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Since 2016, the government introduced the domestic beef market to Indian buffalo meat (IBM). However, the impact of IBM on regional beef supply and demand has not been fully investigated. This study aimed to study the impact of IBM on the supply and demand of local beef in South Kalimantan (KalSel), Indonesia. Surveys were conducted with slaughterhouses, beef distributors, butchers, meatball makers, and resellers both at the supermarkets and wet markets. Secondary data were collected from Banjarmasin Quarantine Office and Livestock and Animal Health Service of Kalsel. Data indicated an increase of IBM imported into Kalsel, from 38-675 tonnes in 2017 and 2019. There was a decline of live cattle imported from inter-island, from 27,240 head in 2016 to only 12,788 head in 2019. Slaughtered cattle and beef production declined from 39,747 heads in 2016 to 31,058 heads in 2019 and 8,691 tons in 2016 to 6,791 tons in 2019. Butchers reported beef selling volume has been reduced by 50-70% compared to 2016. This study showed IBM has had significant impacts on inter-island cattle supply, local beef production and beef demand in the wet market but has no impact on local beef price.

The Cold Compressor (CC) is used to lower the saturation temperature of liquid helium (LHe) under varying heat load conditions from the application side, i.e. superconducting magnets and cryopumps for large Tokamak machines. The CC is a key component of a typical cold box, attached to the LHe bath, which compresses and transfers the vapor generated during the heat exchange via heat exchangers as well as the flash generated downstream from the Joule-Thomson (JT) valve connected to the cryoplant. The emphasis of the present paper is a conceptual design and performance assessment of the CC. The CC is designed to pump 0.33 kg/sec of 4.2 K saturated helium vapor at a pressure ratio of 1.39; with an off-design range of 0.2–0.5 kg/sec. Operating speeds are between 10 and 25 krpm, with a speed of 17 krpm at the design point. Due to different heat loads from superconducting magnets and cryopumps, different process pressure and flow rates of the CC for large tokamak machines are expected. Hence, as an important component of the CC, the impeller design with blade profile generation has been carried for the higher thermodynamic efficiency of the CC. Characteristics curves of the CC have been obtained at different speed values. Analysis has been carried out using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tool to analyze various situations during real operation.

The applicability of a chlorophyll fluorescence assay for kanamycin (Km) resistance screening in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and Arabidopsis thaliana plants was investigated. In wild-type leaves incubated in the presence of 200 mg/l Km, a decrease in maximum variable fluorescence ((Fv)m) and a significant increase in constant fluorescence (Fo) were observed. Using (Fv)m/Fo as a screening parameter, we were able to distinguish Km-treated samples from untreated samples within 4 days. This parameter was applied to Km resistance screening using tobacco plants transformed with the nptII gene via Agrobacterium. Among 74 shoots selected on medium containing 200 mg/l Km, 37 plants were scored as Km sensitive by the chlorophyll fluorescence assay. These 74 scorings proved to be accurate, as reconfirmed by (1) polymerase chain reaction amplification of the transgene, (2) enzymatic assay of neomycin phosphotransferase and (3) leaf disc assay. Using the chlorophyll fluorescence assay, we could also screen 3-week old Arabidopsis plants carrying the nptII gene. These results clearly demonstrate the reliability and efficiency of this nondestructive assay for Km resistance screening of transgenic plants.

ITER Central Solenoid (CS) pulse operation induces significant flow disturbance in the forced-flow Supercritical Helium (SHe) cooling circuit, which could impact primarily on the operation of cold circulator (SHe centrifugal pump) in Auxiliary Cold Box (ACB). Numerical studies using Venecia®, SUPERMAGNET and 4C have identified reverse flow at the CS module inlet due to the substantial thermal energy deposition at the inner-most winding. To assess the reliable operation of ACB–CS (dedicated ACB for CS), the process analyses have been conducted with a dynamic process simulation model developed by Cryogenic Process REal-time SimulaTor (C-PREST). As implementing process control of hydrodynamic instability, several strategies have been applied to evaluate their feasibility. The paper discusses control strategy to protect the centrifugal type cold circulator/compressor operations and its impact on the CS cooling.

The ITER superconducting (SC) magnet system, which consists of central solenoid coils, toroidal field (TF) coils, TF structures, and poloidal field and correction coils, is cooled by supercritical helium (SHe) circuits located in dedicated auxiliary cold boxes (ACBs) of the cryodistribution (CD). Due to the increase in the nuclear heat load during the deuterium-tritium plasma phase, the necessary cooling power to maintain the thermal stability of the magnet system can be beyond the presently designed and contracted specification of the cryoplant (LHe and liquid nitrogen plants). Increasing the cryoplant capacity or performance in turn will significantly increase the project cost apart from the impacts on the utility infrastructures (cooling water, electricity, civil works, etc.). In this paper, we will present arrangements within the CD for an efficient and flexible operation. Instead of a common control, which is the present design, by individually controlling the LHe bath temperature of the ACBs, the cooling power can be concentrated to the magnet system in need (reduction in the SHe circuit temperature). In addition to this, a proposal to minimize the heat of compression of the cold rotating machines in order to further allocate the cooling power to the SC magnet system will be introduced.

Co-simulation of Cryoplant and Tokamak superconducting magnet system (referred to as Magnet) has been performed to characterize operating condition associated with control strategies. Cryoplant model, developed by EcosimPro®, consists of three identical refrigerators connected with integrated Cryoplant Termination Cold Box (CTCB) which distributes the coolant to five Auxiliary Cold Boxes (ACB) for Magnet and CryoPump (CP) cooling. Meanwhile, Magnet model, developed by Visual Modeler®, consists of Toroidal Field (TF) coil, Central Solenoid (CS), TF STructure (ST) and Poloidal Field (PF)/Correction Coil (CC). Magnet model computes thermo-hydraulic behavior of a forced-flow Supercritical Helium (SHe), with specified thermal energy deposition along the conductor in the case of Deuterium-Tritium (DT) operation as well as plasma disruption followed by the fast energy discharge of CS and PF. Global simulation of ITER cryogenic system provides its operating characteristics for complex cryogenic processes. The paper discusses the coupling of Cryoplant and Magnet models and the control strategy for Cryoplant to manage substantial dynamic heat loads.

We examined the associations of handgrip strength, upper arm circumference, and waist circumference with dementia among Singapore older adults. Cross-sectional epidemiological study. Residential homes, day care centres, nursing homes and institutions. 2,565 men and women aged 60 years and above who participated in the Well-being of the Singapore Elderly (WiSE) study in 2013. Socio-demographic correlates, dietary habits, health behaviours, grip strength, upper arm circumference, and waist circumference were collected. Grip strength was measured using a hand dynamometer with the dominant hand. Upper arm circumference was measured using a measuring tape around the thickest part of the upper arm while waist circumference measured in centimetres was measured at the narrowest part of the body between the chest and hips for women, and measured at the level of the umbilicus for men. Dementia was diagnosed using the 10/66 dementia diagnostic criteria. Mean grip strength was 13.07 kg (SE=0.60) for people with dementia and 21.98 kg (SE=0.26) for people without dementia. After adjusting for all factors, grip strength remained significantly associated with dementia (p

The ITER Cryogenic System includes three identical liquid helium (LHe) plants, with a total average cooling capacity equivalent to 75 kW at 4.5 K.The LHe plants provide the 4.5 K cooling power to the magnets and cryopumps. They are designed to operate in parallel and to handle heavy load variations.In this proceedingwe will describe the presentstatusof the ITER LHe plants with emphasis on i) the project schedule, ii) the plantscharacteristics/layout and iii) the basic principles and control strategies for a stable operation of the three LHe plants in parallel.

The cryoline (CL) systemof ITER consists of a complex network of vacuum insulated multi and single process pipe lines distributed over three different areas with a total length of about 5 km. The thermal performance of the CL system will be measured during the final acceptance tests using the ITER cryoplant and cryo-distribution (CD) infrastructure. The method proposed is based on temperature measurementsof a small calibrated cryogenic helium flow through lines. Thecryoplant will be set to establish constant pressure and temperature whereas dedicated heater and valves in the CD will be used to generate stable mass flow rate.

The ITER cryoplant is composed of helium and nitrogen refrigerators and generator combined with 80 K helium loop plants and external purification systems. Storage and recovery of the helium inventory is provided in warm and cold (80 K and 4.5 K) helium tanks.The conceptual design of the ITER cryoplant has been completed, the technical requirements defined for industrial procurement and contracts signed with industry. Each contract covers the design, manufacturing, installation and commissioning. Design is under finalization and manufacturing has started. First deliveries are scheduled by end of 2015.The various cryoplant systems are designed based on recognized codes and international standards to meet the availability, the reliability and the time between maintenance imposed by the long-term uninterrupted operation of the ITER Tokamak. In addition, ITER has to consider the constraint of a nuclear installation.ITER Organization (IO) is responsible for the liquid helium (LHe) Plants contract signed end of 2012 with industry. It is composed of three LHe Plants, working in parallel and able to provide a total average cooling capacity of 75 kW at 4.5 K. Based on concept designed developed with industries and the procurement phase, ITER has accumulated data to broaden the scaling laws for costing such systems.After describing the status of ITER cryoplant part of the cryogenic system, we shall present the economics of the ITER LHe Plants based on key design requirements, choice and challenges of this ITER Organization procurement.

Process studies for Toroidal Field Structure (TF ST) system with a dedicated Auxiliary Cold Box (ACB-ST) have been conducted under 15 MA baseline, including plasma disruptions. ACB-ST consists of two heat exchangers immersed in the Liquid Helium (LHe) subcooler, which are placed at the inlet/outlet of a Supercritical Helium (SHe) cold circulator (centrifugal pump). Robustness of ACB-ST is a key to achieve the stability of TF coil operation since it provides the thermal barrier at the interface of the TF Winding Pack (WP) with ST. The paper discusses the control logic for the nominal plasma operating scenario and for Mitigation to regulate the dynamic heat loads on ST. In addition, the operation field of a cold circulator is described in the case of plasma disruptions. The required performance of heat exchangers in the ACB-ST is assessed based on the expected operating conditions.

The study evaluated the safety of reclaimed water using health risk assessment and biotoxicity tests. The reclaimed water was produced from reverse osmosis and used in industrial and miscellaneous purposes. The health risk assessment was conducted based on the concentrations of detectable pollutants in reclaimed water in a hypothetical scenario. The estimated carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks are lower than the generally accepted level. Biotoxicity evaluation included three genotoxicity tests, a chronic toxicity test using medaka fishes, and a subchronic toxicity test using mice. The reclaimed water is not genetically toxic, and does not cause significant chronic effects on these model organisms. These results confirm the safety of using reclaimed water from municipal wastewater treatment plants.

The pressure head necessary for the forced convection of supercritical helium (SHe) across the ITER superconducting (SC) magnet system is generated by centrifugal-compressor type cold circulators. From the viewpoint of the cryogenic system, simulation results indicate that the main challenge of the ITER Central Solenoid (CS) operation is the peaking pressure head of SHe across the cold circulator induced during the rapid ramping of electrical current on the coils. Excess variation in pressure head will push the operation point of the rotating machine beyond the surge line in the compressor map which can trip the circulator and in the worst case result in damages. Therefore, in order to avoid the occurrence of a surge, it has been proposed to open adaptively a cryogenic valve, installed in parallel with the CS cooling channels, during the high pressure head instances. Such an action creates an additional flow channel which consequently suppresses the pressure head peak. The proposed strategy has been numerically benchmarked and tests have been performed in existing cryogenic facilities. In this paper, we will present the test results of pressure head mitigation across the cold circulator dedicated to the KSTAR CS and Poloidal Field (PF) coil cooling circuit with the main purpose of demonstrating the safe operation of the ITER CS circulator as well as cooling circuit during plasma shots. The tests were performed by progressively increasing the coil by-pass valve opening during identical PF/CS current shots and monitoring the tendency of the maximum pressure head variation across the cold circulator. Also, preliminary results of pressure head mitigation during real plasma experiments will be introduced.

KSTAR is a fully superconducting (SC) tokamak consisting of 30 magnet coils made of Nb 3 Sn and NbTi. To keep the SC magnets at proper operating conditions, all cold components of KSTAR such as the SC bus-lines, current leads, and thermal shields must be maintained at the respective cryogenic temperatures by using a helium refrigeration system (HRS). The main components of the HRS can be classified into the warm compression system (WCS) and the cryogenic systems according to their operating temperature levels. The HRS had been manufactured, installed and commissioned until March 2008 and has been operated for KSTAR campaign since then. In this paper, the result of the commissioning, operation and reliability record of the KSTAR HRS will be presented.

The coherence properties of InAs quantum dot emissions in quasi-L2 photonic crystal nanocavities were studied using g ( 1 ) ( τ ) first-order correlation measurements at room temperature. A soft turn-on of the coherent state at ultra-low threshold power indicated that the quantum dot emissions in the cavities had exhibited a smooth transition from spontaneous to stimulated emission.

The supervisory interlock system (SIS), the personal safety interlock (PSI) and the radiation monitoring system (RMS) are the safety and protection system for the KSTAR operations. The supervisory interlock system prevents men and devices from an accident and it protects auxiliary systems and the superconducting tokamak against the propagation hazardous events. SIS is collecting events of the tokamak and auxiliary systems and decides a level of the event and command to stop the actions of local I&C for the KSTAR operation. The local interlock system is self-protecting from local accidents and executing orders from supervisory interlock system. SIS had accomplished its own functions at the first campaign of the KSTAR. Even though several unexpected incidents and mismanagement had occurred, the interlock function had been properly responding. We have test result of the emergency stop function for the superconducting magnet power supplies against accidents. We measured different shutdown time of each magnet power supply, which is about 1 min, but we need to more analysis to the source of delay. We had inserted the current and density fault protection logics to stop the ECH and the ICRF at central control system through the first campaign. The short message system (SMS) had helped to restore fast of faults in local and KSTAR integrated control system (ICS). The processor regular scanning time is about 75 ms that is longer than recommended scanning time of the redundancy system. We had reduced it

Background: Non-ketotic hyperglycemic chorea-ballism (NKHCB) had special reversible hyperintense on T1-weighted imaging (T1WI) lesion in comparsion to gray matter. However, the mechanism accounts for these lesions is still unclear. Methods: Patients diagnosed with NKHCB were recruited from 2002 to 2004. The demographic, clinical, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and spectroscopy (MRS) features were recorded at acute and remission phase. Results: In 18 patients with NKHCB, the blood sugar level at onset was significantly higher than that after being free from chorea-ballism (419.50 ± 257.33 vs. 198.22 ± 53.97 mg/dl, P = 0.001). The serum osmolality dropped from 318.33 ± 15.21 mOsm/kg at onset to 292.50 ± 7.85 mOsm/kg after recovery (P

The cryogenic system for the KSTAR superconducting (SC) magnets has been commissioned. It consists of a cold box, distribution boxes (DB) and cryogenic transfer lines. The cold box and DB #1 provide 600 g/s of supercritical helium to cool the SC magnets, their SC bus-lines, and the magnet support structures. It also provides 17.5 g/s of liquid helium to the current leads and supplies cold helium flow to the thermal shields. The main duties of the DB #2 are the relative distribution of the cryogenic helium among the cooling channels of each KSTAR cold component and the emergency release of over-pressurized helium during abnormal events such as quenches of the SC magnets. After individual commissioning, the system was integrated and cooled down with the KSTAR device. In this paper, the construction and commissioning results of the KSTAR cryogenic system will be introduced. In addition, we will present the cool-down results of the KSTAR device.

To keep the superconducting (SC) magnet coils of KSTAR at proper operating conditions, not only the coils but also other cold components, such as thermal shields (TS), magnet structures, SC bus-lines (BL), and current leads (CL) must be maintained at their respective cryogenic temperatures. A helium refrigeration system (RRS) with an exergetic equivalent cooling power of 9 kW at 4.5 K without liquid nitrogen () pre-cooling has been manufactured and installed. The main components of the KST AR helium refrigeration system (HRS) can be classified into the warm compression system (WCS) and the cryogenic devices according to the operating temperature levels. The process helium is compressed from 1 bar to 22 bar passing through the WCS and is supplied to cryogenic devices. The main components of cryogenic devices are consist of cold box (C/B) and distribution box (D/B). The C/B cool-down and make the various cryogenic helium for the KSTAR Tokamak and the various cryogenic helium is distributed by the D/B as per the KSTAR requirement. In this proceeding, we will present the commissioning results of the KSTAR HRS. Circuits which can simulate the thermal loads and pressure drops corresponding to the cooling channels of each cold component of KSTAR have been integrated into the helium distribution system of the HRS. Using those circuits, the performance and the capability of the HRS, to fulfill the mission of establishing the appropriate operating condition for the KSTAR SC magnet coils, have been successfully demonstrated.

Background and purpose: To study the clinical characteristics of hypokalemic thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (hoTPP) and identify the predictors of recurrent paralytic attacks before achieving the euthyroid status. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 45 hoTPP patients who were admitted during the 7-year study period. Results: A tendency towards male predominance was observed among the 45 patients (91.1%, 41/45). The mean onset age was 32.9 ± 10.0 years (range: 16–54 years). No significant differences were observed in the onset age between male and female patients. Precipitating factors included rest/sleep at night, hot weather, upper respiratory tract infections (URIs), and excessive physical activities. Atypical weakness was observed in nine (20%, 9/45) patients. One patient initially diagnosed with sporadic periodic paralysis eventually developed hoTPP. Discussion: In provocative tests, hypokalemia was not a consistent finding during paralytic attacks. Before achieving the euthyroid status, the rate of recurrent attacks was as high as 62.2%, and peaked in the first 3 months after hoTPP was diagnosed. Patients with URIs exhibited a higher incidence of recurrent paralytic attacks than those without (odds ratio = 13.00; 95% confidence interval = 1.08–156.08; P = 0.04).

Diagnosis of heterozygous Fabry patients is difficult because of its variable clinical manifestations and overlapping serum alpha-galactosidase A (AGA) activity between carriers and non-carriers. We tried to facilitate diagnosis of heterozygous Fabry patients by detailed clinical examination. We analyzed clinical presentations, biochemical, electrophysiological and genetic characteristics of 16 patients with Fabry disease in a large Chinese family. Male patients demonstrated significantly higher pain scores, poorer renal function, and higher frequency of hypohidrosis and corpora angiokeratomas than female patients. Interestingly, all the males and females had corneal verticilata by slit lamp examination. However, there was no association of serum AGA activity with renal function or pain symptom scores. The results indicated that detailed ocular and neurological examination might provide an alternative way of detecting heterozygous patients. We also report a novel large deletion spanning across the joint of Alu repetitive elements in introns 1 and 2 with resultant exon 2 deletion in a Chinese family with Fabry disease.

The KSTAR, a tokamak with fully superconducting (SC) magnets, is under construction in the National Fusion Research Center (NFRC). For the proper operation of the KSTAR, the superconducting magnets have to be maintained below the critical temperature of the SC components while charged at their corresponding operation current values. In this paper, a large scale helium refrigeration system (HRS) which has been designed and developed to fulfill such a mission is presented. The cold components of the KSTAR are kept at their operating temperatures thanks to various kinds of cryogenic helium which are produced in the cold box (C/B) of the HRS in combination with the supercritical helium (SHe) cryogenic circulators and a liquid helium (LHe) thermal damper (TD) located in the primary helium distribution box (D/B #1). The relative distribution of the cryogenic helium among the cooling channels of each cold component of the KSTAR is performed by the secondary helium distribution system which consists of the secondary distribution box (D/B #2) and the cryogenic transfer lines (CTL’s).

By using a new double-buffer-layer (AlN/Si 3 N 4 ) technique, wurtzite-type InN(0 0 0 1) epitaxial films have been grown on Si(1 1 1) substrates by nitrogen-plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. In this technique, a single crystal Si 3 N 4 layer (commensurately matched to the (1 1 1) face of silicon) is used as a diffusion barrier to prevent intermixing and autodoping effects. And, the AlN(0 0 0 1) layer is used to form a 9:8 commensurate heterointerface with InN(0 0 0 1) despite a large difference in lattice constants. In this paper, we focus on the effects of the AlN buffer in terms of crystalline structure, optical, and electrical properties of grown InN epitaxial films. In addition to the use of the AlN buffer layer, the two-stage growth process (the growth of low-temperature (∼340 °C) InN epilayer prior to the growth of the high-temperature (∼520 °C) InN epilayer) was also found to be very important to obtain high-quality InN films. By using the AlN/Si 3 N 4 double buffer, InN-on-Si epitaxial films can be grown with high structural and optical properties. This was confirmed by reflection high-energy electron diffraction, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and room-temperature photoluminescence. Furthermore, room-temperature Hall effect measurements indicate that increasing AlN buffer thickness leads to higher electron mobility and lower n-type carrier concentration in the InN epilayers, very important for electronic device applications.

The immobilized artificial membrane phosphatidylcholine (IAMPC) chromatography was evaluated for the predictability of oral absorption potential of 40 structurally unrelated drugs. The chromatographic capacity factors (kIAM) were determined as a function the pH and composition of the mobile phase, and were corrected for the molar volume of the solutes (kIAM/MW n ). The correlation between kIAM/MW n and the human fraction of intestinal absorption (Fa) was highest when measured at 20% acetonitrile (pH 5.5) with the power function n = 2.5. The best-fit equation for the sigmoid relationship between kIAM/MW n and Fa was obtained: Fa (%) = 94.3 × {1-exp[-17.9 × (kIAM/MW2.5) × 106]}^2.1 (r = 0.925). This in vitro prediction method may be useful in a rapid screening of drug candidates with high oral absorption potential in humans.

A 4.5-month-old Chinese boy presented with a bulging mass in the anterior right maxillary region. Clinical features and incisional biopsy examination confirmed the diagnosis of melanotic neuroectodermal tumour of infancy (MNTI). The lesion had first been noted a month before the biopsy. The extent of the lesion was defined via computed tomography, and surgical excision was accomplished through a partial maxillectomy under general anaesthesia. The patient has been irregularly followed-up over the past 8 years, and no evidence of recurrence has been found, either by clinical examination or serial computed tomography scans. A bony defect and a lack of alveolar process were noted on the right side of the anterior maxilla. The patient displayed social withdrawal at school as a result of his partial anodontia. There have only been a limited number of reports on the dental rehabilitation of postoperative MNTI. We report a case of maxillary MNTI in which the need for dental rehabilitation was emphasized.

Objective: To apply a theoretical model to analyse the derangement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics in syringomyelia associated with adhesive arachnoiditis. Methods: An electrical circuit model of CSF dynamics in the spine was used. With this model, the derangement of CSF dynamics in adhesive arachnoiditis was simulated. The effects of various surgical procedures were then analysed, such as syringo–subarachnoid shunting, subarachnoid bypass, and foramen magnum decompression. Results: When CSF flow in the subarachnoid space was obstructed at a certain point, the pressure inside the spinal cord increased in the segment immediately distal to the blockage. This location of increased pressure corresponded to the preferred site of syrinx formation in adhesive arachnoiditis. Syringo–subarachnoid shunting, subarachnoid bypass, and foramen magnum decompression were all effective at reducing this pressure gradient. Conclusions: Blockage of the spinal subarachnoid CSF pathway produces a relative increase in the pressure inside the spinal cord distal to the blockage point. Repetitive formation of this pressure gradient then induces CSF leakage into the spinal parenchyma, leading to the formation of syringomyelia. Using this model, alternative surgical procedures could be suggested that might be effective in treating this disease.

Atopic dermatitis is a chronically relapsing, common inflammatory skin disease, which significantly affects quality of life negatively in many respects. Topical steroids are the mainstay of atopic dermatitis treatment but they carry the risk of local side effects. A topical formulation of tacrolimus, a macrolide calcineurin inhibitor, has recently been developed.To evaluate the efficacy and safety of 0.03% tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis in Korea.An open, non-comparative, multi-center study with 4 weeks' follow-up was performed. A total of 180 patients (aged 2-57 years old) were enrolled. Tacrolimus ointment (0.03%) was applied to all involved areas twice daily. Efficacy was evaluated by an investigator's global assessment, the eczema area and severity index score, and by the patient's assessment of pruritus and clinical response at baseline, and after weeks 1, 2 and 4. Dermatology life quality index (DLQI), children's DLQI (CDLQI) and toddler's DLQI were assessed at baseline and at week 4. The safety assessment included monitoring all adverse events and clinical laboratory values.All efficacy parameters were improved. The mean EASI (eczema area and severity index) score was 19.7 at baseline and reduced to 8.0 at the end of the study. Moderate improvement was observed by the investigator's global assessment after 4 weeks' treatment. A marked decrease of pruritus was observed, and mild or moderate improvement was observed by patients' global assessments after the treatment period. Significant benefits in terms of quality of life in adults and children with atopic dermatitis were obtained. The most common adverse events associated with tacrolimus treatment were transient skin burning sensation (45.3%) and pruritus (41.6%) at the site of application.0.03% tacrolimus ointment should be considered effective and safe in both Korean children and adults with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis.

A method for the micropropagation of Zantedeschia albomaculata is presented using shoot tip proliferation onto Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different plant growth regulator concentrations and combinations. Of the four cytokinins tested, 6-benzyladenine (BA) and thidiazuron (TDZ) were found to be more effective. An optimal concentration of BA (8.87 μM) or TDZ (4.54 μM) developed an average of 3.8 and 3.2 shoots per explant, respectively, but increasing concentrations of cytokinins often led to lower proliferation rate and stunted growth. Addition of auxins to the MS medium supplemented with 8.87 μM BA slightly enhanced multiple shoot formation in the explants. Multiplication of six cultivars of Zantedeschia genus comprising different flower types and colors were tested and achieved using only one regeneration medium (MS+8.87 μMBA+2.46 μM IBA). Different MS medium strength, air temperature (15, 20, 25, and 30°C) and light quality [fluorescent, red + blue, red and blue light provided by a LED (light-emitting diode) system] were used (without phytohormone) with the aim of stimulating in vitro shoot and root development. Half-strength MS or MS and cultures maintained at 25°C were found to be equally suitable for shoot tip culture of Z. albomaculata. Shoot elongation as well as fresh and dry weight were significantly increased when cultures were kept under red or blue light.

Objectives: Despite many hypotheses, the pathophysiology of syringomyelia is still not well understood. In this report, the authors propose a hypothesis based on analysis of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in the spine. Methods: An electric circuit model of the CSF dynamics of the spine was constructed based on a technique of computational fluid mechanics. With this model, the authors calculated how a pulsatile CSF wave coming from the cranial side is propagated along the spinal cord. Results: Reducing the temporary fluid storage capacity of the cisterna magna dramatically increased the pressure wave propagated along the central canal. The peak of this pressure wave resided in the mid-portion of the spinal cord. Conclusions: The following hypotheses are proposed. The cisterna magna functions as a shock absorber against the pulsatile CSF waves coming from the cranial side. The loss of shock absorbing capacity of the cisterna magna and subsequent increase of central canal wall pressure leads to syrinx formation in patients with Chiari I malformation.

Since the conceptual design of the ITER Cryodistribution many modifications have been applied due to both system optimization and improved knowledge of the clients' requirements. Process optimizations in the Cryoplant resulted in component simplifications whereas increased heat load in some of the superconducting magnet systems required more complicated process configuration but also the removal of a cold box was possible due to component arrangement standardization. Another cold box, planned for redundancy, has been removed due to the Tokamak in-Cryostat piping layout modification. In this proceeding we will summarize the present design status and component configuration of the ITER Cryodistribution with all changes implemented which aim at process optimization and simplification as well as operational reliability, stability and flexibility.

The system of ITER Cryodistribution (CD) and Cryolines (CLs) is an integral interface between the Cryoplant systems and the superconducting (SC) magnets as well as Cryopumps (CPs). The project has progressed from the conceptual stage to the industrial stage. The subsystems are at various stages of design as defined by the project, namely, preliminary design, final design and formal reviews. Significant progresses have been made in the prototypes studies and design validations, such as the CL and cold circulators. While one of the prototype CL is already tested, the other one is in manufacturing phase. Performance test of two cold circulators have been completed. Design requirements are unique due the complexity arising from load specifications, layout constraints, regulatory compliance, operating conditions as well as several hundred interfaces. The present status of the project in terms of technical achievements, implications of the changes and the technical management as well as the risk assessment and its mitigation including path forward towards realization is described.

The ITER Tokamak supraconducting magnets, thermal shields and cryopumps will require tremendous amount of cooling power. With an average need of 75 kW at 4.5 K and of 600 kW at 80 K, ITER requires a world class cryogenic complex. ITER then relies on a Cryoplant which consists in a cluster of systems dedicated to the management of all fluids required for the Tokamak operation. From storage and purification to liquefaction and refrigeration, the Cryoplant will supply to the distribution system, all fluids to be circulated in the Tokamak. It includes Liquid Helium Plants and Liquid Nitrogen Plants, which generate all of the refrigeration power, an 80 K helium loop capable to circulate large quantities of helium through thermal shields, and all the auxiliaries required for gas storage, purification, and onsite nitrogen production. From the conceptual phase, the design of the Cryoplant has evolved and is now nearing completion. This proceeding will present the final design of the Cryoplant and the organization for the construction phase. Also the latest status of the ITER Cryogenic System will be introduced.

The clinical features of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) overlap with other parkinsonian syndromes, including multiple system atrophy (MSA). Autonomic dysfunction is a characteristic of MSA, but has also been described in PSP. We therefore report results from a series of physiological studies of cardiovascular autonomic function in 35 PSP and 20 MSA subjects, and 26 age-matched healthy control subjects. The response to growth hormone-clonidine testing, a neuropharmacological assessment of central adrenoceptor function, was also assessed in 14 PSP and 10 MSA subjects, and compared with 10 controls. None was on medication which may have affected the results. Orthostatic hypotension did not occur in PSP subjects or controls, unlike MSA subjects. Overall there was no evidence of sympathetic vasoconstrictor failure in PSP subjects, unlike MSA subjects, although the pressor response to mental arithmetic was reduced. Cardiac parasympathetic function was affected in only a minority (three of 35) of PSP subjects and was abnormal in MSA subjects. After clonidine administration, growth hormone rose in PSP subjects (median increase 4.3; interquartile range 1.8-7.8 mU/l) and controls, unlike MSA subjects (0.9; 0.3-2.4 mU/l; P < 0.005, Mann-Whitney U-test). In conclusion, in PSP subjects, responses to both physiological and pharmacological tests provided evidence against widespread autonomic dysfunction; this differed markedly from MSA subjects. Thus, cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction should be an exclusionary feature in the diagnosis of PSP.

This study investigated localized states from In 0.36 Ga 0.64 N epitaxial film grown on a Si (111) substrate by performing macro-photoluminescence, micro-photoluminescence and time-resolved micro-photoluminescence experiments. Experimental data revealed two localized states — single and extended. The single localized state is a single-quantum-dot-like deep confined energy state, which is responsible for the bright line emissions. The extended localized state is a shallow confined energy state, which is related to a broad background emission. This work suggests that the origin of single and extended localized states is the indium-rich In x Ga 1− x N cluster and the spatial indium concentration fluctuation, respectively.

In this paper, a new type of floating ring gas bearing in which a “floating ring” is combined with an “orifice-annular and shallow-pocket” gas bearing is introduced. The stability of this new type of floating ring gas journal bearing is theoretically analyzed by use of the modified 8-stiffness and damping coefficients method. The variation of the dimensionless critical mass of the rotor with a clearance ratio C2/C1, mass ratio m2/m1, given ring speed ratio ω2/ω1, supply pressure Ps, eccentricity ratio of inner film e1 and width ratio of the shallow-pocket (l/L)u is presented. The variations of the dimensionless load capacity of this type of gas bearing with the above-mentioned parameters are also given.