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Pain is a common, important symptom negatively affecting the well-being and quality of life of patients with hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). The aim of this study was to examine self-reported pain alleviating methods among outpatients attending a tertiary referral center.Consecutive patients with HS were invited to complete a questionnaire regarding their self-reported pain alleviating methods for HS associated pain. Additionally, the patients filled out the Dermatology Life Quality Index questionnaire and a visual analog scale for overall distress related to HS and for boil-associated pain in the past month. Information on disease severity and onset was obtained by interview and clinical examination.A total of 134 patients with a mean age of 38.3 years (SD 12.8) participated; 32% (n=43) had Hurley stage i, 52% (n=70) had Hurley stage ii, and 16% (n=21) had Hurley stage iii. Overall, to achieve pain relief, 82% (n=110) of the patients had previously drained pus from the lesions by manual pressure. Compared to patients who did not alleviate pain, patients who attempted to alleviate pain had a higher mean overall disease related distress score (7.43 [SD 2.81] vs. 5.47 [SD 3.37], P.003), and a higher boil-associated pain score in the past month (6.56 [SD 3.07] vs. 4.39 [SD 3.88], P=.007).This study demonstrates that a large proportion of HS patients attempt to alleviate pain through various alternative and homespun methods. These results may reflect a major role of pain in HS and its potential insufficient management by dermatologists.

Short relative telomere length (RTL) is associated with vascular ageing, inflammation and cardiovascular risk factors. Previous studies have reported an association between abdominal aortic aneurysm and short RTL. The presence of atherosclerosis among patients with aneurysm disease may, however, be a confounder. The aim was to explore the associations between short RTL and aneurysm disease, by comparing patients with isolated popliteal artery aneurysms with those having multiple aneurysms.DNA was retrieved from 183 patients with popliteal artery aneurysm (PAA). They were all examined with ultrasound at the time of blood-sampling, and had a total of 423 aneurysms (range 1-7, mean 2.3/patient).TL was measured with Real-Time PCR, RTL was calculated by comparing with three reference populations.Patients with bilateral PAAs had a mean RTL of 0.985 vs. 1.038 with unilateral PAAs (P = 0.326). Patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm had RTL 1.035, vs. 0.999 without (P = 0.513). No difference was seen with or without femoral or iliac aneurysms. Fifty-six patients with isolated PAA at surgery and at re-examination had RTL 0.974, vs. 1.033 who had1 aneurysm (P = 0.308). RTL was not associated with the number of aneurysms at re-examination (P = 0.727, one-way ANOVA). There was a trend towards shorter RTL among active smokers (0.93 vs. 1.04, P = 0.066).No association between short RTL and multiple aneurysm disease was found. The previously reported association between AAA and short RTL may be secondary to cardiovascular risk factors, rather than by aneurysm disease.

While administrative information systems can assist nurse managers to improve cost containment and resource management of their units, such effects cannot be known without rigorous evaluations. This article presents evaluation results of CLASSICA, an information system designed to provide decision support for nurse managers in financial management, resource allocation, and activity planning. CLASSICA demonstrated a 41% reduction in expenditures for overtime and extra hours during the evaluation period as compared with a 1.8% reduction in control units that did not use the system. Nurse managers reported a substantial improvement in management information and stated that they had gained control over costs. The system helped them analyse the relationships between patient activity, staffing and costs of nursing care. Nurse managers also reported high satisfaction with the system, the information and decision support provided, and its ease of use. These results suggest that CLASSICA is a decision support system that can successfully assist nurse managers in effectively managing their units.

International audience; A crucial requirement in the development of liquid-metal spallation neutron target is knowledge of the composition and amount of volatile radionuclides that are released from the target during operation. It is also important to know the total amount produced, which could be released if there was an accident. One type is the lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) target where different radionuclides can be produced following interaction with a high-energy proton beam, notably noble gases (Ar, Kr, Xe isotopes) and other relative volatile isotopes such as Hg and At. The results of an irradiation experiment performed at ISOLDE on a LBE target are compared with predictions from the MCNPX code using the latest developments on the Li'ege Intranuclear Cascade model (INCL4.6) and the CEM03 model. The calculations are able to reproduce the mass distribution of the radioisotopes produced, including the At production, where there is a significant contribution from secondary reactions. Subsequently, a post-irradiation examination of the irradiated target was performed. Investigations of both the tantalum target structure, in particular the beam window, and the leadbismuth eutectic were performed using several experimental techniques. No sign of severe irradiation damage, previously observed in other ISOLDE targets, was found.

PURPOSE To compare the efficacy and toxicity profiles of a combination of fluorouracil (5-FU) with recombinant human interferon alfa-2a (Roferon-A; Hoffman La-Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland) versus the combination of 5-FU with leucovorin (LV) in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 496 previously untreated colorectal cancer patients were randomized to receive either Roferon-A (9 MIU) subcutaneously three times per week, with 5-FU (750 mg/m2/d) by continuous intravenous (i.v.) infusion (CIV) on days 1 to 5, then, after a 9-day hiatus, as a weekly i.v. bolus at the same dose (IFN/5-FU); or LV (200 mg/m2/d) by i.v. infusion plus 5-FU (370 mg/m2/d) by i.v. bolus on days 1 to 5, repeated every 4 weeks (LV/5-FU). RESULTS There were no significant differences between IFN/5-FU and LV/5-FU in the overall response rate (21% v 18%), duration of response (7.3 v 6.2 months), or survival time (median, 11.0 v 11.3 months). Toxicity profiles differed; constitutional symptoms and myelosuppression were more frequent and more severe with IFN/5-FU, and gastrointestinal symptoms with LV/5-FU. More patients interrupted treatment for adverse events (AEs) with IFN/5-FU than with LV/5-FU. Five treatment-related deaths occurred with each regimen. CONCLUSION The combination IFN/5-FU produced response rates, response durations, and survival times similar to those with LV/5-FU. Biochemical modulation of 5-FU by either IFN or LV appears to result in equivalent efficacy; however, fewer patients were able to tolerate the specified IFN/5-FU combination used in this study.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether an initial post-operative lactate level is a predictor of mortality, need for peritoneal dialysis (PD), duration of intubation or length of stay (LOS) in the intensive care unit (ICU) in children undergoing cardiac surgery.A retrospective, observational follow-up study was conducted in 206 children undergoing cardiac surgery from 2006 to 2007. Multivariate logistics regression analyses were performed to determine whether the lactate level was an independent risk factor. The lactate concentration at arrival in the ICU, outcome and risk factors (patient demographics, surgical complexity, duration of cardiopulmonary bypass and inotropic score) were obtained from the electronic patient data management program and medical records.The median (interquartile range) lactate level was 1.9 mmol/l (1.3-2.7) in children immediately after cardiac surgery and a mortality of 3.9%. Eight percent of the children had a lactate level higher than 4.5 mmol/l. An increased lactate level ≥4.5 mmol/l resulted in an odds ratio (95% confidence intervals) of 8.4 (1.5-46.1) for mortality and an odds ratio of 16.9 (2.7-106.8) for PD after adjusting for Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery 1. Because of the low number of deaths, limited confounder analysis was performed. Duration of intubation and LOS in the ICU were not associated with the initial lactate level when adjusting for confounders.The initial post-operative lactate level was a predictor of mortality and need for PD in children undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease.

The World Health Organisation recommends vitamin A supplementation (VAS) to children aged 6 months to 5 years in low-income countries, and for logistic reasons, this has been linked to routine childhood immunizations. Observational studies suggest that VAS given with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine may increase mortality from non-targeted diseases. We investigated the non-targeted effect of pretreatment with VAS and DTP vaccine in a murine model of experimental cerebral malaria. Our a priori hypothesis was that VAS/DTP would aggravate the infection. We found that the effect of VAS and DTP depended on pathogenesis; VAS/DTP tended to increase parasitaemia and significantly depressed cytokine responses in mice, which developed cerebral malaria, but this was not seen in mice dying of anaemia. The divergent effect according to pathogenesis may help elucidate why VAS has divergent effects on different diseases in humans. Our results support the hypothesis that immunological effects of VAS/DTP may have detrimental implications for disease outcomes.

Severe lower extremity emboli with occlusion of all 3 lower limb arteries bilaterally occurred after an elective open abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair. Selective thrombolysis with alteplase and repeated percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) along the occlusions on both side anterior and posterior tibial arteries was performed without complications. Angiography the following day showed continuous filling of the anterior tibial artery down to the dorsalis pedis artery and interrupted, but improved, flow in the medial plantar artery through collaterals. The patient recovered well. At 1 month follow-up, the right foot was unremarkable, whereas the patient experienced slight residual numbness in the medial and distal plantar aspect of his left foot where the great toe/brachial index were lowered to 0.46.

We review sources of bias which can affect non-randomized cohort studies of non-specific effects of vaccines on child mortality. Using examples from the literature on non-specific effects, we describe different sources of selection and information bias, and, where possible, outline analysis strategies to mitigate or eliminate such biases.

The reaction 22 Na(p,γ) 23 Mg has been investigated in the energy range E p = 0.17–1.29 MeV using a 22 Na implanted target, a D 2 O threshold detector, and NaI(Tl) and Ge detectors. Resonances in this reaction have been observed for the first time at E p = 290, 457, 503, 613, 740 and 796 keV. The strengths of these resonances, and upper limits on the strengths for expected resonances in the energy range covered, are given. The stellar reaction rates deduced from the present work are about one order of magnitude lower than previous theoretical estimates; they are however significantly higher than the upper limits from one previous measurement. Some astrophysical consequences are discussed.

International audience; The IS419 experiment at the ISOLDE facility at CERN dedicated to the measurement of production and release rates of volatile elements from an irradiated Pb/Bi target by a proton beam of 1/1.4 GeV has been completed. The release of He, Ne, Ar, Br, Kr, Cd, I, Xe, Hg, Po and At isotopes was investigated at different target temperatures, ranging from 250 °C to 600 ° C. Three experimental methods were used for the mass-separated, ionized beams: i) implantation of short- and medium-lived isotopes in a tape and on-line detection with a HPGe γ detector; ii) implantation of longer-lived isotopes in Al foils and off-line detection with a HPGe detector; iii) a Faraday Cup used mainly for stable nuclides. The results were compared with predictions from the FLUKA and MCNPX codes using different options for the intra-nuclear cascades and evaporation/fission models. Results show good agreement with calculations for Hg and for noble gases. For other elements such as iodine it is apparent that only a fraction of the produced isotopes is released. The results from FLUKA and MCNPX with the INCL4/ABLA models are in general more satisfactory than those obtained using MCNPX with the standard Bertini/Dresner model combination. Interestingly also significant yields of 204-210At isotopes were observed. At isotopes are produced either by (p, π-xn) charge exchange reactions on 209Bi or by secondary reactions involving 3He and 4He. Despite the non-release of polonium from Pb/Bi targets at typical operation temperatures, a smaller amount of highly radiotoxic Po isotopes can actually be liberated indirectly as decay daughters of the released astatine.

The need for intense muon beams for muon colliders and for neutrino factories based on muon storage rings leads to a concept of 1-4 MW proton beams incident a moving target that is inside a 20-T solenoid magnet, with a mercury jet as a preferred example. Novel technical issues for such a system include disruption of the mercury jet by the proton beam and distortion of the jet on entering the solenoid, as well as more conventional issues of materials lifetime and handling of activated materials in an intense radiation environment. As part of the R&D program of the Neutrino Factory and Muon Collider Collaboration, R&D effort related to targetry is being performed within the context of BNL E951, first results of which are discussed here and in other contributions to this conference.

An important strategy for improving resource management and cost containment in health care is to develop information systems that assist hospital managers in financial management, resource allocation, and activity planning. A crucial part of such development is a rigorous evaluation to assess whether the system accomplishes it's intended goals.To evaluate CLASSICA, a Decision Support System (DSS), that assists nurse managers in financial management, resource allocation, staffing, and activity planning.Using a pre-post test design with control units, CLASSICA was evaluated in four test units. Baseline data and simultaneous parallel measures were collected prior to system implementation at test sites and control units. Using expense reports, staffing and financial statistics, surveys, interviews with nurse managers, and logs as data sources, CLASSICA was evaluated on: cost reduction, quality of management information; usefulness as decision support for improved financial management and decision-making; user satisfaction; and ease of use.Evaluation results showed a 41% reduction in expenditures for overtime and extra hours as compared to a 1.8% reduction in control units during the same time period. Users reported a significant improvement in management information; nurse managers stated that they had gained control over costs. The system helped them analyze the relationships between patient activity staffing, and cost of care. Users reported high satisfaction with the system, the information and decision support it provided, and its ease of use. These results suggest that CLASSICA is a DSS that successfully assists nurse managers in cost effective management of their units.

Neutrino beams from the decay of muons in a storage ring offer the prospect of very high flux, well-understood spectra, and equal numbers of electron and muon neutrinos, as desirable for detailed exploration of neutrino oscillations via long baseline detectors. Such beams require large numbers of muons, and hence a high performance target station at which a 1-4 MW proton beam of 16-24 GeV impinges on a compact target, all inside a high field solenoid channel to capture as much of the phase volume of soft pions as possible. A first concept was based on a carbon target, as reported in 2000 the Neutrino Factory Study-I. A higher performance option based on a free mercury jet has been studied in 2001 as part of the Neutrino Factory Feasibility Study-II. An overview of a mercury jet target facility is presented here, including requirements, design concept and summaries of simulated performance. Further details are presented in related papers at this conference.

Since the move of ISOLDE from CERN’s synchrocyclotron (SC) to the Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB) in 1992 extensive work has been devoted to the development of new beams, i.e. the production of new isotopes, beams of higher intensity and the ionization of further elements. Most of these developments were driven by the particular needs of the physics community proposing new experiments. The main achievements were the adaption of liquid metal targets to the pulsed proton beam to prevent shockwaves and splashing inside the target container and systematic studies on the time structure of the release of the isotopes from the target. Furthermore the work on laser ion-sources already started at ISOLDE-2 was continued, the so-called RIST target was developed, and most recently first tests on the isotope production while increasing the proton energy from 1 GeV to 1.4 GeV were done. The latter topics are discussed in this paper.

The recently developed methods allowing the experimental studies on new neutron-rich nuclei beyond doubly-magic {sup 208}Pb are briefly described. An identification of new neutron-rich isotopes {sup 215}Pb and {sup 217}Bi, and new decay properties of {sup 216}Bi studied by means of a pulsed release element selective technique at PS Booster-ISOLDE are reported.

The results of the RIST experiment, to design a high power tantalum foil target for the production of radioactive nuclear beams (RNB), are presented. The target was constructed from 6000 tantalum foil discs (25 μm thick) and spacer washers, diffusion bonded together to form a rigid structure. A target of similar geometry was successfully tested at the ISOLDE facility, CERN, and produced RNB yields and release times at least as good as a normal ISOLDE target. Tests using the ISIS proton beam demonstrated a method to overcome high voltage fluctuations induced by the pulsed proton beam. Operation in a mass separator produced beams of stable ions from a surface ionizer. Thermal tests using electron beam heating showed that the finned target surface gives an enhanced emissivity which radiates 24 kW (design value) at 2300 K, equivalent to running with the 800 MeV proton beam from ISIS at a current of 100 μA.

The Danish Natural Gas system is scheduled to operate from October 1932. The natural gas system will, when fully established, supply energy from wells in the North Sea for room heating in around 25 per cent of the Danish houses, and further substitute a substantial part of industry's energy supply. It involves within a five year period the construction of 800 kilometres of transmission pipeline, 1,500 kilometres of secondary transmission pipeline, and 15,000 kilometres of reticulation pipeline. The project is evolving under strict time restrictions. The decision of introduction of natural gas was taken in 1979, the first gas to be delivered in 1982, and the full flow (2.5 billion cubic metres, representing 100 PJ of energy, annually) to be reached in 1986. The planning of the project directly involves one transmission company (state owned), 5 distribution companies (municipally owned), 100 primary municipalities (200 in later phases), secondary municipalities and central authorities. The article describes aspects of the planning process in this hierarchical multiobjective decision-making system. The emphasis is on the development and use of the operational indicators of the quality of a given area with respect to natural gas consumption (the socalled priority indexes) and the introduction and use of optimization techniques. The objective of introducing these was to coordinate the local planning efforts with the overall requirements and goals of the total natural gas system. The priority indexes are intuitively interpretable, easily calculatable. The article discusses the relation of the indexes to the overall objectives and evaluates the trade-off between precision, operationality and optimality, and the tendencies towards economization and centralization.

The quadrupole interaction for $^{111}\mathrm{Cd}$ (in the ${5/2}^{+}$ excited state) embedded in In, InBI, and ${\mathrm{In}}_{2}$Bi is studied using the time-differential-perturbed-angular correlation technique. The interaction frequencies ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}=(\frac{3}{20}){e}^{2}qQ{\ensuremath{\hbar}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ found for $^{111}\mathrm{Cd}$ at substitutional lattice sites in these metals are ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}(\mathrm{In})=16.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}$ rad/sec, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}(\mathrm{InBi},\mathrm{In} \mathrm{site})=10.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}$ rad/sec, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}({\mathrm{In}}_{2}\mathrm{Bi},{\mathrm{In}}_{\mathrm{I}} \mathrm{site})=9.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}$ rad/sec, ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}({\mathrm{In}}_{2}\mathrm{Bi},{\mathrm{In}}_{\mathrm{II}} \mathrm{site})=35.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}$ rad/sec, and ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{0}({\mathrm{In}}_{2}\mathrm{Bi},\mathrm{Bi} \mathrm{site})=29.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}$ rad/sec. Local contributions to the field gradients are found to be present, implying that the previous evaluations of $Q(^{111}\mathrm{Cd})$ should be attended to. For samples made by ion implantation of $^{111}\mathrm{In}$, it is found that g 96%, \ensuremath{\cong} 80%, and \ensuremath{\cong} 84% of the implanted atoms are substitutional at room temperature for In, InBi, and ${\mathrm{In}}_{2}$Bi, respectively. The latter value includes \ensuremath{\cong} 18% of $^{111}\mathrm{In}$ at the Bi site while, for InBi, all the substitutional atoms are at In sites. The remaining implants are trapped in domains of radiation damage, characterized by a frequency distribution with a large average value ${\overline{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{0}$ (for InBi ${\overline{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{0}\ensuremath{\approx}45\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{7}$ rad/sec).

This paper presents theoretical and computational results of a new numerical method for solving dicrete-time optimal control problems with applicability to optimal control of water-supply networks. The method is based on a generalization of the maximum principle, and it thus has the distinct advantage over earlier versions of the discrete time maximum principle that it also applies in the non-convex case. The method also allows constraints on the state vector. This makes it attractive for application on many technical problems. The performance of the method is compared to that of other methods based on control theory and mathematical programming.

Production of useful Fluorine-18 quantities from the 18 O(p,n) 18 F nuclear reaction is reported using a 590 MeV proton beam. The cross-section for this reaction is relatively low at these energies, and thus the fluorine yield is also low. In order to maximize the production yield, a target was constructed designed especially for the beam characteristics of the cyclotron. Despite the relative low cross-section at this high energy, fluorine saturation activities of about 9 Ci may be obtained. The chemical reactivity of the 18 F-solution recovered was investigated, and position emission tomography (PET) was used to image the metabolic distribution o fluorine-18 in a rabbit skull.

The interactions on radon and radium nuclei implanted into metals have been studied by means of α-γ angular correlations. The influence of source preparation and of surface oxide layers have been studied in sources prepared by evaporation and isotope separator implantation. The interactions in iron are found to have contributions from static magnetic fields as well as static quadrupole interactions. The magnetic fields for radon and radium in iron were determined to be +920±85 kOe and −380±35 kOe, respectively. The theoretical models used to describe the perturbations due to mixed interactions and their importance in internal field determinations are discussed.

Using the method of thick target and thick catchers, the ranges and other recoil properties of 13 (12) antimony isotopes between A = 115 and A = 131 (130) have been measured for the reaction of 570 MeV (18·2 GeV) protons with uranium. The kinetic energies T are almost independent of product mass number at 570 MeV but show a strong dependence at 18·2 GeV, the lightest isotopes having only about half the kinetic energy of the heavy ones. The cascade deposition energies for production of antimony isotopes are almost equal at 570 MeV and 18·2 GeV and fit well to straight lines of the form E ∗ (A, Z) = E ∗ (A 0 , Z) + b(A − A 0 ) . Exceptions are the cascade deposition energies for 115Sb and 116Sb which seem to be somewhat too high at 18·2 GeV. By comparison with other work it seems that the slope b of these lines is independent of product element, target and of proton irradiation energy above 450 MeV. If we assume at 570 MeV, that the fissioning nucleus is a uranium isotope, the conclusion is that the average total kinetic energy of the primary fragments is smaller and thus the average separation distance of their charge centers at scission larger for the lightest antimony fragments than for the heaviest, the difference being about 10 per cent.

Absolute cross-sections and some thick target recoil properties have been measured for the production of 43–49 Sc in uranium bombarded with protons of 590 MeV and 18 GeV, using radiochemical and electromagnetic isotope separation techniques. The yield of the neutron-deficient isotopes 43 Sc and 44 Sc increased by about a factor of 10 relative to 49 Sc when the proton energy was increased from 590 MeV to 18 GeV. The average kinetic energy of the products calculated from the recoil results was 79 ± 4 MeV for both neutron-rich and neutron-deficient products at 590 MeV proton energy. At 18 GeV, the average kinetic energy of the neutron-rich products was 52·7 ± 1·0 MeV, whereas the kinetic energy of the most neutron-deficient product observed, 43 Sc, had decreased to only 34·6 ± 1·0 MeV. New determinations of the half-lives of seven scandium isotopes were made on isotopically separated samples.

Eight children with Cushing's disease aged 6-18 years were treated with external radiation to the pituitary gland using 60Co gamma radiation given with stereotactic technique. The dose given varied between 50 and 70 Gy. The observation time was 2.6 to 6.75 years. Seven children had a clinical remission with normal urinary Cortisol excretion. One child had insufficent effect of two irradiations and underwent bilateral adrenalectomy. In the patients in remission the growth velocity increased during the first year after treatment but growth retardation occurred again during the second year. Insufficient growth hormone secretion was demonstrated in all subjects. Two patients were given thyroxine substitution and three showed evidence for secondary hypogonadism. In conclusion, stereotactic pituitary irradiation was effective in normalizing the excessive glucocorticoid production in children with Cushing's disease. However, with the doses used, it was not possible to maintain a normal anterior pituitary function.

Two groups of 18 rabbits were fed isocaloric, cholesterol-enriched diets for 8 weeks. The diet for one group was supplemented with 5% corn oil. The concentration of cholesterol in plasma was determined weekly and the amount of cholesterol in the diet was adjusted individually so that each rabbit had a mean plasma cholesterol concentration of about 45 mM during the experimental period. The aortic cholesterol concentrations were 122 +/- 29 and 193 +/- 38 (mean +/- SEM) mumol/g protein for the corn-oil group and the control group, respectively (p less than 0.05). In a similar experiment, each of 36 rabbits was given a mean plasma cholesterol level of about 20 mM over a period of 12 weeks. One-third of the rabbits received 10% to 15% corn oil, another third 10% to 15% olive oil, while the last third served as a control group. The aortic cholesterol concentrations were 98 +/- 25, 57 +/- 9, and 131 +/- 32 mumol/g protein, respectively. The value for the olive-oil group was significantly (p less than 0.01) lower than the value for the control group. The triglyceride concentrations and the distributions of cholesterol between HDL, LDL, and VLDL in plasma showed no significant differences between the plant-oil groups and their control groups. This suggests that plant oils have a direct effect on the aortic cholesterol metabolism.

Normal mouse macrophages, which had ingested ferritin labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate and human serum albumin labelled with tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate in vivo, were fixed in formalin and embedded for electron microscopy. The examination of sections 1–2 μ thick and adjacent ultrathin sections showed that the yellow-green fluorescent droplets (due to ferritin-FITC) seen by fluorescence microscopy were in the same position as the ferritin-containing phagolysosomes as seen by electron microscopy.

The cross-sections have been measured for several Sb and Sc isotopes produced by irradiation of yttrium (Sc only), lanthanum, tantalum, and gold with 18·2 GeV protons. The shapes of the yield distribution curves for both Sb and Sc isotopes vary with the target element. If the previously known yield distributions with uranium as targets are decomposed into a “spallation” part and a fission part, the former will in both cases be about equal to the distribution with gold or tantalum as the target, whilst in shape the fission part closely resembles the distributions obtained when uranium is irradiated with 570–590 MeV protons. From the variation in shape of the distribution curves with target, this procedure of decomposition seems less justified for the scandium isotopes than for antimony isotopes. The high spin to low spin isomeric yield ratios of the 44 Sc isomers were also determined, and show a very definite increase with mass difference between target and product.

Previous measurements indicate that the integral perturbed angular correlation (PAC) of rare earths implanted in Cu1 ) and Fe2 ) are highly attenuated. These attenuations have been attributed to magnetic time dependent interactions. In the case of the 5/2 (0.32 ns) and 7/2 (0.063 ns) states of 169Tm in Fe2), these attenuations are well described by the Abragam and Pound 3) model whereas for the slower 2+ rare earths states (τ ~ 2 ns) the stochastic model of Blume4) fits the data better. The Abragam and Pound theory agrees if a small amount of time dependent electric quadrupole interaction is added to the predominantly time dependent magnetic interaction.