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Bu çalışmada, ekonomik büyüme ve kalkınma için büyük öneme sahip olan yapısal dönüşüm olgusu ve belirleyicileri, panel veri analiziyle incelenmektedir. Bu amaçla konu teorik temeliyle ele alındıktan sonra, seçilmiş 19 gelişmiş ve 24 gelişmekte olan ülkede 1970-2017 yılları arasında meydana gelen yapısal dönüşüm, hesaplanan yapısal dönüşüm endeksi yoluyla analiz edilmiştir. Gelişmekte olan ülkelerdeki yapısal dönüşüm endeks değerlerinin, gelişmiş ülke değerlerinden daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Daha sonra, yapısal dönüşümün belirleyicilerinin yapısal dönüşüm üzerine etkisini belirlemek amacıyla ülke gruplarına Panel Veri Analizi uygulanmıştır. Driscoll-Kraay tahmin sonucunda, gelişmiş ülkelerde dış ticaretin ve nüfusun etkisinin pozitif, doğumda yaşam beklentisinin negatif olduğu görülmüştür. Kişi başına milli gelir ve küreselleşme değişkenlerinin yapısal dönüşüm üzerine etkilerinin istatistiki olarak anlamsız olduğu saptanmıştır. Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde ise dış ticaretin negatif, kişi başına milli gelirin pozitif ve anlamlı etkisi görülürken, diğer değişkenlerin anlamsız olduğu belirlenmiştir. Son olarak, Ortak İlişkili Etkiler Ortalama Grup Tahmincisi ile de ülkeler bazında değerlendirme yapılmıştır., In this study, the structural transformation phenomenon and its determinants, which are of great importance for economic growth and development, are examined by panel data analysis. For this purpose, the structural transformation that occurred between 1970-2017 in 19 selected developed and 24 developing countries is analysed through the calculated Structural Transformation Index. It is determined that the structural transformation index values in the developing countries are higher than the developed country values. Then, Panel Data Analysis is applied to country groups to determine the impact of determinants of structural transformation on structural transformation. As a result of Driscoll-Kraay estimation, it is observed that the impact of foreign trade and population in developed countries is positive and life expectancy at birth is negative. The effects of variables of gross domestic product per capita and globalization on structural transformation are found to be statistically insignificant. In developing countries, the negative impact of foreign trade and the positive and meaningful effect of gross domestic product per capita are observed, while other variables are determined to be insignificant. Finally, an asessment is made on a country basis with the Common Correlated Effect Mean Group Estimator.

Effects of climate change in Turkey, which is already a water stressed country, are expected to be significant. The aim of this paper is to quantify the effects of climate change on the overall economy by using an integrated framework incorporating a computable general equilibrium model and a crop water requirement model for the period 2010-2099. Since agriculture is the most important sector that will be affected by climate change, analysis of climate change effects on the overall economy necessitate taking into account backward and forward linkages of agriculture. The CGE model used in this paper models the links between agriculture and other sectors and economic agents at 12 NUTS1 region level. On the other hand, the crop model is used to translate the results of global climate models to estimate changes in yields and irrigation requirements for the period 2010-2099 at 81 NUTS3 level for 35 crops. The results of the crop model are then introduced to CGE model as climate shocks.The results suggest that the economic effects of climate change will not be significant until the late 2030s; therefore Turkey has a chance to develop appropriate adaptation policies. However after 2030s, effects of climate change will be significant. Production patterns and relative prices will change drastically. The economic effects will differ among regions. The regions where irrigated agriculture is relatively low, the effects will be milder suggesting a need for putting more emphasis on the region-specific climate change policy design. Agriculture and food production will be the most affected sectors. Increasing irrigation requirements will cause farmers to reduce irrigated production. Combined with the decline in yields, this will cause significant deterioration in agricultural production and prices will increase. The loss in household welfare will be significant. Some part of production decline will be compensated by imports, causing an increase in agrofood trade which will cause the trade balance to worsen with declining manufacturing exports due to increasing cost of production.

The extent to which agricultural trade liberalisation can be an adaptation strategy in the face of climate change remains to be an open discussion in the literature. We set out to answer this question in the context of Morocco and Turkey by taking into account the impact of climate change on agricultural international markets at the global level. We use the GTAP model, combined with a newly developed global database on climate change impacts on agricultural crop sectors by 2050 as captured by yield projections. Results suggest that the more trade is liberalised, the higher global welfare gains are. However, the gains are not large enough to offset the loss from climate change impacts on agricultural productivity globally. In Morocco, agricultural trade liberalisation, on average, induces additional welfare losses. The main drivers are the deterioration in the terms of trade that offsets all the potential gains from the better allocation of economic resources due to free trade. For Turkey, trade liberalisation induces net welfare gains under all scenarios. The larger the tariff elimination scheme, the larger the net gains due to the more efficient allocation of economic resources, which partially offset the impact of declining terms of trade. © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

Irrigated agriculture in Turkey currently consumes 75 percent of the total water consumption, which corresponds to about 30 percent of the renewable water supply. Unfavorable future global climate and economic conditions will increase the stress in the water sector. The operation and maintenance (O&M) of almost all large surface irrigation schemes developed by the state has been transferred to irrigation associations governed by the farmers. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of irrigation management practices and an evaluation of irrigation water pricing after the transfer using price data at the association level since 1999. Results indicate that both irrigation water charges and collection rates increased following the transfer. However, the recuperation of investment costs for irrigation development from the users has remained minimal. The price of the irrigation water continued to be on per hectare basis, and farmers using pumping water face 2.5 times higher water charge per hectare then the gravity water users. The uptake of more efficient water application technology accompanied by pricing mechanisms reflecting scarcity value of water will certainly ease the adjustment burden of the irrigation sector in the future.

Stakeholder involvement in modeling studies is increasing. Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCMs) are emerging as a promising tool to provide a common base for stakeholders and modelers. FCMs developed by stakeholders from three local Mediterranean case studies are used to construct a stakeholder based FCM. This is done via a workshop in which the locally developed FCMs are merged by regional experts. Graphs and quasi-dynamic output are then compared with an FCM based on a mathematical model (WaterGAP). This model-based FCM was developed in a small workshop by WaterGAP modelers, based on their knowledge of the model. Results show that FCMs indeed have the ability to serve as a common base for linking participatory products and models. The quasi-dynamic output helps to get a better understanding of the commonalities and differences in the two system descriptions. The comparisons showed that FCM is a very promising tool for linking stakeholders and modelers. It can function as a common base for comparison and to illustrate differences between stakeholder perceptions and models in detail. The system dynamics of FCMs can play an important role in the comparison between system perspectives and the dissemination process.

Summary Alterations in the secretion of adipokines may explain the link between obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and coronary artery disease (CAD). These conditions have been associated with variation in the adiponectin gene, although evidence for this relationship has been variable, with differences found even in similar samples. This study aims to clarify these inconsistencies by determining the impact of identified adiponectin gene (ADIPOQ) variants (− 11391G>A,− 1377C>G[promoter] and +45T>G[exon 2] and +276G>T[intron 2]) on the prospective risk of CAD and T2DM in healthy men, and on adverse metabolic markers, in myocardial infarct survivors and controls from different parts of Europe. The hazard ratio for cardiovascular disease varied across the − 11391GG/GA/AA(p = 0.03) and − 11371CC/CG/GG(p = 0.05) genotypes only. In contrast, only the +45T>G variant (3.80[1.76-8.24]) was associated with T2DM, while two haplotypes GCTT/GCGG (p T(p = 0.01) increased risk in interaction with obesity. The variants were associated with a number of biomarkers in Southern but not Northern Europe (p = 0.01), despite no significant differences in allele or haplotype frequencies (p > 0.44). A risk haplotype could not be identified in either sample. Adiponectin gene variants are hence currently poor markers for the development of T2DM and CAD. Their influence on risk depends significantly on interactions that are not currently understood with either genetic variation elsewhere or the environment of the sample studied.

The objective of the study was to trace the performance of selected irrigation associations after the transfer of operation and maintenance (O&M) activities from the state to the farmers. Four irrigation associations were selected according to the regional and cropping pattern diversity. The area of the selected associations made up slightly more than 5 percent of the total transferred area. The data for the different types of revenues and expenses of the associations were obtained from the annual reports of the associations to the State Hydraulic Works. Results suggest that irrigation associations are able to fulfill irrigation tasks to a large extent using enhanced equipment. Fee collection rates are at improved levels, despite delays in payments, mainly due to the mismatch of the financial and production calendars. Dominant cropping patterns for cotton lead to higher and increasing O&M expenditures compared to cereals. Although the transfers increased the adjustment ability of farmers to exogenous factors, the findings suggest that it is still too early to decide on the sustainability of the transfer program.

The aim of this study is to report three cases of patients with endometriosis and infertility, and associated with Lyme disease. The medical files of 405 women with endometriosis and 200 without endometriosis were studied retrospectively. We report 3 cases with endometriosis and Lyme disease. Of 405 patients with endometriosis treated in our study over a 6-year period, 3(0.8%) had Lyme disease. All cases presented with typical erythema migraines, fever and fatigue. The serological findings were positive for Borrelia burgdorferi, for 3 cases. Two out of 3 women underwent IVF-ET procedures and one of them conceived in the first cycle without complication during pregnancy or after childbirth recorded. We concluded that women with endometriosis are more likely to have chronic fatigue syndrome, systemic lupus erythematous, Sjogren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and other autoimmune inflammatory and endocrine diseases. A review of the literature confirms the uniqueness of the co-existence of Lyme disease in women with endometriosis in these cases.

The effects of climate change in Turkey are expected to be significant. The aim of this paper is to quantify the effects of climate change on the overall economy by using an integrated framework incorporating a computable general equilibrium model and a c

This paper examines the interaction of globalization through trade liberalization and climate change, globally with a special focus on Morocco and Turkey. We use the GTAP model, which is a global general equilibrium model, to investigate trade liberalization welfare impacts under climate change, and its ability to provide mitigation and/or adaptation to potential losses. Our hypothesis was that trade liberalization would at least partially offset potential welfare losses induced by negative productivity shocks on agriculture. Our findings suggest that the world as a whole benefits the more trade is liberalized. For instance, under an unrealistic multilateral trade liberalization scenario, average net global welfare increases by +US$76,676 million. Hence, initial average welfare loss under climate change, which reached -US$31,775 million, is totally offset. Nonetheless, as we move away from complete trade liberalization to limited trade liberalization at the regional and sector levels, the gains realized are minimal and offset only marginally climateinduced welfare losses. At the regional level, most regions under trade liberalization do not experience large enough welfare gains to offset welfare losses triggered by negative productivity impacts in agriculture. The exceptions are countries/regions which are projected to benefit from climate change. For Morocco, tariff elimination under all scenarios on average induces additional welfare loss compared with the climate change only scenario. Despite the gains in allocative efficiency accruing from trade liberalization, the latter are generally low and are offset by the substantial negative contribution of the terms of trade and investment savings effects. For Turkey, trade liberalization induces net welfare gains under all scenarios. Nonetheless, these gains are not large enough to offset totally the initial loss under climate change. These results are primarily driven by the combined effect of allocative efficiency and terms of trade effects.

Stress on the water resources of Turkey is expected to increase in the near future. This paper presents the results of a case study in one of the most important water basins in Turkey, the Seyhan Basin, where the future of the basin is estimated using a fuzzy cognitive mapping technique applied at a participatory meeting with the stakeholders. Participants envisioned that water supply, water demand and water use would decline in the future in response to the increasing impact of climate change. Improvements in sustainable water management, irrigation efficiency and the use of water-saving technologies will diminish the severity of scarcity that is expected to occur due to climate change.

Calismanin amaci, secilmis bir grup ust orta gelirli ulke ornegi uzerinden, yakinsama ve panel veri analizleriyle 1982-2012 donemi icin orta gelir tuzaginin gerceklesme ihtimali ve bu durumdan kacinmada etkili olabilen sosyal ve ekonomik gostergelerin ortaya konulmasidir. Kosulsuz yakinsama analizleri, ilgili ulke grubunun baslangic kisi basina dusen gelir duzeylerinin surec boyunca artirmis olduklarini ortaya koymustur. Birim kok analizine dayali yakinsama analizleri ile ulkelerin bireysel performanslari arastirilmis, bunlardan 15’inin yuksek gelirli ulkelere yakinsarken, kalan 13 ulkenin iraksadiklari belirlenmistir. Panel veri sonuclari ise sadece iraksayan ulkelerin degil ayni zamanda Turkiye’nin de icinde bulundugu yakinsayan ulkelerin yapisal donusum surecine ayak uyduramadiklari takdirde orta gelir tuzagina takilma ihtimalinin yuksek oldugunu gostermistir. Arastirma sonuclari, bu durumun tek basina ulkelerin kisi basina dusen gelirindeki nicel artisa degil, ayni zamanda ekonomilerdeki yapisal degisiklik duzeyine bagli oldugu sonucunu ortaya koymustur

Irrigated agriculture in Turkey currently consumes 75 percent of the total water consumption, which corresponds to about 30 percent of the renewable water supply. Unfavorable future global climate and economic conditions will increase the stress in the water sector. The operation and maintenance (O&M) of almost all large surface irrigation schemes developed by the state has been transferred to irrigation associations governed by the farmers. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of irrigation management practices and an evaluation of irrigation water pricing after the transfer using price data at the association level since 1999. Results indicate that both irrigation water charges and collection rates increased following the transfer. However, the recuperation of investment costs for irrigation development from the users has remained minimal. The price of the irrigation water continued to be on per hectare basis, and farmers using pumping water face 2.5 times higher water charge per hectare then the gravity water users. The uptake of more efficient water application technology accompanied by pricing mechanisms reflecting scarcity value of water will certainly ease the adjustment burden of the irrigation sector in the future.

Wound infection, flap necrosis rates and peripheral complete blood cell count changes related to intraoperative whole-blood transfusions were investigated.Evidence is growing that whole-blood cell transfusions are immunosuppressive and predispose patients to postoperative infections.102 female breast carcinoma patients with hemoglobin levels = 10 g/dl before modified radical mastectomy and10 g/dl intraoperatively but with no signs of oxygen debt were included. Group I included patients who had received two units of whole-blood transfusions intraoperatively. Patients who had received no transfusion were in group II. Peripheral complete blood cell count, wound infection rates and flap necrosis were compared.Perioperative neutrophile and monocyte count increased in both groups. This increase was especially significant in the transfused group (p0.05). In both groups, these changes returned to normal levels on the tenth postoperative day. The decreased perioperative basophile count did not return to the baseline even on the tenth postoperative day in group I (p0.05). Lymphocyte count, and flap necrosis did not differ between the groups (p0.05). Wound infection seemed to take place and increase in the transfused group (p0.05).Two units of whole-blood transfusions seem to increase wound infection and decrease basophile count in this series (Tab. 3, Ref. 30).

This document, Agricultural Water Pricing: Turkey, by Erol H. Cakmak, of the Middle East Technical University in Ankara, is one of the background reports supporting the OECD study (2010) Sustainable Management of Water Resources in Agriculture, which is available at www.oecd.org/water.

Women with endometriosis have been reported to be at increased risk of developing non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). The purpose of this article was to investigate the familial risk of NHL in women with endometriosis. We report on 10 cases with endometriosis and positive family history of NHL.The medical records of 405 women with endometriosis and 200 without endometriosis were retrospectively analysed. All of the cases were diagnosed by laparoscopy. Ten cases of endometriosis having first-degree relatives with NHL are reported.We found no case with endometriosis and NHL. In contrast, we found 10/405 (2.5%) women with endometriosis and first-degree relatives with NHL. Their mean age was 38.3 years (range 29-46). The main complaint was infertility. The mean age at onset of endometriosis was 32 years (range 22-43). The stages of endometriosis were: stage II (n=4), stage III (n=2) and stage IV (n=4). All of these patients had first-degree relatives with a history of NHL. Five had mothers with NHL, 5 had fathers and one had a sister.These cases could suggest a link between a family history of NHL and subsequent development of endometriosis in the first-generation women. Moreover, there was no evidence of association between endometriosis and NHL.

Agricultural production is heavily dependent on water availability for increasing productivity and decreasing volatility in production. However climate change is expected to increase the sectoral competition for water resources and raise the need for major changes in water policies. This study is the first to analyze the likely effects of climate change and changes in the Turkish economy via an economy-wide Walrasian Computable General Equilibrium model with a detailed account of the agricultural sector: 20 agricultural activities in each of the 5 regions are differentiated as irrigated and rainfed. Major macroeconomic indicators change significantly. The decline in GDP is significant. Wage rate falls, while other factors’ prices increase. Production of irrigated crops decline significantly. Balance of trade in agricultural products becomes negative. Rural households benefits from the increase in the agricultural prices, while urban households are hit hard.

Agricultural production is heavily dependent on water availability in Turkey, where half the crop production relies on irrigation. Irrigated agriculture consumes about 75 percent of total water used, which is about 30 percent of renewable water availability. This study analyzes the likely effects of increased competition for water resources and changes in the Turkish economy. The analysis uses an economy-wide Walrasian Computable General Equilibrium model with a detailed account of the agricultural sector. The study investigated the economy-wide effects of two external shocks, namely a permanent increase in the world prices of agricultural commodities and climate change, along with the impact of the domestic reallocation of water between agricultural and non-agricultural uses. It was also recognized that because of spatial heterogeneity of the climate, the simulated scenarios have differential impact on the agricultural production and hence on the allocation of factors of production including water. The greatest effects on major macroeconomic indicators occur in the climate change simulations. As a result of the transfer of water from rural to urban areas, overall production of all crops declines. Although production on rainfed land increases, production on irrigated land declines, most notably the production of maize and fruits. The decrease in agricultural production, coupled with the domestic price increase, is further reflected in net trade. Agricultural imports increase with a greater decline in agricultural exports.

Turkiye’nin AB uyeligi sonucunda tarim mallari ticareti serbest hale gelecektir. Serbestlesmenin olasi fayda ve kazanimlari, Turkiye ve AB’nin tarim politikalarinin izleyecegi yola baglidir. Calismada AB uyeliginin olasi etkilerini degerlendirmek icin dogrusal-olmayan matematiksel programlama metoduna dayanan ekonomik modelleme yaklasimi kullanilmistir. Maksimum Entropiye dayanan Pozitif Matematiksel Programlama calismamizin temel yaklasimidir. Model statik optimizasyon algoritmasina dayanmaktadir. AB ile ekonomik integrasyonun sonucunda, bitkisel urun ihracati temel doneme gore artis gosterse de, artan net hayvansal urun ithalatini karsilamaktan uzak kalmaktadir. Uyeligin toplam refah etkisi sinirlidir. Tuketiciler dusen fiyatlardan faydalanmaktadirlar. Ureticilerin refahinda Ortak Tarim Politikasi’nin destekleri belirleyicidir.

Alterations in the secretion of adipokines may explain the link between obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and coronary artery disease (CAD). These conditions have been associated with variation in the adiponectin gene, although evidence for this relationship has been variable, with differences found even in similar samples. This study aims to clarify these inconsistencies by determining the impact of identified adiponectin gene (ADIPOQ) variants (-11391GA,-1377CG[promoter] and +45TG[exon 2] and +276GT[intron 2]) on the prospective risk of CAD and T2DM in healthy men, and on adverse metabolic markers, in myocardial infarct survivors and controls from different parts of Europe. The hazard ratio for cardiovascular disease varied across the -11391GG/GA/AA(p = 0.03) and -11371CC/CG/GG(p = 0.05) genotypes only. In contrast, only the +45TG variant (3.80[1.76-8.24]) was associated with T2DM, while two haplotypes GCTT/GCGG (p0.05) and +276GT(p = 0.01) increased risk in interaction with obesity. The variants were associated with a number of biomarkers in Southern but not Northern Europe (p = 0.01), despite no significant differences in allele or haplotype frequencies (p0.44). A risk haplotype could not be identified in either sample. Adiponectin gene variants are hence currently poor markers for the development of T2DM and CAD. Their influence on risk depends significantly on interactions that are not currently understood with either genetic variation elsewhere or the environment of the sample studied.

This paper analyzes the efficiency structure of Turkish agriculture in farm household level by using various models of stochastic frontier analysis. A household level survey conducted in 2002 and 2004 is used in the analysis. Firstly, an efficient production frontier is estimated by a panel data model. By using these estimates, relative importance of inputs and their interaction with various farm characteristics are inspected. The parameters of production frontier show that agricultural production is crucially dependent on land and there is an excessive employment of labor. Secondly, the efficiency scores are estimated at farm household level. The results are reported according to NUTS-I regional classification and many other farm specific characteristics. The western parts of the country are found to be relatively more efficient and there is a high deviation in the mean efficiencies of different regions. There is an increase in mean efficiencies of all regions from 2002 to 2004. Besides, crop patterns, farm size, education level of household chief and irrigation are found to be effective on efficiency.

Hong Kong’ta, 13-18 Aralik 2005 tarihleri arasinda yapilan altinci DTO Bakanlar Konferansi’nda pek fazla yol alinamadi. Tarim, tarim-disi urunlerde pazara ulasim ve hizmetler ana muzakere konulariydi. DTO uyeleri yeni tarim anlasmasinin taahhutlerin seklini ve indirim miktarlarini belirleyemeden dagildilar. Turkiye tarim-disi pazara ulasimda serbest ticareti savunanlarin yaninda yer aldi. Yenilenecek Tarim Anlasmasi’nin gorusmelerinde ise tam defansif pozisyon alan Turkiye, AB’ye tam uyelik adayligini ve tarim sektorunde reform ihtiyacini unutmus gibi davraniyor.

The membership negotiations of Turkey with EU may start after satisfactory developments in the Copenhagen Criteria. Agriculture is expected to be one of the toughest areas in the accession negotiations. The difficulty will not only arise from the state of agriculture in Turkey, but also from the ever changing agricultural policy framework of EU. The structural and institutional adjustment abilities of Turkey during the pre-accession period will be the determining factors to ease the accession. The purpose of this study is to identify major elements in the pre-accession period through the description of agricultural environment in Turkey, together with the possible effects of accession on agriculture. Land and labor stem as the major divergences from the EU averages, and hence will form the basis of the accession negotiations. The next section is devoted to the structure of the basic factors of production in agriculture and to a general overview of agricultural production. The recent policy shifts and the costs and benefits of the agricultural policies are provided in the second section. The recent developments in the trade between EU and Turkey and the trade potential are presented in the third section. The last section is reserved for the concluding remarks.

Chapter 4 Turkey is classified as a relatively water-abundant country with an average of 3,900 cubic meters per person per year availability of potential water resources. The potential cannot be fully developed, and the availability is not evenly distributed in time and space. Usable potential is 1,830 cubic meters per person per year, and 30 percent of this potential was consumed in 1993. The share of the agricultural sector in total consumption is around 75 percent. Lack of well-defined property rights and centralized supply management hinder the efficient use of already developed water resources.

The Macro-Integrated Agricultural-Sector modeling approach is introduced to analyze the economic effects of the post-1980 Turkish structural adjustment reforms on the agricultural economy. The distinguishing feature of the model is its capability in addressing simultaneously the real and financial macro aggregates and the micro-sectoral detail of agriculture in a consistent fashion. The modeling analysis discloses that the Turkish mode of adjustment has typically relied on taxation of agricultural incomes, and suggests that an investment program based on reinvesting the rural surplus within the agricultural economy is a superior option. Un modèle sectoriel agricole intégré d un modèle d'équilibre général est introduit pour analyser les effets des réfomes d'ajustement structurel après 1980 sur l'économie agricole. Le trait distinctif du modèle est sa capacité de traiter simultanément les variables réelles et financières et les détails du secteur agricole d'une façon consistante. Les simulations réalisées à l'aide du modèle montrent que le mode d'ajustement turc dépend de la taxation des revenus agricoles, et suggère qu'un programme d'investissement axé sur le réinvestissement des surplus ruraux dans l'économie agricole est une option supérieure.

Bu calismada, kalkinma literaturunun onemli tartisma konularindan birini olusturan beseri sermaye ile ekonomik buyume arasindaki uzun donemli iliski, Turkiye acisindan, belirlenmeye calisilmaktadir. Bu amacla oncelikle ilk, orta ve yuksekogretimden mezun olanlara cesitli agirliklar uygulanarak, Turkiye icin beseri sermaye endeksi olusturulmustur. Soz konusu endeks yardimiyla, 1960-2002 yillarini kapsayan bir donem icin, beseri sermaye ile ekonomik buyume arasindaki iliski "Es-Butunlesme Analizi" kullanilarak ekonometrik acidan incelenmektedir. Konu ile ilgili olarak, "Beseri sermaye ile ekonomik buyume arasinda uzun donemli pozitif iliski vardir" seklindeki hipotez zaman serisi analizleriyle Turkiye icin test edilmektedir. Analiz sonuclan, Turkiye'de beseri sermaye ile ekonomik buyume arasinda pozitif iliski oldugunu ortaya koymaktadir. Diger taraftan analiz sonuclan, Turkiye ekonomisinde fiziki ve beseri sermayenin GSMH uzerinde pozitif, isgucunun ise GSMH uzerinde negatif bir etkiye sahip oldugunu gostermektedir. Bununla birlikte, Turkiye'de beseri sermayenin ekonomik buyumeye katkisinin fiziki sermayeye gore daha dusuk oranda oldugu tespit edilmistir.

OBJECTIVE Whether bridging therapy (intravenous thrombolysis [IVT] followed by endovascular treatment) is superior to IVT alone in minor stroke with large vessel occlusion (LVO) is unknown. METHODS Multicentric retrospective observational study including, in intention-to-treat, consecutive IVT-treated minor strokes (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] ≤ 5) with LVO, with or without additional mechanical thrombectomy. Propensity-score (inverse probability of treatment weighting) was used to reduce baseline between-groups differences. The primary outcome was excellent outcome, that is, modified Rankin score 0 to 1 at 3 months follow-up. RESULTS Overall, 598 patients were included (214 and 384 in the bridging therapy and IVT groups, respectively). Following propensity-score weighting, the distribution of baseline clinical and radiological variables was similar across the two patient groups. Compared with IVT alone, bridging therapy was not associated with excellent outcome (odds ratio [OR] = 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.75-1.24; p = 0.76), but was associated with symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (OR = 3.01; 95% CI = 1.77-5.11; p