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O controle das plantas daninhas, em geral, é realizado pelo uso de herbicidas, porém essa prática é limitada na cultura do girassol, por haver apenas dois produtos registrados para essa cultura (alachlor e trifluralin). Entretanto, o uso de novas tecnologias pode facilitar o controle das plantas daninhas com herbicidas que possuem amplo espectro de controle. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia e seletividade de herbicidas do grupo das imidazolinonas aplicados em pós-emergência de plantas daninhas monocotiledôneas na cultura do girassol Clearfield (CL). Para isso, foram instalados dois experimentos em campo. Os tratamentos e as respectivas doses em g ha-1 foram: trifluralin (1.800) aplicado em pré-emergência, fluazifop-p-butil (187) e imazapic+imazapyr nas doses de [36,75+12,25], [52,5+17,5], [12,25+36,75] e [17,5+52,5], aplicados em pós-emergência, além de duas testemunhas sem aplicação de herbicida, sendo uma sem capina e outra com capina. Foram realizadas avaliações de controle para Eleusine indica, Brachiaria plantaginea, Lolium multiflorum, Digitaria insularis, Cenchrus echinatus e Digitaria horizontalis, fitointoxicação do girassol Clearfield, estande e produtividade em kg ha-1. De acordo com os resultados, verificou-se que o uso do sistema CLmostrou-se uma ótima opção para áreas com infestação de plantas daninhas monocotiledôneas, pois possibilita a aplicação de herbicidas inibidores da enzima acetolactato sintase (ALS), obtendo excelente controle das plantas daninhas, além de não provocar injúrias visuais, mantendo o estande inicial, sem alterar a produtividade da cultura.Weed control is generally accomplished by the use of herbicides. However, this practice is limited in sunflower cultivation,since only two products are registered for the culture (alachlor and trifluralin).The use of new technologies can facilitate weed control with herbicides with broad spectrum control. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and selectivity of herbicides of the imidazolinone group applied in post-emergence on monocotyledon weeds in Clearfield sunflower cultivation. Thus, two experiments were installed in the field. The treatments and their doses in gha-1 were: trifluralin (1800) applied at pre-emergence, fluazifop-p-butyl (187) and imazapic+imazapyr doses [36.75+12.25], [52.5+17.5], [12.25+36.75] and [17.5+52.5] applied at post-emergence, plus two controls without herbicide, one without weeding and the other with weeds. Control was evaluated for Eleusine indica, Brachiaria plantaginea, Lolium multiflorum, Digitaria insularis, Digitaria horizontalis and Cenchrus echinatus, Clearfield Sunflower phytotoxicity, stand and yield in kgha-1. The results obtained showed that the use of the Clearfield system proved to be a great option for areas with monocotyledon weed infestation, since it allows the application of acetolactate synthase (ALS) - inhibiting herbicides achieving excellent weed control, without causing visual injury, and maintaining the original stand, without affecting crop yield.

A ocorrência de plantas daninhas dicotiledóneas tem limitado o aumento da área de cultivo de girassol no Brasil, devido ao seu impacto sobre a produtividade. Isso se deve à escassez de produtos registrados para a cultura com amplo espectro de ação. Em razão disso, desenvolveram-se dois experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia e seletividade de herbicidas do grupo das imidazolinonas aplicados em pós-emergência de plantas daninhas dicotiledôneas na cultura do girassol Clearfield®. Os experimentos foram instalados no campo, em Iguatemi, distrito de Maringá-PR. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de duas testemunhas sem aplicação de herbicida, sendo uma sem capina e outra capinada, sulfentrazone (200,00 g ha-1) aplicado em pré-emergência e imazapic+imazapyr aplicados em pós-emergência nas doses de [36,75+12,25], [52,5+17,5], [12,25+36,75] e [17,5+52,5] g ha-1. Foram feitas avaliações de controle para Euphorbia heterophylla, Conyza bonariensis, Raphanus raphanistrum, Bidens pilosa, Ipomoea grandifolia e Portulaca oleracea. Também foram realizadas avaliações de intoxicação do girassol Clearfield®, estande e produtividade em kg ha-1. De acordo com os resultados, verificou-se que o uso do sistema Clearfield® mostrou-se uma ótima opção para áreas com infestação de plantas daninhas dicotiledôneas, pois possibilita a aplicação de herbicidas inibidores da enzima acetolactato sintase (ALS); os controles obtidos variaram de medianos a excelentes, além de ele não provocar injúrias à cultura e manter o estande inicial e a produtividade.The occurrence of dicotyledonous weeds has limited the increase of the area of sunflower cultivation in Brazil, due to their impact on crop yield. This is a result of a shortage of products registered for the crop with broad-spectrum control. Thus, two experiments were installed to evaluate the efficacy and selectivity of the imidazolinone herbicides applied on post-emergence dicotyledonous weeds in Clearfield? sunflower crop. The experiments were conducted under field conditions at the district of Iguatemi, Maringá-PR, Brazil. Treatments consisted of two controls without herbicide application, one with weeds and the other weed-free, with sulfentrazone (200,00 g ha-1) applied preemergence and imazapic + imazapyr applied post emergence, at doses of [36.75 +12.25] [52.5 +17.5], [12.25 +36.75] [17.5 +52.5] g ha-1. The control of Euphorbia heterophylla, Conyza bonariensis, Raphanus raphanistrum, Bidens pilosa, Ipomoea grandifolia and Portulaca oleracea was evaluated. Evaluation of toxicity of the Clearfield sunflower® was also carried out, besides crop stand and yield in kg ha-1. Based on the results, it was concluded that the use of the Clearfield® system proved to be a very good option for areas with dicotyledonous weeds, allowing the application of ALS-inhibiting herbicides. In addition, the weed controls obtained ranged from fair to excellent, causing no injuries to the crop and maintaining the initial plant stand and yield.

Abortion of fertilized ovaries at the tip of the ear can generate significant yield losses in maize crops. To investigate the mechanisms involved in this process, 2 maize hybrids were grown in field crops at 2 sowing densities and under 3 irrigation regimes (well-watered control, drought before pollination, and drought during pollination), in all possible combinations. Samples of ear tips were taken 2-6 days after synchronous hand pollination and used for the analysis of gene expression and sugars. Glucose and fructose levels increased in kernels with high abortion risk. Several FASCICLIN-LIKE ARABINOGALACTAN PROTEIN (FLA) genes showed negative correlation with abortion. The expression of ZmFLA7 responded to drought only at the tip of the ear. The abundance of arabinogalactan protein (AGP) glycan epitopes decreased with drought and pharmacological treatments that reduce AGP activity enhanced the abortion of fertilized ovaries. Drought also reduced the expression of AthFLA9 in the siliques of Arabidopsis thaliana. Gain- and loss-of-function mutants of Arabidopsis showed a negative correlation between AthFLA9 and seed abortion. On the basis of gene expression patterns, pharmacological, and genetic evidence, we propose that stress-induced reductions in the expression of selected FLA genes enhance abortion of fertilized ovaries in maize and Arabidopsis., (© 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The responses to low red light/far-red light (R/FR) ratios simulating dense stands were evaluated in wheat (Triticum aestivum L) cultivars released at different times in the 20th century and consequently resulting from an increasingly prolonged breeding and selection history. While tillering responses to the R/FR ratio were unaffected by the cultivars, low R/FR ratios reduced grain yield per plant (primarily grain number and secondarily grain weight per plant) particularly in modern cultivars. Low R/FR ratios delayed spike growth and development, reduced the expression of spike marker genes, accelerated the development of florets already initiated, and reduced the number of fertile florets at anthesis. It is noteworthy that low R/FR ratios did not promote stem or leaf sheath growth and therefore the observed reduction of yield cannot be accounted for as a consequence of divergence of resources towards increased plant stature. It is proposed that the regulation of yield components by the R/FR ratio could help plants to adjust to the limited availability of resources under crop conditions.