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We tested the hypothesis that polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) cell counts and phagocytic activity determined by latex ingestion and superoxide anion production are influenced by different training periods. We investigated long-distance runners before and up to 24 h after a graded exercise test to exhaustion during moderate training (MT) and intense training (IT) and compared them with untrained (control) subjects. Cell counts and phagocytic activity at rest and after exercise did not differ significantly between MT and control. On the contrary, IT showed a significant (P < or = 0.05) decrease in PMN cell count at rest (2.55 +/- 0.3 cells/nl) compared with MT (3.63 +/- 0.2 cells/nl) and control (3.41 +/- 0.8 cells/nl). Furthermore, phagocytic activity was significantly reduced (P < or = 0.05) in IT at rest and after exercise compared with MT and control. A strong inverse correlation (r = -0.75; P < or = 0.01) between epinephrine and superoxide anion production was found. These results provide evidence that the phagocytic activity depends on the training period and indicate impaired PMN functions during IT, which might lead to increased susceptibility to infection.

Twenty-six male runners aged 14-16 years not yet specifically trained for sprint or middle-distance running performed a field test with distances of 25 m, 75 m, and 1000 m. Before the field test they were designated as sprinters (n = 19) and middle-distance runners (n = 7) according to their self-assessment and the estimation of the coaches. Blood ammonia and lactate concentrations were measured before and after the runs, and heart rates as well as the perceived exertion were evaluated. The most remarkable finding was a significantly higher ammonia increase in the supposed sprinters after 75 m compared with the supposed middle-distance runners. The ammonia concentrations after 1000 m were considerably less pronounced in both groups and did not differ significantly. The ratio of the ammonia concentration after the 75-m and the 1000-m distance was defined as an index. A high index was typical for designated sprinters, whereas a low index was found in supposed middle-distance runners. The combination of this index and the assessment of the coaches makes it possible to recommend special training regimens.

We investigated the effects of endurance and high-intensity training periods on the plasma catecholamine (CA) concentration at rest; on the basal alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor density, regulation, and function on circulating cells; and on the cardiovascular adaptation in long-distance runners and swimmers. The findings of each period were compared with those of untrained men. Endurance training of the long-distance runners and the swimmers led both to a reduced sympathetic activity at rest, indicated by lower CA values, and to a lower beta-receptor density and responsiveness on circulating lymphocytes and an increased alpha 2-receptor sensitivity on circulating platelets. During the high-intensity training period beta-receptor density and responsiveness increased, alpha 2-receptor sensitivity normalized, and heart rate as well as blood pressure values increased in both trained groups. The basal sympathetic activity remained reduced, but the norepinephrine-to-epinephrine (NE/EPI) ratio increased. The NE/EPI ratio might play an important part in the regulation of adrenoceptor density during these different training periods. Swimming-specific characteristics caused different physiological impacts compared with running training, but an attenuated baroreceptor sensitivity might be indicated in both intensively trained groups.

In five levodopa (L-dopa)-treated patients with Parkinson's disease with severe fluctuations of motor performance, plasma L-dopa as well as dopamine levels were measured during 2 days, first under optimal standard L-dopa with peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor (PDI) and then after a dose adjustment period using slow-release L-dopa/benserazide (Madopar HBS) in an open inpatient trial. Three patients benefited from the slow-release preparation; two patients deteriorated with a tendency to have an unpredictable response, a delay to turn "on" with the first dose in the morning, as well as an increase in dyskinesia corresponding to L-dopa cumulation during the day. These problems were subsequently also seen during the follow-up period of 1 year in those patients who benefited from Madopar HBS as inpatients. This might indicate that patient compliance is more difficult with the new formulation. After 1 year all patients had returned to their previous standard L-dopa/PDI treatment. L-Dopa levels continued to fluctuate, but to a lesser degree with Madopar HBS. The equivalent L-dopa dosage had to be increased by 56% (29-100%) with Madopar HBS while mean dopamine levels increased in four patients (by 47-257%) without the occurrence of peripheral side-effects. This implies that with the new formulation more L-dopa is metabolized to dopamine and explains the necessity to increase the equivalent L-dopa dosage.

Serotonin (5-HT), one of the evolutionary oldest central neurotransmitters, regulates the most extensive modulatory behavioral system in the brain of vertebrates. 5-HT projections are influenced by extrinsic and intrinsic impulses from different cortical brain areas, which reach Raphe nuclei over feedback loops, containing external and internal body information about planning, evaluation, motivation or excitation. Serotonergic neurotransmission adjusts neuromodulation with consecutive adequate stimulation of the neuronal network. This depends on appropriate equilibration of presynaptic 5-HT storage and release but also on 5-HT reuptake from synaptic cleft by 5-HT transporters. The associated pre and postsynaptic 5-HT receptor cooperation, postsynaptic second messenger response and phosphoinositide signaling mediated by postsynaptic 5-HT(2) receptor subpopulation alter signal transduction in which myristolated alanine rich C kinase substrate is prominently involved in regulation of further central 5-HT areas in the brain and corresponding functional neuronal changes. Even though the central function of 5-HT neurotransmission is dominating in the multifold behavioral regulation, peripheral concentration of tryptophan (TRP) adjusted by hepatic and non-hepatic TRP pyrrolase, TRP liberation from albumin especially by adrenergic stimulation of free fatty acids, TRP passage across the blood-brain barrier and TRP hydroxylase activity are also important for appropriate 5-HT neurotransmission as they affect central 5-HT synthesis. The high adaptability of 5-HT neurotransmission is able to compensate neuromodular dysfunctions in the brain by mechanisms which mediate 5-HT biosynthesis, release, reuptake, pre and postsynaptic receptor stimulation with the respective second messenger response and signal transduction to various areas of the brain which are involved in regulation of behavior, mood, memory, learning and attenuation of obsession, depending on the different vigilance states of the subject. Adequate 5-HT system function supports regulation of intercommunicative neuronal transmission in the brain, which optimizes behavioral neuromodulation during and after transient disturbances of neuromodular behavior caused by stress-induced exertions, but also in permanent disorder such as major depression. Serotonergic neurotransmission improves the clinical course due to compensatory 5-HT impulse correction. This hypothetical interpretation of the serotonergic central neuromodular regulation and interaction with the neuronal network is supported by findings both in functional disturbances and persistent impairments in mental disorders. A comparison of the symptomatology in permanent and transient disturbance of brain neuromodulation enhances our basic knowledge on the regulative factors e. g. in endogenous depression and depressive behavioral changes after exhaustive exercise. This consideration exhibits that the interaction between altered central neuromodulation and peripheral metabolic and hormonal dysfunctions is able to differentiate the etiology of the symptoms. It is suggested that the central neuromodular disturbance of stress-induced causes might initiate the manifestation of the impairment. The theoretical background of this hypothesis is discussed in the present review.

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPAA) and -gonadal (HPGA) axis modification and cognitive impairments have been reported in elderly subjects and related to physical training status. The aim of this study was to investigate if HPAA and HPGA regulation are altered in elderly distance runners (RUN; n = 8; age: 68.9+/-4.2 yrs; training: 65+/-20 km/wk over the last 20 yrs; means +/- SD) or are affected in elderly sedentary individuals (SED; n = 11; age: 69.1+/-2.6 yrs) by an aerobic training over 20 weeks (3 times/week, 30-60 min walking), respectively. The protocol included assessment of the hormone profile in basal non-suppressed state as well as evaluation of hormonal responses to dexamethasone (DEX, 1.5 mg) induced adrenal suppression, to post-DEX combined corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH; 0.7 microg/kg) and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH, 0.7 microg/kg) stimulation and to exercise challenge (30 min cycle ergometry at 65% VO2max). Mental functions influenced by HPAA and HPGA activity were also assessed in RUN and SED before (SED-PRE) and after (SED-POST) the training program. Basal and post-DEX plasma concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol (CSL), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone (T) did not differ between RUN and SED-PRE. Basal plasma free T concentration was significantly lower in RUN (RUN: 10.23+/-2.41 pg x ml(-1) vs. SED-PRE: 16.6+/-5.59 pg x ml(-1)). During releasing hormone challenge test after DEX administration (DEX/RH), no differences were found between RUN and SED-PRE in plasma ACTH, LH, FSH and T response. During this stimulation test, plasma CSL was significantly higher in RUN than in SED-PRE after 90 min (RUN: 5.86+/-3.65 microg x dl(-1) vs. SED-PRE: 2.74+/-2.09 microg x dl(-1)). Differences in plasma CSL concentrations between groups were not induced by 30-min exercise challenge. Basal hormone profile was not altered by training in SED. During DEX/RH only plasma ACTH concentration was significantly higher in SED-POST compared to SED-PRE. Long and short-term memory function did not differ between RUN, SED-PRE and SED-POST. Our data suggest that following post-DEX CRH/LHRH challenge elderly endurance athletes reveal-in the absence of altered peak values-a pattern of prolonged secretion of glucocorticoids. However, the high interindividual variability of plasma ACTH and CSL concentrations shows that reduced corticotropic sensitivity to negative feedback is not always induced by chronic exercise stress. Lower plasma free T concentrations in RUN compared to SED are not caused by modified LH synthesis-secretion capacity.

The efficiency of hormonal stimulation on metabolic regulation not only depends on the plasma concentration of the hormones, their receptors, post-receptor, and second messenger systems, but also on the enzymatic and metabolic adaptation triggered by physical activity. Insulin and catecholamines, as well as the mechanisms, which elicit the metabolic response, will be discussed. The previous assumption of the insulin mediated glucose transport through the cell membrane after insulin receptor interaction and post-receptor activation is challenged by the function of the glucose transporter Glut 4 on the plasma and intracellular membranes. New findings on this subject, such as additive effects of insulin and exercise, will be reported. The exercise induced catecholamine overflow, which can exceed resting values by up to 50 fold, is attenuated by adrenoreceptor down-regulation, post-receptor adaptation, activation of second messenger systems, metabolic and renal clearance rates, as well as by the sulfconjugation of catecholamines. The metabolic regulation of carbohydrate-and lipid metabolism by insulin and catecholamines will be addressed.

Nach der offiziellen Beendigung meiner Hochschullaufbahn konnte ich mich durch die verzogerte Neubesetzung des Lehrstuhles den Tatigkeiten widmen, die mich schwerpunktmasig besonders interessierten. Dies ware wahrscheinlich in der aktiven Dienstzeit nicht moglich gewesen. Nach langjahriger klinisch-internistischer Tatigkeit, in der mich die innere Medizin als klinisches Fach, aber auch als wissenschaftliches Arbeitsgebiet faszinierte, kam ich nach sportmedizinischer und physiologisch-biochemischer Grundlagenforschung zur Sportmedizin. Dabei erkannte ich, das dieser Berufsweg sowohl fur die praktischen, aber auch fur die wissenschaftlichen Ziele dieses Faches geeignet war. Auf der anderen Seite muste ich feststellen, das es fur die Sportmedizin nicht einfach ist, von den lang etablierten Fachern der Medizin anerkannt zu werden. Viele Grunde konnte man hier anfuhren, die jedoch jetzt nicht diskutiert werden sollen.

Bei der Umstellung von Ruhe zu Belastung, aber auch bei der Anderung von der horizontalen in die vertikale Korperposition ist das sympathoadrenerge System zur Kompensation des durch die Erdschwerkraft ausgelosten hydrostatischen Druckes fur den Menschen im Alltag sowie besonders auch bei intensiver sportlicher Belastung und Training von entscheidender Bedeutung. Sowohl in der Phase, in der ein physiologischer Ermudungszustand erreicht ist und eine zusatzliche Mobilisation der kardiozirkulatorisehen und metabolischen Reserven fur das weitere Durchhalten notwendig ist, als auch bei wettkampfentscheidendem Endspurt, ist die katecholaminerge Stimulation unersetzlich. In diesem Beitrag sollen zunachst kurz die Beobachtungen uber Serum- und Urin-Katecholaminveranderungen und ihre Interaktion mit dem Adrenozeptorensystem sowie die Stimulation von Postrezeptoren-Mechanismen dargestellt und anschliesend diskutiert werden, ob diese Parameter in Leistungsdiagnostik und Trainingssteuerung aussagekraftig eingesetzt werden konnen.

Both isomers of epinephrine sulfate were synthesized, unequivocally identified by 1H-NMR and highly purified from catecholamines (less than 90 ppm). Bacterial as well as pig liver arylsulfatase A and B demonstrated a higher substrate turnover of epinephrine-4-sulfate, norepinephrine-4-sulfate and dopamine-4-sulfate as compared to the 3-sulfate isomers. The arylsulfatase B however, is less important for the deconjugation of these sulfoconjugates than arylsulfatase A. Since arylsulfatase A occurs in most human tissues, it might be of physiological significance in the deconjugation of the catecholamine sulfate isomers. Furthermore the kinetic data at pH 7.4 and 6.9 suggest the increased cleavage of the sulfate group, e.g. during exercise-induced acidosis. In contrast to results reported in the literature, dopamine sulfates were no substrates of dopamine beta-hydroxylase.

The clinical course and the laboratory findings of a massive rhabdomyolysis in a male bodybuilder is presented. Particularly spectacular are the light- and electron-microscopical pictures of the histological findings. The acute renal failure as the most important and major life-threatening complication of the rhabdomyolysis is considered and the successful therapeutic procedure is described. The probability of a causal relation between anabolic steroids and rhabdomyolysis is discussed as well as the resulting consequences for the care of athletes in sports medicine.

The concentrations of following metabolites were determined in freeze-clamped gastrocnemius muscle samples: glucose 1-phosphate, glucose 6-phosphate, glucose, fructose 1,6-diphosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. dihydroxyacetone phosphate, phosphoenolpyruvate, pyruvate, glycerol 3-phosphate, glycerol, creatine phosphate, creatine, glycerate 3-phosphate, glycerate 2-phosphate, adenosine monophosphate, adenosine diphosphate, adenosine triphosphate, inorganic phosphate. The results showed that within the limits of experimental error, concentration homeostasis for this metabolites is founded at least in some cases on equilibria between enzymic transformations. Discrepancies between constant mass ratios measured in this study and equilibrium constants allow the free energy variation delta G to keep creatine phosphate at high concentration to be calculated. For the phosphoglycerate mutase system, the equilibrium constant in controls and trained animals is unchanged and corresponds to that in vitro. Training hindered glycolysis and favoured phosphorylation of creatine by glycerol 3-phosphate. Metabolites of the pyruvate kinase and hexokinase system cannot be homogeneously distributed in one space. The creatine kinase system is also separated from the hexokinase und pyruvate kinase system. A compartition of glycolytic process in gastrocnemius muscle seems to be inferred from these results.

The sympathoadrenergic reaction is not only dependent on the duration and intensity of work but also on the body position and the involvement of small or large muscle masses. This observation made in field tests comparing different sports disciplines such as swimming, running, or diving encouraged us to investigate this topic under the following laboratory conditions. Twelve healthy sport students participated in ergometric tests on a bicycle ergometer in a horizontal and vertical body position as well as on a treadmill and a swim bench ergometer. The changes of plasma catecholamines (CA) obtained in the different ergometric tests were compared with those cardiocirculatory, metabolic, and hormonal parameters which can be influenced by the sympathoadrenergic stimulation. In the horizontal body position we found a smaller increase of norepinephrine at submaximal and maximal work loads combined with a similar reaction of renin, whereas the diastolic blood pressure and the mean arterial blood pressure increased more. The substrates of lipolysis and aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis did not show obvious differences depending on the body position. In the swim bench test, however, the lactate increase started earlier and was comparatively higher than in the other ergometric tests in which the maximal work load and VO2max were higher. Although a smaller muscle mass was used and a lower maximal oxygen uptake was reached, we did not find statistically different CA values during the swim bench ergometric test compared with the bicycle ergometric test in a horizontal body position. In our ergometric tests, the venous CA levels (especially norepinephrine) were predominantly influenced by the body position.

The flow infection analysis (FIA) described by Ruzicka and Hansen was adjusted for lactic acid determination by Rydevik et al. We were able to elaborate some other NAD or NADH-dependent enzyme reactions with the FIA system. The reliability of the alanine assay corresponds to that of the lactate FIA method. The coefficient of variation was on an average 2.8%; th sample rate was 60/h with consistent duplicates. The beta-OHB assay had almost the same validity. Pyruvate, however, was less reliable with higher coefficients of variation. ACAC FIA assay, which was suitable for the determination in acid solution after neutralization, could not yet be employed for the determination in serum. In comparison to the manual enzyme methods, the FIA assays described here indicated a higher sampling rate, a lower reagent consumption, a lower coefficient of variation, a better reproducibility, and a greater consistency of duplicates.

The direct in vitro effect of caerulein on pancreatic protein synthesis and amino acid transport has been investigated. In contrast to in vivo conditions we were unable to demonstrate any effect on alpha-aminoisobutyric acid and leucine uptake and on leucine incorporation usin rat pancreatic lobules. Insulin and glucagon were therefore examined as possible mediators for the in vivo effect of caerulein. Insulin (1--5 microM) slightly enhanced AIB uptake (16% but did not change uptake and incorporation of leucine. Glucagon (0.01--1 microM) was ineffective. Both islet hormones had no influence on the formation of cyclic GMP induced by secretagogue either in rat (40% increase) or in guinea pig lobules (500% increase). It seems unlikely that the two islet hormones exert any direct effect on the exocrine pancreas and thus could serve as mediators for the in vivo synthetic effect of caerulein.

Insulin binding of monocytes and erythrocytes was studied in untrained male volunteers after 15 min of exhaustive bicycle exercise (EE) and several days later after moderate exercise (ME) for 90 min. Insulin receptor affinity decreased after EE in monocytes (26.4% decrease; P less than 0.01) and in erythrocytes (10.4%; P less than 0.05) with no change in receptor number. After ME, however, binding to monocytes was enhanced by 15.2% (P less than 0.05) due to increased receptor affinity. The number of circulating monocytes was markedly increased after both forms of exercise, averaging 105% after EE and 57% after ME. The bidirectional effect on monocyte insulin binding could be reproduced in vitro by incubation of preexercise cells with post-exercise serum: 12.4% (P less than 0.05) decrease with EE serum and 6.1% (P less than 0.05) increase with ME serum. The effect was prevented by overnight dialysis. These results suggest that physical exercise not only entails adjustment of serum insulin but also of cellular hormone sensitivity, presumably through the mediation of low-molecular-weight serum components.

Rh-pos. human red cells sensitized with IgG-Anti-D showed at 4° C an intracellular Na+-accumulation, which was amplified by an increase in the Na+-concentration in the incubation medium. This increase of the intracellular Na+-concentration may be due to a passive Na+-influx since the Na+-K+-ATPase system does not work at this temperature. At the optimal reactiontemperature of the enzyme the Na+-K+-ATPase activity of the sensitized Rh-pos. red cells was inhibited proportionally to the anti-D concentration. Both the amplified Na+-influx and the inhibition of the active Na+-transport caused an osmotic hemolysis. The hemoglobin release was significant above the anti-D titer step of 1:512. This mechanism suggests that the intravasular part of the immunohemolysis with Rh incompatibility was generated by an impaired active and passive cation transport following the antigen-antibody reaction. This suggestion is supported by the fact that IgG-Anti-D neither stimulated the complement system nor the intravascular monocyte mediated cell lysis, since the activity of the effector cells is reduced by the surplus of sensitized red cells and the presence of other inhibiting IgG immunoglobulins. The biochemical relationship of the Rh-D-antigen and the Na+-K+-ATPase both located on membrane lipoproteins, may be the reason why only the antigenantibody reaction in the Rh-D system impaired the cation transport. The antigen-antibody reaction of IgM-Anti-A and of the cold agglutinin IgM-Anti-I reacting with glycolipid and with glycoprotein membrane antigens respectively did not impair the cation transport after complement inactivation.

In three different field studies running loads of 2 X 200 m and 400 m, 3 X 1000 m and 3000 m, and finally 10,000 m were performed by respective groups of sprinters, middle-, and long-distance runners. We investigated the effects of exercise on the sympathoadrenal system by determining catecholamine (CA) concentrations in the venous blood and urine [free norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (EPI)] and the respective sulfoconjugates in plasma and various hormonal, metabolic, and cardiocirculatory parameters. Endurance-trained athletes showed a lower heart rate (HR) and plasma renin activity (PRA) at rest in comparison with the sprinters. The concentrations of the plasma CA reflected the intensity more than the duration of exercise. At rest and following recovery the ratio of free NE/EPI in plasma was markedly higher in the group of sprinters in comparison with the long-distance runners. During exercise, however, an opposite movement occurred resulting in a higher ratio in the latter group. The pre-start ratios of NE/EPI in urine were similar to those in plasma. The sports disciplines' specific differences in NE/EPI both at rest and during exercise suggest that the overall sympathetic activity, reflected by NE and EPI, is regulated in a quite differentiated pattern. The sulfoconjugated CA, however, increased less clearly after the middle- and long-distance bouts than the respective free CA which caused the ratio sulfates/free CA to decline. There were strong relations between the levels of free plasma NE and EPI and that of blood lactate which, however, rather reflects a parallelism subsequent to the highly intensive stimulation.

Es wird eine einfache Methodik zur elektrophoretischen Ermittlung der Phospholipoproteine beschrieben. Das Verfahren erlaubt in einem Arbeitsgang die Gesamtlipoproteine und Phospholipoproteine durch photometrische Auswertung desselben Filtrierpapierstreifens in Diagrammen darzustellen. An Hand einiger Beispiele wird die Anwendungsmoglichkeit der Methode aufgezeichnet, durch die eine Differenzierung des Lipoiddiagrammes in acetonlosliche und acetonunlosliche Lipoproteine vorgenommen werden kann.

An Hand von 80 Untersuchungen bei Arteriosklerose, Diabetes mellitus, Hypothyreose, Hyperthyreose, nephrotischem Syndrom, Plasmocytom, Gesunden und Schwangeren wird die Bedeutung der elektrophoretisch gewonnenen Lipoiddiagramme gegenuber den Eiweiselektrophoresediagrammen dargestellt. Es wird die Abhangigkeit des Kurvenverlaufes nach Fettbelastung gezeigt und die Moglichkeit der Durchfuhrung einer Funktionsprufung diskutiert. Die Differenzierung derβ-Fraktionen in einen Protein- und Lipoproteidanteil erweist sich bei Krankheitsbildern, die mit einer deutlichenβ-Globulinvermehrung, wie Hypothyreose, Nephrose, Arteriosklerose undβ-Plasmocytom einhergingen, als recht aufschlusreich. Durch das Lipoiddiagramm ist auserdem eine Differenzierung desβ-Plasmocytoms imβ1- undβ2-Typ eiweischemisch moglich und in der Abtrennung dieser Myelomart eine wertvolle Unterstutzung. Die Lipoiddiagramme wahrend der Graviditat lassen in den spateren Graviditatsmonaten eine starke Lipoidvermehrung imγ-Bereich erkennen. Der Kurvenverlauf gleicht dann den Diagrammen von Gesunden nach Fettbelastung im Stadium der starkstenγ-Lipoidvermehrung.

From the urine of plasmocytoma patients a relatively low-molecular glycoprotein was isolated. It is heat-stable and slightly soluble in water; in trichloroacetic acid it is insoluble; on the other hand, it shows a ready solubility in 0.6 M perchloric acid. In paper and starch-gel electrophoresis at ph 7–8.5 it is uniform. Its velocity of migration corresponds to that of α 1 -globulin. The iso-electric point lies between pH 3.3 and 3.6. The sedimentation constant is 1.43. The molecular weight is 19,900 on combined measurement of the sedimentation and diffusion in the analytical ultracentrifuge. In immuno-electrophoresis it shows partial antigen community against antihuman serum in the α 1 -globulin region. It is distinguished from the total uro-protein complex and the Bence Jones protein bodies by its percentage amino acid composition and its significantly higher total carbohydrate content. It is methionine-free. The polypeptide-carbohydrate ratio is 1.5:1. The total carbohydrates make up 38.1%, which consists of 16.6% hexoses, 4.5% methyl pentoses, 10.2% hexosamines and 6.8% neuraminic acids. Hexosamine and neuraminic acid are present in the N-acetyl form. The percentage sugar distribution is Ga:Ma:Glu:Fu:Rh:G1A:GaA:NS = 8.1:4.5:4.0:3.2:1.3:8.4:1.8:6.8. The molar ratio is 10:5:5:4:2:8:2:5. The number of C-, N- and S-atoms calculated from the elementary analysis and the molecular weight found is in good correspondence with the number of C-, N- and S-atoms which can be calculated from the molar distribution. The molecular weight found being also identical to the calculated molecular weight, it may be assumed that with the 108 amino acids and 41 carbohydrates found the principal components of the glycoprotein have been demonstrated. Since this glycoprotein does not occur in urine of normal subjects and in proteinurias of different aetiology, it might be characteristic of the uroproteins in plasmocytoma.

1. Es wird eine Formel aufgestellt, die die quantitativen Beziehungen zwischen dem Volumen eines Zellkerns sowie dem Ploidieund dem Taeniegrad der gleichen Zelle wiedergibt.

The hexoses, pentoses and methylpentoses, present in human glycoproteins and mucopolysaccharides, could be separated by cellulose thin-layer chromatography in the solvent tert .-butanol-methylethylketone-formic acid-water, 8:6:3:3. Semiquantitative estimation of the sugar concentration was possible by applying the substances in streak form on the plates. Hydrolysis with 25% trichloracetic acid seems more suitable for the liberation of the sugar components than 2 N H 2 SO 4 and ion exchange resin in H + -form, as it was demonstrated qualitatively by thin-layer chromatography and quantitatively by the triphenyl tetrazolium chloride method on the same glycoprotein. Using this technique we found small amounts of xylose besides fucose, galactose and mannose in acid-α 1 -glycoprotein and fucose as the predominant sugar in a glycoprotein of the gastric juice. In the glycoprotein of the erythrocyte stroma, the presence of fucose, mannose and galactose as the predominant sugar was confirmed. In a perchloric acid-soluble glycoprotein derived from human urine a considerable amount of xylose was present, besides fucose, galactose and mannose. In ribonuclease B, galactose and traces of xylose were detected in addition to the known mannose.

Es wird ein adsorptionschromatographisches Untersuchungsverfahren auf Kieselgelplatten zur Auftrennung von Serumgesamtlipiden beschrieben. Da diese vonE. Stahl beschriebene Methodik in pharmazeutischen Fragestellungen zur Auftrennung atherischer Ole und anderer komplizierter Substanzgemische mit gutem Erfolg angewandt wird, war es naheliegend, das das Verfahren sich auch zur chromatographischen Trennung von Serumlipiden eignen konnte. Unter Verwendung einer Losungsmittelkombination aus Propanol-Ammoniak 2:1, Chloroform-Benzol 3:2 und Tetrachlorkohlenstoff kann man ein Ubersichtschromatogramm der Serumgesamtlipide erhalten. Die Differenzierung der Einzelsubstanzen erfolgt dann mit speziellen Losungsmitteln, wie Chloroform, Tetrachlorkohlenstoff, Methylchlorid. Der Vorteil der Methodik besteht darin, das man bei kleinen Auftragsmengen Substanzgemische differenzieren kann, bei denen einzelne Substanzen noch in einer Menge von 10–20γ mit Antimontrichlorid nach Erhitzen auf 110° im normalen Licht und im UV-Licht als Fluorescenz nachweisbar sind. DurchR f -Werte, Farbe und Fluorescensverhalten konnten bis jetzt das Cholesterin, die Chosterinester, das Lecithin, Carotin und einige Fettsauren chromatographisch charakterisiert werden. Konzentrationsunterschiede von 25–50 mg-% sind dabei fur das Cholesterin, Cholesterinester und das Lecithin noch deutlich zu unterscheiden. Es ist anzunehmen, das unter diesen technischen Voraussetzungen zahlreiche Fragestellungen auf dem Gebiet der Serum-, Gefas- und Gewebslipide erfolgversprechend untersucht werden konnen.

Bei 66 Paraproteinosen (30 Gamma ss, 20 Gamma 1A, 6 Gamma µ und 10 Gamma 1M) wurden im Serum die proteingebundenen Kohlenhydrate ermittelt. Vor und nach Dialyse des Serums wurden die proteingebundenen Hexosen, Neuraminsaure, Hexosamine, Fucose bei diesen Fallen bestimmt und auf den Globulingehalt prozentual berechnet. Mit der gleichen Methodik wurden zehn Normalpersonen und 15 Falle, bei denen Alpha1-, Alpha2-Globulin-Vermehrungen infolge akuter Entzundungen oder maligner Tumoren vorlagen, untersucht. Die Ergebnisse lassen erkennen, das die Bestimmung der proteingebundenen Kohlenhydrat-Komponenten keine isolierte diagnostische Bedeutung hat, jedoch zusammen mit der Zonenelektrophorese den Paraprotein-Typ charakterisieren lassen und in der Identifizierung immunoelektrophoretisch nicht ganz klarer Falle wertvoll ist. Den hochsten Kohlenhydrat-Gehalt fanden wir bei Gamma 1A- und Gamma 1M-Paraproteinamien. Bei den Gamma ss-Paraproteinamien konnten wir bei den anodisch lokalisierten M-Gradienten signifikant hohere Kohlenhydratwerte feststellen als bei den weiter kathodisch liegenden M-Gradienten. Durch die elektrophoretische Untersuchung vor und nach Inkubation mit Neuraminidase konnte gezeigt werden, das fur die Wanderungsgeschwindigkeit des M-Gradienten der Gehalt an Neuraminsaure pro Molekul bedeutungsvoll ist. Vergleichsuntersuchungen vor und nach Dialyse lassen erkennen, das die Neuraminsaure und Hexosamine nur proteingebunden im Serum vorkommen. Zur exakten Ermittlung der proteingebundenen Hexosen und Fucose-Werte hingegen ist eine ausfuhrliche Dialyse unbedingt erforderlich, da diese Kohlenhydrate auch nicht proteingebunden im Serum vorliegen. Die Beurteilung der proteingebundenen Hexosen ist ohne Dialyse unmoglich.

Bei Paraproteinamien und malignen Tumoren konnten wir ein kleinmolekulares perchlorsaurelosliches Glykoproteid aus dem Urin isolieren. Es unterscheidet sich in Peptid- und Kohlenhydratverhaltnissen und seiner Kohlenhydrat-Zusammensetzung von Urin-Glykoproteiden, die wir mit der gleichen Methodik bei Normalpersonen und entzundlichen Erkrankungen fanden. Es hat ein Molekulargewicht um 20 000, elektrophoretisch wandert es auf Acetatfolie bei pH 8,6 zwischen Albumin undα 1-Globulin-Fraktion. Es ist mit Ponceau S (Protein-Farbung) und Schiffscher Reagens (Glykoproteid-Farbung) darstellbar. Immunoelektrophoretisch liegt seine Pracipitationslinie im Bereich des schnellenα 1-Glykoproteids. Neben Glucose, Galaktose, Mannose und Fucose enthalt es eine nicht identifizierte Kohlenhydratkomponente, die normalerweise nicht bei den Glykoproteiden des Serums nachweisbar ist. Der Neuraminsauregehalt betragt 8–9%, wovon 60–70% mit Neuraminidase freizusetzen sind. Die Aminosaure-Verteilung ergibt keine sicheren Unterschiede. Die Urin-Konzentration des Glykoproteids ist von der Ausdehnung des neoplastischen Prozesses abhangig. Bei Adenocarcinom des Magen-Darmtraktes ist die Neuraminsaure-Konzentration um 20–30% niedriger als bei Tumoren anderer histologischer Struktur und Lokalisation. Es wird diskutiert, ob diese Substanz in Beziehung zu dem neoplastischen Zellstoffwechsel steht.

Fast muscle myosin of guinea pigs exposed to different training programs was examined by means of SDS gel electrophoresis. The percentile distribution of the light chains was calculated. Training at 0.7 m/s and 5 degrees slope 20 min per day for 30 days caused a significant decrease in the DTNB light chains and a significant increase in the A2 light chains compared to the control group. In contrast, training at 0.4 m/s and 45 degrees slope caused a significant increase in the DTNB light chains and a significant decrease in the A2 light chains. These changes can be interpreted as a combination of muscle transformation and a shift of myosin isoenzymes.

Die N-Acetyl-neuraminsaure (NANA) wurde mit Hilfe einer vonTischer undPeters [14] angegebenen Methode ohne vorherige Stroma-Gewinnung aus Nativerythrocyten bei Gesunden und Patienten mit gestorter Erythropoese untersucht. Gleichzeitig wurde der durch Neuraminidase (Nd) abspaltbare Anteil bestimmt. Pro 100 mg Erythrocyten-Trockensubstanz ergab sich im Mittel ein Gesamt-NANA-Gehalt von 0,205 µMol, davon waren 0,187 µMol=91,2% durch Nd freizusetzen. Zwischen Gesunden und Erkrankten konnten keine Unterschiede festgestellt werden. Der absolute NANA-Gehalt der Erythrocyten ist auffallend konstant.

Schwimmen unterscheidet sich in seiner physischen Beanspruchung von anderen Sportarten durch die horizontale Korperlage, Arbeit mit anderen Muskelgruppen sowie die Einflusse des Wasserdruckes und veranderter thermoregulatorischer Anforderungen. Die sich daraus moglicherweise ableitenden differenten regulatorischen Verhaltensweisen konnten sich in hormonellen und metabolischen Parametern niederschlagen. Unter dieser Fragestellung wurden Katecholamine, Insulin, Parameter des glykolytischen Stoffwechsels und des Fettumsatzes bei 15 Kaderathleten im Schwimmen untersucht. In einer Doppelbelastung mit 1stundiger Pause uber die kurze (2 × 100 m) und lange (2 × 1500 m) Wettkampfstrecke. Als Vergleichsbelastungen wurden 2 × 200-m-Sprints von Hockey- und Fusballspielern herangezogen, sowie eine Ausbelastung auf dem Fahrradergometer und eine Gehbelastung von 3 × 30 min an der aeroben, individuellen anaeroben und anaeroben Schwelle.

In an earlier publication, we described a modified procedure for the determination of plasma catecholamine levels using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), followed by amperometry. In this paper, we present our results on the variability of normal catecholamine values in plasma for noradrenaline (NA), adrenaline (A) and dopamine (DA). In 122 women and men at rest, the range for NA was 0.15-3.5 nmol/l, for A 0.01-0.8 nmol/l and for DA 0.04-4.5 nmol/l. We also describe the effects of orthostasis, intravenous catheters, food intake, cigarette smoking, age and sex on venous catecholamine levels. The efficiency of the HPLC method allowed us to check, using a large subject group, the results obtained by other authors from studies involving smaller subject groups with more expensive and time-consuming methods.