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As the generalization of gravitational effects on the point mass systems, we want to study the tidal effect exerted on an extended stellar system using spherical and axisymmetric elliptical models. Considering the Isochrone and Plummer models for a passing extended stellar system, the tidal distance and the equipotential surface are calculated. The corresponding critical surfaces and maps are plotted in different cases. There are different results some of them may be used in describing stellar systems deformation, 33 pages including 1 table and 15 figures; Accepted for publication in "Astrophysics and Space Science"

We want to study the influence of the quantum vacuum on the light propagation. At first, by working in the standard linear quantum theory of the electromagnetic fields, it is shown that the electric permittivity and the magnetic permeability of the vacuum medium are changed; but, the resulting speed of light isn't modified. Then, taking into account nonlinear effects by considering the Euler-Heisenberg Lagrangian, the corresponding zero point (vacuum) energy and the resulting modification of the speed of light are found up to the first non-vanishing correction., 11 pages

Considering the fundamental cutoff applied by the uncertainty relations' limit on virtual particles' frequency in the quantum vacuum, it is shown that the vacuum energy density is proportional to the inverse of the forth power of the dimensional distance of the space under consideration and thus the corresponding vacuum energy automatically regularized to zero value for an infinitely large free space. This can be used in regularizing a number of unwanted infinities happen in the Casimir effect, the cosmological constant problem and so on without using already known mathematical (not so reasonable) techniques and tricks., Comment: 6 pages

Using the covariant electromagnetic Casimir effect (previously introduced for real conducting cylindrical shells [1]), the Casimir force experienced by a spherical shell, under Dirichlet boundary condition, is calculated. The renormalization procedure is based on the plasma cut-off frequency for real conductors. The real case of a gold (silver) sphere is considered and the corresponding electromagnetic Casimir force is computed. In the covariant approach, there isn't any decomposition of fields to TE and TM modes; thus, we do not need to consider the Neumann boundary condition in parallel to the Dirichlet problem and then add their corresponding results., 12 pages, 1 table, There is an addendum,the Appendix, that has been added to what published in JMP. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1308.0007

Carbon ceramic electrode, a new electrode substrate, was prepared by sol–gel procedure and used for the electropolymerization of o-phenylenediamine and incorporation of platinum nanoparticles into the resulting poly(o-phenylenediamine) (PoPD) film. The modified electrode was used for electrooxidation of methanol in 0.3 M H2SO4 as supporting electrolyte. The presence of PoPD film increased considerably the efficiency of deposited Pt nanoparticles toward the electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol. The effective parameters on the electrooxidation of methanol, i.e., amounts of polymer and Pt catalyst, medium temperature, working potential limit in anodic direction, and potential scan rate, were investigated, and the results were discussed.

The present work describes a rapid and accurate amperometric technique for the determination of acetaminophen (ACT) in pharmaceutical preparations and human blood serum, based on electrocatalytic oxidation of ACT at a glassy carbon electrode modified by cadmium pentacyanonitrosylferrate (CdPCNF) film. The electrocatalytic response of the modified GC electrode was linear over the concentration of 1.64-52.90 μM. The limit of detection was found to be 2.04 μM by amperometric technique. The method was successfully utilized for the determination of ACT in various pharmaceutical preparations and the results have been statistically compared with those obtained by the official method. The interference of some pharmaceutical and biological compounds was investigated. The results of interference study showed that the Nafion-coated CdPCNF|GC electrode can be utilized as a selective amperometric sensor for acetaminophen determination in human blood serum. The mean value of rate constant k for catalytic reaction, and the diffusion coefficient of ACT (D) in the phosphate buffer solution of pH 7.2 were found to be 4.27 × 102 M−1 s−1, and (4.25 ± 0.33) × 10−6 cm2 s−1, respectively.

In this paper, we want to study the tidal effect of an external perturber upon a disc galaxy based on the generalization of already used Keplerian potential. The generalization of the simple ideal Keplerian potential includes an orbital centripetal term and an overall finite range controlling correction. Considering the generalized form of the interaction potential, the velocity impulse expressions resulting from tidal forces are computed; then, using typical real values already known from modern observational data, the evolution of the disc including tidal tails formation is graphically investigated., Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures

Using the Clauser-Horne model of Bell's theorem, the locality condition is examined and it is shown the corresponding formulation is equivalent to a factorization process consisting of three stages. The first stage is introduced based on the conditional probability definition in classical theory of probability and the other two stages are based on previously-known relations named as outcome and parameter independence conditions.

The surface of an aluminum (Al) electrode was modified with a thin film of nickel hexacyanoruthenate (NiHCR) as a novel electrode material. The modification procedure of Al surface, includes two consecutive procedures: (i) the electroless deposition of metallic nickel on the Al electrode surface from NiCl 2 solution, and (ii) the chemical transformation of deposited nickel to nickel hexacyanoruthenate films in solution of 20 mM K 3 [Ru(CN) 6 ] + 0.5 M KNO 3 . Cyclic voltammogram of the modified Al electrode showed a well-defined redox reaction due to [Ni II Ru III/II (CN) 6 ] 1−/2− system. The effects of different supporting electrolytes and solution pH were studied on the electrochemical characteristics of the modified electrode. The diffusion coefficients of K + and Na + cations in the film ( D ), the transfer coefficient ( α ), and the charge transfer rate constant at the modifying film/electrode interface ( k s ), were calculated in the presence of both K + and Na + cations. The stability of the modified electrode was investigated under various experimental conditions.

Here, first, the static formulation of tidal forces with completely spherical symmetry is reviewed (a differential calculus-based method is additionally introduced for readers with more familiarity with/interest in mathematical tools). Then, the result is generalized to the tidal force of the Moon acting on the Earth by considering the rotational dynamics and the (real) oblate spheroidal shape of the Earth.

A glassy carbon (GC) electrode surface was modified with a cadmium pentacyanonitrosylferrate (CdPCNF) film as a novel electrode material. The modification procedure of the GC surface includes two consecutive procedures: (i) the electrodeposition of metallic cadmium on the GC electrode surface from a CdCl2 solution and (ii) the chemical transformation of the deposited cadmium to the CdPCNF films in 0.05 M Na2[Fe(CN)5NO] + 0.5 M KNO3 solution. The modified GC electrode showed a well-defined redox couple due to [CdIIFeIII/II(CN)5NO]0/−1 system. The effects of supporting electrolytes and solution pH were studied on the electrochemical behavior of the modified electrode. The diffusion coefficients of alkali-metal cations in the film (D), the transfer coefficient (α) and the charge transfer rate constant at the modifying film | electrode interface (ks), were calculated in the presence of various alkali-metal cations. The stability of the modified electrode was investigated under various experimental conditions.

The stochastic Clauser–Horne (CH) model of Bell's theorem [1] is considered and by applying the locality condition it is shown that this (local) model, as far as applied to the singlet-state and without using quantum mechanical formalism, is not completely stochastic (i.e. there are possible configurations for which the model is deterministic).

Statement of Problem: Nowadays Mineral Trioxide aggregate (MTA) is widely used for root end fillings, pulp capping, perforation repair and other endodontic treatments. Investigations have shown similar physical and chemical properties for Portland cement and Root MTA with those described for MTA. Purpose: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the tissue reaction to implanted MTA, Portland cement and Root MTA in the mandible of cats. Materials and Methods: Under asepsis condition and general anesthesia, a mucoperiosteal flap, following the application of local anesthesia, was elevated to expose mandibular symphysis. Two small holes in both sides of mandible were drilled. MTA, Portland cement and Root MTA were mixed according to the manufacturers, recommendation and placed in bony cavities. In positive control group, the test material was Zinc oxide powder plus tricresoformalin. In negative control group, the bony cavities were left untreated. After 3,6 and 12 weeks, the animals were sacrificed and the mandibular sections were prepared for histologic examination under light microscope. The presence and thickness of inflammation, presence of fibrosis capsule, the severity of fibrosis and bone formation were investigated. The data were submitted to Exact Fisher test, chi square test and Kruskal- Wallis test for statistical analysis. Results: No statistically significant differences were found in the degree of inflammation, presence of fibrotic capsule, severity of fibrosis and inflammation thickness between Root MTA, Portland cement and MTA (P>0.05). There was no statistical difference in bone formation between MTA and Portland cement (P>0.05). However, bone formation was not found in any of the Root MTA specimens and the observed tissue was exclusively of fibrosis type. Conclusion: The physical and histological results observed with MTA are similar to those of Root MTA and Portland cement. Additionally, all of these three materials are biocompatible. However, in order to replace Root MTA and Portland cement type I as less expensive and suitable substitutes for MTA, more longer- term studies with larger number of samples are suggested.

The electrocatalytic oxidation of dopamine (DA) at a home-made aluminum electrode modified with nickel pentacyanonitrosylferrate (NiPCNF) film, has been studied by electrochemical approaches. The immobilization of NiPCNF film was performed by a simple dip-coating procedure. The cyclic voltammogram of the resulting modified Al electrode prepared under optimum conditions, shows a well-behaved redox couple due to the [Ni II Fe III/II (CN) 5 NO] 0/−1 system. The NiPCNF films, formed on the Al electrode show excellent electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of DA. The effect of the solution pH on the voltammetric response of DA was examined using phosphate buffer solution of different pHs. Under optimum conditions a linear calibration graph was obtained over the DA concentration range 2–33 mM. The kinetics of the catalytic reaction were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and rotating disk electrode voltammetry. The results were explained using the theory of electrocatalytic reactions at chemically modified electrodes. The rate constant for the catalytic reaction k, the diffusion coefficient of DA in the solution D , the electron diffusion coefficient in the film D e and transfer coefficient α , were found to be 3.1×10 2 M −1 s −1 , 3.4×10 −6 cm 2 s −1 , 2.2×10 −11 cm 2 s −1 and 0.67, respectively. The interference of ascorbic acid was investigated and greatly reduced using a thin film of Nafion ® on the surface-modified electrode. Further examination of the modified electrode shows that the modifying layers (NiPCNF) on the aluminum substrate show reproducible behavior and a high level of stability during electrochemical experiments, making it interesting for analytical applications.

For a special stochastic realistic model in certain spin-correlation experiments and without imposing the locality condition, an inequality is found. Then, it is shown that quantum theory is able (is possible) to violate this inequality. This shows that, irrelevance of the locality condition, the quantum entanglement of the spin singlet-state is the reason for the violation of Bell's inequality in Bell's theorem., 6 pages, no figure, To appear in International Journal of Quantum Information

The late-time cosmic acceleration of the universe is explained in the framework of the Einstein-scalar-Gauss–Bonnet (GB) theory by considering different appropriate forms for the GB coupling parameter and the scalar field. The physical quantities such as the potential energy, the GB coupling parameter, the energy density, the pressure and the deceleration parameter are obtained in an exact parametric form of the volume scale factor of the universe. The behavior of the deceleration parameter shows a transition from the deceleration phase to the acceleration phase at the late times in agreement with the observational data. Finally, the GB energy density ratio is compared to the matter energy density and the scalar (the quintessence) field energy density in the early and late times.

Reconsidering the already known important question that whether all the axioms and theorems in classical theory of probability are applicable to probability functions in quantum theory, we want to show that the so-called Bayes theorem isn't applicable to nonfactorizable quantum entangled states., Comment: 6 pages, Accepted for publication in Iranian Journal of Science and Technology A

The electrocatalytic oxidation of hydrazine at the aluminum electrode, modified by electroless deposition of nickel pentacyanonitrosylferrate (NiPCNF) on the surface of the electrode has been studied by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and rotating disk electrode voltammetry and the kinetics of the catalytic reaction were investigated. The results were explained using the theory of electrocatalytic reactions at chemically modified electrodes. It was found that a one-electron charge-transfer process is rate limiting and that the average values of the rate constant for the catalytic reaction and the diffusion coefficient, evaluated by different approaches, are 5.2×103 M–1s–1 and 8.5×10–6 cm2s–1, respectively. Further examinations of the modified electrodes show that the modifying layers (NiPCNF) on the aluminum substrate have reproducible behavior and a high level of stability, after exposing them in air and hydrazine solutions for a long time.

Nickel pentacyanonitrosylferrate (NiPCNF) films have been deposited on the surface of aluminum substrate by a simple electroless dipping method. The cyclic voltammogram of the resulting surface modified Al electrode prepared under optimum conditions, shows a well-behaved redox couple due to the [NiIIFeIII/II(CN)5NO]0/–1 system. The NiPCNF films formed on the Al electrode show electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of thiosulfate in sodium nitrate solution. A linear calibration plot is obtained over the thiosulfate concentration range 5–110 mM and 0.001–100 mM, using linear sweep voltammetry and hydrodynamic voltammetry (at a fixed potential and stirred solutions), respectively. The kinetics of the catalytic reaction were investigated using cyclic voltammetry, rotating disk electrode (RDE) voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The results were explained using the theory of electrocatalytic reactions at chemically modified electrodes. The average value of the rate constant for the catalytic reaction evaluated by the three different approaches, is 9×10−3 cm s−1. Further examinations of the modified electrodes show that the modifying layers (NiPCNF) on the aluminum substrate show reproducible behavior and a high level of stability.

Nickel pentacyanonitrosylferrate (NiPCNF) films have been deposited on the surface of an aluminum electrode by a simple electroless dipping method. The cyclic voltammogram of the resulting surface modified Al electrode prepared under optimum conditions, shows a well-behaved redox couple due to the [NiIIFeIII/II(CN)5NO]0/−1 system. The NiPCNF films, formed on the Al electrode show excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of ascorbic acid in phosphate buffer solution of pH 7.2. A linear calibration graph is obtained over the ascorbic acid concentration range 2–50 mM using linear sweep voltammetry. The kinetics of the catalytic reaction were investigated using cyclic voltammetry, rotating disk electrode (RDE) voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The results were explained using the theory of electrocatalytic reactions at chemically modified electrodes. The rate constants for the catalytic reaction evaluated by three different approaches, are in good agreement and were found to be around 10−3 cm s−1. Further examination of the modified electrodes shows that the modifying layers (NiPCNF) on the aluminum substrate have reproducible behavior and a high level of stability.

The use of aluminum substrate as an electrode and the modification of its surface by means of the thin film of nickel pentacyanonitrosylferrate (NiPCNF) was developed. The modification conditions of aluminum surface including the electroless deposition of metallic nickel on the electrode surface from NiCl2+NH4Cl solution and chemical derivatization of deposited nickel to NiPCNF film in solution of 10 mM sodium pentacyanonitrosylferrate (PCNF)+0.5 M NaNO3+0.03 M HNO3 are described. The modified Al electrode prepared under optimum conditions, shows a well-defined redox couple due to [NiIIFeIII/II(CN)5NO]0/–1 system. The effect of pH and radius of the hydrated alkali-metal cation of supporting electrolyte on the electrochemical characteristics of the modified electrode were studied in detail. Diffusion coefficients of alkali-metal cations in the film (D),transfer rate constant for electron (ks) and transfer coefficient (α) were calculated. The electrocatalytic activity of the modified electrode on the oxidation of hydrogen peroxide and ascorbic acid was demonstrated as a typical example of applications.

The suitability of metallic aluminum as an electrode material for the preparation of a chemically modified electrode by the simple electroless procedure is described. As a typical example of modification, metallic nickel and nickel-hexacyanoferrate (NiHCF)-coated aluminum electrodes were prepared and their electrochemical characteristics were studied. Voltammetric investigations showed that the Ni and NiHCF-modified Al electrodes were electrochemically stable over the desired potential range 0–1.2 V in 0.25 M phosphate buffer solution of pH 4–10. The cyclic voltammograms of the NiHCF films, indicate the presence of a surface redox couple at 0.44 V, which corresponds to the Fe(CN) 6 3− /Fe(CN) 6 4− system. The oxidation of ascorbic acid as a typical organic compound was examined on the modified electrodes. A well defined and reproducible anodic peak was observed. The NiHCF films, formed on the Al electrode show an excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of ascorbic acid in phosphate buffer solution of pH 7.2. The kinetics of the catalytic reaction were investigated using a rotating disk electrode voltammetry. The results obtained for various thicknesses of the film and ascorbic acid concentrations are explained using the theory of electrocatalytic reactions at chemically modified electrodes. The rate constant for the catalytic oxidation of ascorbic acid and the diffusion coefficient of electrons in the film were calculated. Further examination of the modified electrodes shows that the modifying layers (Ni and NiHCF) on the aluminum substrate have reproducible behaviour and a high level of stability.

Using covariant quantization of the electromagnetic field, the Casimir force per unit area experienced by a long conducting cylindrical shell, under both Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions, is calculated. The renormalization procedure is based on the plasma cut-off frequency for real conductors. The real case of a gold (silver) cylindrical shell is considered and the corresponding electromagnetic Casimir pressure is computed. It is discussed that the Dirichlet and Neumann problems should be considered separately without adding their corresponding results., 14 pages, 2 tables, Some mathematical formulas and numerical data have been corrected

We want to introduce an atomic pendulum whose driving force (torque) is due to the quantum vacuum fluctuations. Applying the well-known Casimir-Polder effect to a special configuration (a combined structure of an atomic nanostring and a conducting plate), an atomic pendulum (Casimir atomic pendulum) is designed. Using practically acceptable data corresponding to the already known world of nanotechnology and based on reasonable/reliable numerical estimates, the period of oscillation for the pendulum is computed. This pendulum can be considered as both a new Micro (Nano)-Eelectromechanical system and a new simple vacuum machine. Its design may be considered as a first step towards realizing the visualized vacuum (Casimir) clock!, Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures

Prevalence of pigeon haemosporidians and effect of infection with Haemoproteus columbae on biochemical factors were investigated in 280 wild pigeons (Columba livia) captured from various locations in Khorasan province, in eastern of Iran, between April 2008 and June 2009. Infection prevalence with H. columbae and Leucocytozoon was detected 50 and 2%, respectively. However, no pigeon showed infection with Plasmodium. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and albumin were the parameters which showed significant differences between parasitized and non parasitized pigeons and high ALT and AST activities and reduced serum albumin level (hypoalbominemia) were observed in pigeons infected with Haemoproteus. High level of AST, ALT, and hypoalbuminemia may be due to impairment of liver cells caused by hepatic migration of parasite for its life cycle.

A central composite rotatable design (CCRD) methodology was used to analyze the effect of some operating variables on gas-liquid two phase mixing time in an agitated tank driven by dual 6-blade Rushton turbines. The variables chosen were the impellers rotational speed (x1), gas flow rate (x2), probe location (x3) and tracer injection point (x4). The mathematical relationship of mixing time on the four significant independent variables can be approximated by a nonlinear polynomial model. Predicted values were found to be in good agreement with the experimental values (R-sq of 95.9 percent and R-Sq (Adj) of 95.7 percent for response Y). This study has shown that central composite design could efficiently be applied for the modeling of mixing time, and it is an economical way of obtaining the maximum amount of information with the fewest number of experiments.

We investigate the line element of spacetime around a linear cosmic string in the presence of a cosmological constant. We obtain the metric and argue that it should be discarded because of asymptotic considerations. Then a time dependent and consistent form of the metric is obtained and its properties are discussed., Comment: 3 pages

Using a confining potential, we consider spherically symmetric vacuum (static black hole) solutions in a brane-world scenario. Working with a constant curvature bulk, two interesting cases/solutions are studied. A Schwarzschild-de Sitter black hole solution similar to the standard solution in the presence of a cosmological constant is obtained which confirms the idea that an extra term in the field equations on the brane can play the role of a positive cosmological constant and may be used to account for the accelerated expansion of the universe. The other solution is one in which we can have a proper potential to explain the galaxy rotation curves without assuming the existence of dark matter and without working with new modified theories (modified Newtonian dynamics)., Comment: 12 pages, to appear in PRD

Considering perturbation growth in spherical Top-Hat model of structure formation in a generalized Chaplygin gas dominated universe, we want to study this scenario with a modified Chaplygin gas model. The evolution of background and collapsed region parameters are found for different cases. The stability of the model and the collapse time rate are considered in different cases. The turn-around redshifts are also computed; the results are in relatively good agreement with current observational data., 16 pages, 16 figures

Statement of the Problem: Endodontic surgery if required is considered as an additive therapy after classic endodontic treatments. The most prevalent type of endodontic surgeries are apicoectomy and corrective surgeries. Type of material applied in apicoectomies is of high importance. Root end filling material should not only be biocompatible but also provide appropriate seal. Considering these findings, the subject of this paper was to compare the histologic responses of the periradicular tissues after using Root MTA and Portland cement, as Root end fillings, with Pro Root MTA. Purpose: The aim of the present study was to introduce a suitable material for root end filling. Materials and Methods: The canals of sixty maxillary canines of cats, after cutting the crowns and exposing the pulps, were instrumented 1 mm beyond the apex until 25 # file to develop periapical lesion after 28 days. They were then randomly divided into five groups. After apicoectomy, Pro Root MTA, Root MTA and Portland cement were placed, as root end filling materials in three experimental groups whereas the two remaining groups were considered as positive and negative controls. After 3, 6 and 12 weeks the animals were sacrificed and the specimens were stained for histologic evaluation under light microscope. The data were submitted to statistical analyses (Fisher exact test, k2 test and one- way variance analysis). Results: No statistically significant difference was found between these three materials in cementum apposition on roots and implanted materials, fibrous capsule formation and the severity of inflammation, however, bone formation in Root MTA group was significantly less than pro Root MTA and Portland cement groups. The extent of inflammation thickness in Portland cement group was significantly less than Pro Root MTA group. Conclusion: According to these findings if long term investigations with larger sample size confirm the obtained results of the present study, Root MTA and Portland cement which are cost- effective and readily available, can replace Pro Root MTA in endodontic surgeries.

It is discussed that the usual Heisenberg commutation relation (CR) is not a proper relation for massless particles and then an alternative is obtained. The canonical quantization of the free electromagnetic(EM)fields based on the field theoretical generalization of this alternative is carried out. Without imposing the normal ordering condition,the vacuum energy is automatically zero.This can be considered as a solution to the EM fields vacuum catastrophe and a step toward managing the cosmologial constant problem at least for the EM fields contribution to the state of vacuum., Comment: 12 pages,no figures,To appear in Mod.Phys.Ltt.A

The torque density per unit height exerted on a perfectly conducting wedge due to the quantum vacuum fluctuations (the Casimir torque) is obtained by calculating the vacuum-to-vacuum propagator (Green function) of a canonical quantum field.

We obtain the static and cylindrically symmetric vacuum solutions of Einstein?s field equations in the framework of the brane-world model where the matter is localized on the brane by means of a confining potential. Considering a constant curvature bulk, one interesting solution is studied, which is similar to the cosmic string solution in a de Sitter spacetime which confirms the idea that the extra geometrical terms in the gravitational field equations on the brane may be the origin of a positive cosmological constant which is responsible for the accelerating expansion of the universe. Finally, we investigate the physical properties of this solution.

Nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCNF) film modified Al electrode prepared by simple and rapid electroless dipping procedure was used for the mediated oxidation of ascorbic acid. The anodic peak current observed in cyclic or linear sweep voltammetry was linearly dependent on the ascorbic acid concentration. At a fixed potential under hydrodynamic conditions (stirred solutions), the calibration plot was linear over the ascorbic acid concentration range 2×10−6–2×10−4 M. The detection limit of the method is 2×10−6 M, low enough for trace ascorbic acid determination in various real samples. The proposed method was used for determination of ascorbic acid in fresh fruit juices, vegetables, pharmaceutical preparations and blood plasma. The results obtained are in good agreement with those obtained by the official standard methods. The analysis with NiHCF-film-modified Al electrode was selective for ascorbic acid from the various concomitant reducing compounds in real samples.

This research was conducted to determine the prevalence and pathological lesion of Trichomonas gallinae in pigeons in the northeast part of Iran. Wet mount preparations from the oral cavity/crop of 418 pigeons (Columba livia) captured from various locations in Khorasan province analyzed for T. gallinae by Giemsa's staining between April 2008 and June 2009. A total of 418 pigeons, 37.32% (n = 156) were infected with T. gallinae. Macroscopically, the oropharynx of infected pigeons has white, caseous lesions or stomatitis. Microscopically, there was moderate congestion with infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells in the lamina propria of pharynx, hyperplasia of mucous cells in epithelia of trachea with infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells, numerous granulomatous foci in the livers with many multinucleated giant cells, tubulointerstitial nephritis with multifocal to diffuse infiltration of mostly mononuclear inflammatory cells in the kidneys. In the present paper we have described for the first time the co-existence of both genotypes of T. gallinae based on pathological lesions in this area.