuroendocrine carcinoma NEC (pT4N1M0, Ki67 60%), was cancer-free after four years; one had cold biopsy of duodenal NEN (pT1N0M0, Ki67 2%), cancer-free at four months; one 7 mm pancreatic NEN (pT1N0M0), untreated and stable for seven years; one small-bowel NEN with mesenteric metastasis (pTxNxM1), alive four years after diagnosis; and one untreated small-bowel NEN with mesenteric metastasis, stable at 1 year after liver transplantation. Two NENs were discovered pre-transplant, one pancreatic NEN (pT1N0M0, Ki67 5%), remains untreated and stable at three years. One gastric NEN (type 3, pT1bN0M0, Ki67 2%) remains stable without treatment for two years. Conclusions NENs demonstrate indolent behaviour in the presence of transplant-related immunosuppression.

In this paper, models on concepts of radio frequency identification adoption (RFID), imperfect products reworking system, and trade credit for deteriorating inventory with / without utilizing the preservation investment technology are derived, which makes this article, a unique one. Estimation of optimal values of RIFD levels of investment for ordering, operating, just in time efficiencies along with production cycle time, and preservation investment are carried out. The rate of market demand is quadratic in nature based on time and is suitable for the items for which demand rises primarily, and then after it begins to decline. This form of demand is applicable to a vast range of items like garments, fashion accessories, electronics, etc.. The model is further divided into two cases based on demand rate and products reworking of imperfect quality items. Further, in each case, four subcases based on credit period and time of production cycle are analysed. The main objective of the inventory problem is to calculate total manufacturing cost in each subcase. The classical optimization technique is utilized for calculating the optimal values of decision variables. For the validation of developed models in each case, numerical examples are demonstrated, then using the concept of eigen-values of a Hessian matrix, we have proved the convex nature of the systems total cost for the case which has the minimum total cost. Also the decision variable sensitivity analysis is done by altering the inventory parameters for generating fruitful managerial insights. The model derived in this article can be applied in supply chain management of packaged food products/seasonal food products/milk products like butter, cheese, etc., where the tags for RFID are applied to track eatable/milk items of during delivery and storing. Also, if the model deals with a product of improper production, then it undergoes the reworking process.

In degenerate quantum plasma the energy behavior of electrostatic modes propagating perpendicular to the external magnetic field is studied by employing the separated spin evolution quantum hydrodynamic (SSE-QHD) model. This model reveals that spin electron cyclotron wave (SECW) appears additionally with the upper hybrid wave (UHW). In case of SECW, the curves for the energy flow speed at different levels of spin polarization effect flip over at a particular value of wave number. The spin polarization effect enhances the energy flow speed before this value of wave number and then suppresses it afterward. The energy flow speed is enhanced by spin polarization effect in the entire range of wave number for the propagation of UHW. The Bohm potential effect drastically increases the energy flow speed at high wave number domain in both the waves. This study may find its applications to understand the energy behavior inspin polarized solid state plasmas

The success of crop improvement programme depends on the extent of genetic variability existing in the population of germplasm. The improvement and development of new varieties depends to a great extent upon the magnitude of genetic variability. The present investigation was carried out at three different locations during Rabi season (November 2014- April 2015) to evaluate 26 genotypes of marigold. The analysis of variance for all the traits revealed presence of considerable genetic variability in the material studied. The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all the traits studied, which indicated appreciable influence of environment. The high magnitude for genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation as well as high magnitude of broad sense heritability coupled with genetic gain was observed for plant height, number of secondary branches per plant, leaf area, leaf biomass, photosynthetic rate, flower weight, number of flower per plant, flower yield per plant, seed yield per plant and carotenoid content, which indicated additive gene effects. Hence, these characters were less influenced by environment and direct selection for these traits would be effective for further improvement.

The generation of zonal flows by small-scale coupled drift-ion-acoustic waves is investigated. The problem is analyzed in magnetized electron–positron–ion plasmas by the system of the generalized Hasegawa–Mima equation and the equation of parallel motion of ions. It is concluded that the inclusion of positrons enhances zonal flow growth rates.

Summarization: Global water models (GWMs) simulate the terrestrial water cycle on the global scale and are used to assess the impacts of climate change on freshwater systems. GWMs are developed within different modelling frameworks and consider different underlying hydrological processes, leading to varied model structures. Furthermore, the equations used to describe various processes take different forms and are generally accessible only from within the individual model codes. These factors have hindered a holistic and detailed understanding of how different models operate, yet such an understanding is crucial for explaining the results of model evaluation studies, understanding inter-model differences in their simulations, and identifying areas for future model development. This study provides a comprehensive overview of how 16 state-of-the-art GWMs are designed. We analyse water storage compartments, water flows, and human water use sectors included in models that provide simulations for the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project phase 2b (ISIMIP2b). We develop a standard writing style for the model equations to enhance model intercomparison, improvement, and communication. In this study, WaterGAP2 used the highest number of water storage compartments, 11, and CWatM used 10 compartments. Six models used six compartments, while four models (DBH, JULES-W1, Mac-PDM.20, and VIC) used the lowest number, three compartments. WaterGAP2 simulates five human water use sectors, while four models (CLM4.5, CLM5.0, LPJmL, and MPI-HM) simulate only water for the irrigation sector. We conclude that, even though hydrological processes are often based on similar equations for various processes, in the end these equations have been adjusted or models have used different values for specific parameters or specific variables. The similarities and differences found among the models analysed in this study are expected to enable us to reduce the uncertainty in multi-model ensembles, improve existing hydrological processes, and integrate new processes. Presented on: Geoscientific Model Development

Introduction Appendectomy is associated with complications and negative appendicectomy. We evaluated the rate and predictors of NAR in a cohort. Method Patients' data who underwent emergency appendicectomies over a year was analysed. A definition of NA; absence of inflammatory cells in the appendix. The NAR was calculated using (NAR-SDC) and (NAR-STC). Leucocytosis was a total WBC >11000/mm3, elevated CPR >5 mg/L. Results 372 patients were included. Median durations of symptoms 2 days. The mean admission WBC, CRP and serum bilirubin levels were 12,600 (3000-38000)/mm3, 66.9 (1-323) mg/L and 12.7 (4-38) µmol/L respectively. Laparoscopic appendectomy was performed in 93.5% with a conversion rate of 4.6%.NAR-SDC was 10.2% and NAR-STC was 25.8%. NAR was higher in females than males (39.4% versus 11.1%; p-value 0.0001). Patients with NA were younger (p-value 0.0001), had lower WBC (p-value 0.014), CRP (p-value 0.0001) levels on admission. Female gender, duration of symptoms more than 3 days, lower WBC were found to be predictors of NAR. Conclusions NA is a problem in management of patients with acute right lower abdominal pain. Our NAR compared favourably with reported rates. Female gender, symptoms more than 3 days, lower WBC were predictors of NA.

The present study reveals the role of suprathermal particles on the destabilization of EMEC instability modelled by kappa-Maxwellian distribution and the results are compared with bi-Maxwellian results. Presence of suprathermal particles in the velocity distribution functions indicates the highly nonthermal state of plasma having large amount of free energy which is expected to enhance the kinetic instabilities. However, most of the studies on EMEC waves using bi-kappa model showed the inhibiting effect of suprathermal particles on the instability. To address this effect in kappa-Maxwellian plasmas, following Lazar et al. (2015), we proposed two variants of kappa-Maxwellian model to investigate the role of suprathermal particles on the EMEC instability in kappa-Maxwellian plasma. In kappa-Maxwellian Model-I, kappa and Maxwellian temperatures are considered to be constant while thermal velocity for kappa is taken larger than Maxwellian thermal velocity. In kappa-Maxwellian Model-II, thermal velocities for kappa and Maxwellian are considered constant while kappa temperature is taken larger than the Maxwellian temperature. We found that growth rate of EMEC waves based on the Model-I remains larger but for Model-II remains smaller than the Maxwellian growth rate. Thus in kappa-Maxwellian plasmas the Model-I truly depicted the role of suprathermal particles in enhancing the EMEC instability in contrast to bi-kappa plasmas.

The energy transport of circularly polarized waves (CPW) in bi-kappa distributed plasmas is studied using kinetic theory. Energy flux is examined by taking into account the wave-particle interaction. We investigate how the energy flux is affected by the variation of thermal speed, temperature anisotropy (the parallel and perpendicular temperatures are different with respect to the direction of ambient magnetic field, i.e., T⊥ > T∥), index κ and the wave frequency. It is found that the CPW transport their energy rapidly over distances for smaller values of the thermal speed, the index κ and the wave frequency, whereas for low values of temperature anisotropy the waves deliver their energy slowly. Thus the above-mentioned parameters play an important role in the transport of wave energy. Possible applications of the present analysis are discussed.

In this paper, expressions of number densities for electron trapping for generalized ( r, q), kappa, and Cairns distribution functions, respectively, are reported using the approach adopted by Landau and Lifshitz for Maxwellian trapping of electrons. For illustrative purposes, dispersive and dissipative equations for ion-acoustic waves are obtained in the presence of non-Maxwellian trapped electrons in the small amplitude limit. The solutions of the modified dispersive and dissipative nonlinear equations are reported, and a graphical analysis is given to present a detailed comparison of non-Maxwellian and Maxwellian trapping. The results presented here, to the best of authors' knowledge, are a first attempt of this kind. It is expected that the present investigation will unravel new horizons for future research and encourage the researchers to search for the nonlinear structures presented in this paper in the satellite data.

The transverse electric surface waves have been investigated with a plasma medium sandwiched between two ferrite films. The characteristic equations for the field components are derived and a dispersion relation is analytically obtained by using boundary conditions for the tangential field components. Numerical analysis shows the plots of effective wave index with surface wave frequency for different thicknesses and number densities of the plasma medium, and also for the different values of the dielectric constant of the ferrite films. Keywords: Transverse electric surface waves, Sandwich structures, Maxwell's equations, Dispersion relation

Within the framework of kinetic theory, the nonlinear interaction of electromagnetic waves (EMWs) with a degenerate electron-ion plasma is studied to account for the electron quantum mechanical effects. For this purpose, a specific quantum regime is considered, for which the degenerate electron Fermi velocity is assumed to be of the order of the group velocity of EMWs. This eventually leads to the existence of a nonlinear Landau damping rate for the EMWs in the presence of electron ponderomotive force. The electron–ion density oscillations may have arisen from the nonlinear interaction of EMWs, leading to a new type of nonlinear Schrödinger equation in terms of a complex amplitude for electromagnetic pump waves. The profiles of nonlinear damping rates reveal that EMWs become less damped for increasing the quantum tunneling effects. The electrostatic response of the linear electrostatic waves is also investigated and derived from a linear dispersion for the ion-acoustic damping rate. The latter is a direct function of the electron Fermi speed and does not rely on the Bohm tunneling effect. The obtained results are numerically analyzed for two microwaves of different harmonics in the context of nonrelativistic astrophysical dense plasma environments, e.g. white dwarfs, where the electron quantum corrections cannot be ignored.

In the world of limited resources, recovery of used products for reselling or recycling is a critical issue from the economic and environmental point of view. In this paper, we have assumed that a retailer sells the new product to customers as well as collects and sells the used products. We adopt a price dependent quadratic demand function, and the return of used product as a price and time-dependent linear function. The proposed problem is formulated as a profit maximization problem for the retailer. The objective is to find the optimal selling price, the optimal ordering quantity for the new product, and the optimal quantity of used product simultaneously such that the retailers total profit is maximized. The model is validated by a numerical example and sensitivity analysis is performed for the key parameters.

Damage and destruction to schools from climate-related disasters can have significant and lasting impacts on curriculum and educational programs, educational attainment, and future income-earning potential of affected students. As such, assessing the potential impact of hazards is crucial to the ability of individuals, households, and communities to respond to natural disasters, extreme events, and economic crises. Yet, few studies have focused on assessing the vulnerability of schools in coastal regions of the USA. Using Hurricane Ike’s tropical storm wind swath in the State of Texas as our study area, we: (1) assessed the spatial distribution patterns of school closures and (2) tested the relationship between school closure and vulnerability factors (namely physical exposure and school demographics) using zero-inflated negative binomial regression models. The regression results show that higher probabilities of hurricane strikes, more urbanized school districts, and school districts located in coastal counties on the right side of Ike’s path have significant positive associations with an increase in the number of school closure days. Socioeconomic characteristics were not significantly associated with the number of days closed, with the exception of proportion of Hispanic youth in schools, a result which is not supported by the social vulnerability literature. At a practical level, understanding how hurricanes may adversely impact schools is important for developing appropriate preparedness, mitigation, recovery, and adaptation strategies. For example, school districts on the right side of the hurricane track can plan in advance for potential damage and destruction. The ability of a community to respond to future natural disasters, extreme events, and economic crises depends in part on mitigating these adverse effects.

Over the past two years, there has been an intense effort to understand the chemistry of mercury across the Savannah River Site’s high-level liquid waste system to determine the impacts of various mercury species. This effort began after high concentrations of mercury were measured in the leachates from a toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) test on the low-level cementitious waste form produced in the Savannah River Saltstone facility. Speciation showed the dominant form of leached mercury to be the methylmercury cation. Neither the source of the methylmercury nor its concentration in the Saltstone feed was well established at the time of the testing. This assessment of mercury was necessary to inform points in the process operations that may be subject to new separation technologies for the removal of mercury.

Spacecraft observations made near 1 AU show that both core and halo solar wind electrons exhibit temperature anisotropies that appear to be regulated by marginal electromagnetic electron cyclotron instability condition. In the literature, the threshold conditions of this instability, operative for T⊥>T∥, has been expressed as an inverse correlation between the temperature anisotropy, T⊥/T∥, and parallel beta, β∥, but such a relation was deduced on the basis of linear stability analysis combined with empirical fitting. The present paper, on the other hand, employs macroscopic quasilinear analysis for core-halo two-component model of the solar wind electrons, in order to follow the self-consistent time history of the core and halo temperature development as well as the dynamics of magnetic field perturbation wave energy. In the present analysis, the inverse correlation for core and halo temperature anisotropy and parallel beta naturally emerges from the solutions of self-consistent theory. The present findings indicate that the macroscopic quasilinear method may be useful for modeling the dynamics of solar wind electrons.

The growth rate of bump on tail instability propagating in unmagnetized plasma has been derived. The dispersion relation has been characterized for (r,q) distribution function with spectral indices r and q which ultimately contributes towards tails and shoulder of distribution function. The growth rate of the bump on tail instability has been estimated numerically for different ratios of temperature and number density using solar wind data and also by varying values of indices r and q . The higher value of q play the role towards decreasing the growth rate where the instability has the higher value when the number density of the superthermal electrons in the bump is higher and the temperature is low. The maximum growth rate increases with the increase in number density of electrons and decreases with the increasing temperature in the bump.

The influence of the low energy part of the velocity distribution on the propagation characteristics of the nonlinear ion-acoustic waves is investigated in this study by employing the double spectral index (r, q) distribution function. We present an ample study to ascertain how the formation of compressive and rarefactive ion-acoustic solitary structures is influenced by the low energy particles in the distribution profile. We found that only compressive structures are formed for flat top distribution; however, both compressive and rarefactive structures are admissible for spiky distribution. The effect of spectral indices r and q on the formation of solitary structures is explored in detail, and a brief comparison with the Maxwellian and kappa distribution is also given. The present study is imperative in understanding the role of flat top or spiky distributions in plasmas, where positrons are present, and simultaneous observations of such distributions.

Following the idea of three wave resonant interactions of lower hybrid waves it is shown that quantum -modified lower hybrid (QLH) wave in electron positron ion plasma with spatial dispersion can decay into another QLH wave ( where electron and positrons are activated whereas ions remain in the background) and another ultra low frequency QULH (where ions are mobile). Quantum effects like Bohm potential, exchange correlation and Fermi pressure on the lower hybrid wave significantly reshaped the dispersion properties of lower hybrid waves. Later a set of nonlinear Zakharov equations have been derived to consider the formation of QLH wave solitons with the nonlinear contribution coming from the QLH waves. Further, modulational instability of the lower hybrid wave solitons is investigated and consequently it's growth rates are examined for different limiting cases. Since the growth rate associated with the three-wave resonant interaction are generally smaller than the growth associated with the modulational instability, therefore only latter have been investigated. Soliton solutions from the set of coupled Zakharov and NLS equations in the quasi-stationary regime have been studied. Ordinary solitons are attribute of nonlinearity whereas a cusp soliton solution featured by nonlocal nonlinearity have also studied. Such an approach to lower hybrid waves and cusp solitons study in Fermi gas comprising electron positron and ions is new and important. The general results obtained in this quantum plasma theory will have widespread applicability, particularly for processes in high energy plasma-laser interactions set for laboratory astrophysics and solid state plasmas., 16 pages

Stratified tropical oceanic systems are in general observed with Subsurface Chlorophyll Maxima (SCM), which was identified as light adaptation of shade-loving picophytoplankton groups. Apart from the light adaptation strategies of phytoplankton, the physical properties of water masses have significant role to hold the phytoplankton in particular layers. The present study gives theoretical explanation on the influence of fluid properties of water on the settling velocities of micro-nano phytoplankton groups, which contribute the SCM. The data and samples were collected from North Eastern Arabian Sea (NEAS) during March (Spring Inter Monsoon), by means of Bio-Argo floats, CTD and remote sensing. The analysis gives indications to the possible strengthening of SCM in the scenario of warming and enhanced stratification. The study conducted simulations using basic stoke’s equations on most abundant species of the area and found that the fluid density has a significant role in the settling of non-motile, suspended phytoplankton groups, irrespective of their cellular density. The simulations show strong decelerations at the same depths, in the upper part of the pycnocline but with varying settling velocity. A numerical expression derived based on curve fitting and multiple regression analysis substantiates the influence of vertical density on SCM. The sensitivity analysis (Global sensitivity Analysis) indicates warming trend in NEAS strengthening the stratification, which in turn influences the concentration in SCM and is capable of altering the primary production.