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This paper reports a novel prototype of heterojunction solar cells based on semiconductor/perovskite structure using the solar cell capacitance one-dimensional simulator (SCAPS 1D). The device schematic consists of Glass/ITO/ETL/MASnBr3 /CZTGS/HTL layers with perovskite i-MASnBr3 as the permeable layer. The thickness of the absorber layer, carrier charge concentration, and the effect of temperature and series resistances are optimized. The research examines several critical parameters essential for solar cell performance, including a power conversion efficiency PCE of 50%, an open-circuit voltage Voc of 1.62 V, a fill factor FF of 91.5%, and a short-circuit current density Jsc of -34.06 mA/ cm2. The temperature and series resistance effects, as well as quantum efficiency QE, and J-V curve simulations with varying acceptor density, are investigated.

Wheat landraces cultivated in the oases of Algeria are are know for their resistance to abiotic stresses as a result of the extreme environmental constraints of the Sahara. As such, these landraces represent valuable breeding material for improving abiotic stress tolerance in wheat. This study was conducted to evaluate salt tolerance of bread and durum wheat from the Algerian oases. Ten wheat landraces from the Algerian oases were grown under prolonged salinity stress (150 mM NaCl) in greenhouse conditions. Data were assessed for 19 physiological, biochemical, and agronomical traits. The wheat landraces exhibited considerable variation in their salinity stress tolerance. The membership function value of salt tolerance identified Oum RokbaElhamra, Khellouf and Zeghlou as the most tolerant landraces while Bourione was identified as sensitive. The salt-tolerant and moderately tolerant wheat landraces maintained stable yields under conditions of salinity stress. Regression models constructed from MFVS and salt tolerance coefficients showed that for bread wheat, amino acid content and grain yield accounted for most of the variation in MFVS, while for durum wheat, the number of grains per plant and Na+ content explained the majority of observed differences in MFVS. Correlation analysis showed that the MFVS was significantly associated with grain yield, selectivity between K+ and Na+, and plant height. The results confirm that Algerian oasis wheat landraces are a valuable source given their salt tolerance and could be utilized in breeding programs seeking to improve salinity stress resilience in wheat.

This study determined the capability of small vegetable farmers in the Philippines to participate in an open innovation activity. Open innovation offers numerous advantages over the closed system and adopting it provides numerous benefits for the small farmers and the agriculture sector. Using knowledge generation, conversion, and sharing as the base framework, this study is premised on the idea that open innovation is facilitated by increased access to new knowledge. Data from a survey of 266 small vegetable farmers in Region IVA of the Philippines was analyzed using descriptive statistics and partial least square structural equation modeling. The results show that vegetable farmers can generate tacit knowledge and convert it into explicit knowledge. This, together with their innovation network, positive attitude towards innovation, and financial support have a positive effect on the farmers’ ability to participate in open innovation. Considering these, the innovation platform approach can be used to leverage the knowledge process and innovation networks to enhance the collaborative innovation process.

This work emphasizes some theoretical and practical provisions of aesthetic education, which have an important role in the development of visual language of architecture students. The principle of integrating scientific knowledge and creative skills ensures the success of the architecture student, valuing language as a tool used in free expression. One of the solutions refers to the analysis of the architectural context and project development based on visual language skills, and brainstorming, an idea-generating activity, can be taken as a method. Another solution would be to encourage students to take responsibility for the transmission of visual language from the perspective of aesthetic values. Taking on the role of a future architect by developing analytical skills and conveying aesthetic values, the student gains experience in modelling space and effectively conveying visual images of architectural edifices.

The characterization of phosphorite features within specific North African sedimentary series remains incomplete. Hence, the primary aim of this research is to determine the composition of powder patterns and phosphatic allochem fragments within the Jebel Dhyr syncline, situated in northeastern Algeria. By focusing on this region, the study endeavors to investigate the mineralogical properties and geochemical aspects of Paleocene-Eocene phosphorites in the broader context of North Africa. The methodology employed encompasses geological, petrographic, geochemical, and mineralogical analyses of the rocks. To achieve this objective, we have employed various techniques including thin section analysis, atomic absorption spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The geological section across the Jebel Dhyr area has revealed a succession of horizontally layered rocks. These rocks consist of eight prominent phosphorite layers interspersed with carbonate formations. Additionally, occasional thin layers of flint can be observed within these carbonate layers. XRD analysis of the whole rock established the presence of apatite group minerals such as hydroxylapatite, fluroapatite, francolite, and dahllite. Other minerals identified include carbonates, quartz, zeolites, feldspar, clays, sulphides, and gypsum. XRD recordings on the phosphatic allochem grains (pellets, coprolites, intraclasts, and shark teeth) identified different mineral phases, with coprolites and pellets showing hydroxylapatite and fluorapatite, sometimes associated with dahllite, while granules of different forms revealed hydroxylapatite associated with fluorapatite or francolite. Teeth from the Jebel Dhyr phosphate beam showed the systematic presence of fluorapatite. This study provides valuable information for the comprehensive utilization of phosphorus resources in the Algeria-Tunisia border.

Fires are a growing problem even in temperate climate areas, such as those in Central Italy, due to climate change leading to longer and longer periods of drought. Thus, knowing the fire susceptibility of an area is crucial for good planning and taking appropriate countermeasures. In this context, it was decided to use only causal factors of a geomorphological and environmental nature in order to obtain a fire susceptibility analysis that can also be applied to climatically under-sampled areas. Vector data of fires in Central Italy from 2005 to 2023 were collected, and the correct areal extent was calculated for each. At the same time, six factors were selected that could have an influence on fire development, such as ecological units, topographic wetness index (TWI), geology, slope, exposure, and altitude. The model was obtained by means of the weight of evidence statistical method, which takes into account past data by reinterpreting them in a future-oriented way on the basis of the identified factors and classes. The model was validated with a test sample and shows an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.72 with a reliability that can be described as good considering the total absence of climatic factors that are known to play a major role in fire development. Furthermore, the identified causal factors were divided into classes, and these were carefully weighted in order to define their relative influence in the study area. Particularly Ecological Units with characteristic and well-defined contrast (C) values, which could lead to a more complete definition of forests that tend to increase fire susceptibility and those that tend to decrease it, allowing the latter to be exploited as a hazard mitigation agent.

A combination of an analytical solution and experimental tests was used in this study to evaluate the wear resistance of a porous functionally graded material (PFGM) structural system.A cylindrical porous sample is fabricated using 3D printing technology based on different parameters. According to ASTM standards, the sliding wear behavior of porous samples has been investigated using a Pin on the Disc Tribometer. The results showed reasonable agreement between experimental and analytical analyses, with a discrepancy of 10.434 %. This indicates that 3D printing can be suitable for manufacturing reliable viscoelastic samples. However, the porosity parameter has a significant influence on wear resistance. The porous gradation technique led to a higher experimental wear resistance of around 31% for FGM PLA samples.Morphological observation on specimen fracture surfaces was done using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to check the PFGM layer’s nature.

The porosity gradient functionally graded material (PFGM) is one of the most popular types of FGM, in which the porosity in the material is made to change in the specified direction. This study looks into the buckling problems of rectangular sandwich plates made of single-phase porous functionally graded materials (PFGMs), commonly used in aircraft structures and biomedical applications. A compression test was performed on the 3D-printed polymeric FG specimens bonded with two thin solid face sheets on the upper and lower surfaces. The critical stress of well-designed and fabricated 3D printed FGM plate samples with various metal core types is determined using a PC installed on universal testing equipment (UTM). The effect of different essential parameters (such as porous ratio, gradient exponent, and aspect ratio) on buckling load and total deformation were explored.The finite element method (FEM) was used to run a numerical simulation on elastic buckling using ANSYS 2021 R1 software to validate the experimental results. The load-displacement relationships and deformed morphologies were investigated using experiments and numerical analysis. The topology arrangement and relative density of the polymer core were examined using the SEM micro-tomography test based on porosity distribution to check the resistance of the sandwich to buckling load. PETG/Al sandwich plates have been found to have critical buckling loads that are 2.52 % higher than PLA/Al sandwich plates, while TPU/Al sandwich plates show increased essential loads of buckling of 5.139 %. The FEM and experiment results show that the existence of porosity in the PLA core in the PFGM plate can reduce the buckling strength tremendously, about 10.52% and 6.8 %, respectively. It was evident that the numerical results show a good agreement with the experimental findings, with a maximum discrepancy of no more than 12 % occurring at the (TPU/Al) sandwich plate with a porosity of 30%.

The improvement of the quality of life within the residential environment is the ultimate objective of sustainable development, in which its environmental, economic and social dimensions are constantly identified and updated. To this end, the development of a reference framework for the actors of the housing sector can formulate new policy trends related to the planning and design of the residential environment. Post-occupancy evaluation is an appropriate method for assessing and evaluating the impact of housing policies on residents' behaviour. Then, the results of these policies are tested by measuring residential satisfaction and by determining the factors that affect it. To achieve this objective, the technique of a head-of-household interview form was used. We relied on eighteen well-known potential variables in studies related to housing satisfaction, focusing on the social dimension. A sample consisting of two social housing clusters in the city of Boussaâda, comprising 121 households was randomly selected. Finally, the data were statistically processed using a factor analysis which is the principal components method, through which four factors containing fourteen variables that control residential satisfaction were extracted.

BackgroundInborn errors of immunity (IEI) predispose patients to various infectious and non-infectious complications. Thanks to the development and expanding use of flow cytometry and increased awareness, the diagnostic rate of IEI has markedly increased in Algeria the last decade.AimThis study aimed to describe a large cohort of Algerian patients with probable IEI and to determine their clinical characteristics and outcomes.MethodsWe collected and analyzed retrospectively the demographic data, clinical manifestations, immunologic, genetic data, and outcome of Algerian IEI patients - diagnosed in the department of medical immunology of Beni Messous university hospital center, Algiers, from 2008 to 2021.ResultsEight hundred and seven patients with IEI (482 males and 325 females) were enrolled, 9.7% of whom were adults. Consanguinity was reported in 50.3% of the cases and a positive family history in 32.34%. The medium age at disease onset was 8 months and at diagnosis was 36 months. The median delay in diagnosis was 16 months. Combined immunodeficiencies were the most frequent (33.8%), followed by antibody deficiencies (24.5%) and well-defined syndromes with immunodeficiency (24%). Among 287 patients tested for genetic disorders, 129 patients carried pathogenic mutations; 102 having biallelic variants mostly in a homozygous state (autosomal recessive disorders). The highest mortality rate was observed in patients with combined immunodeficiency (70.1%), especially in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), Omenn syndrome, or Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class II deficiency.ConclusionThe spectrum of IEI in Algeria is similar to that seen in most countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, notably regarding the frequency of autosomal recessive and/or combined immunodeficiencies.

BackgroundUndernutrition remains a major public health problem in low- and middle-income countries and Comoros is no exception. This study aimed to examine the prevalence and identify the risk factors of undernutrition among children under-five years in Bambao region, Comoros.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted in Bambao region among 837 under-five years and their caregivers. Analyses were conducted using both descriptive and logistic regression to examine the magnitude and factors associated with stunting, wasting and underweight.ResultsPrevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight were 21.6, 13.7, and 13.6% respectively. Factors associated with stunting were caregiver's secondary education level compared to no education (AOR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.04–3.43, P < 0.04), age of child between 13–24 months compared to 0–12 months (AOR = 2.69, 95% CI: 1.44–5.01, P < 0.001), and food insecurity (AOR = 2.55, 95% CI: 1.20–5.41, P < 0.02). Children aged 25–59 months were 78% less likely to have wasting compared to those with 0–12 months (AOR = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.10–0.51, P < 0.001). Wasting was also associated with food insecurity (AOR = 2.70, 95% CI: 1.12–6.49, P < 0.03), and low birthweight (AOR = 3.21, 95% CI: 1.73–5.94, P < 0.001). Children aged between 25–59 months were 86% less likely to have underweight compared to those aged 0–12 months (AOR = 0.14, 95% CI: 0.06–0.36, P < 0.001). Food insecurity (AOR = 2.65, 95% CI: 1.08–6.54, P < 0.03), low birthweight (AOR = 3.15, 95% CI: 1.67–5.93, P < 0.001), and non-exclusively breastfeeding (AOR = 2.37, 95% CI: 1.15–4.90, P < 0.02) were also associated with underweight.ConclusionMore than one in five children under-five is stunted in Bambao region, Comoros. Moreover, more than 13% are underweight or wasted calling for streamlined efforts to address poor feeding practices, food insecurity, low birthweight, and socio-demographic disadvantages in this and other areas with similar context.

In this paper, we propose sensorless backstepping control of a double-star induction machine (DSIM). First, the backstepping approach is designed to steer the flux and speed variables to their references and to compensate uncertainties. Lyapunov”s theory is used and it demonstrates that the dynamic tracking of trajectories tracking is asymptotically stable. Second, unfortunately, this law control called sophisticated is a major problem which leads to the necessity of using a mechanical sensor (speed, load torque). This imposes an additional cost and increases the complexity of the montage. In practice, this variable is unknown and its measurement is expensive. To restrain this problem we estimate speed and load torque by using a Luenberger observer (LO). Simulation results are provided to illustrate the performance of the proposed approach in high and low variable speeds and load torque disturbance.

Mosquitoes play an important role in the transmission of many diseases as vectors of several pathogens: viral, parasitic, etc. which cause health problems to humans and even animals. The analysis of the specific composition of Culicidae in the different larval sites of the province of Sidi Slimane shows first of all that each habitat has a particular faunistic characteristic. Indeed, six species of the Culicinae family were inventoried during the 2018 hydrological cycle in the different larval sites surveyed: Culex pipiens, Culex hortensis, Culex theileri, Culex modestus, Culex brempti, Culex laticinctus. The geographical distribution of these species differs according to the requirements of each species. The physico-chemical, pedological, faunistic, floristic… etc. parameters of each environment play an important role in the biodiversity of this fauna, which explains the differences in specific richness of each larval biotope.

A comprehensive assessment of cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) and cassava mosaic disease (CMD) was carried out in Comoros where cassava yield (5.7 t/ha) is significantly below the African average (8.6 t/ha) largely due to virus diseases. Observations from 66 sites across the Comoros Islands of Mwali, Ngazidja, and Ndzwani revealed that 83.3% of cassava fields had foliar symptoms of CBSD compared with 95.5% for CMD. Molecular diagnostics confirmed the presence of both cassava brown streak ipomoviruses (CBSIs) and cassava mosaic begomoviruses (CMBs). Although real-time RT-PCR only detected the presence of one CBSI species (Cassava brown streak virus, CBSV) the second species (Ugandan cassava brown streak virus, UCBSV) was identified using next-generation high-throughput sequencing. Both PCR and HTS detected the presence of East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV). African cassava mosaic virus was not detected in any of the samples. Four whitefly species were identified from a sample of 131 specimens: Bemisia tabaci, B. afer, Aleurodicus dispersus, and Paraleyrodes bondari. Cassava B. tabaci comprised two mitotypes: SSA1-SG2 (89%) and SSA1-SG3 (11%). KASP SNP genotyping categorized 82% of cassava B. tabaci as haplogroup SSA-ESA. This knowledge will provide an important base for developing and deploying effective management strategies for cassava viruses and their vectors.

Bovine brucellosis is an infectious bacterial disease caused by members of genus Brucella, affecting both animals and humans, and resulting in a serious economic loss in animal production sector and deterioration of public health. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2014 to April 2015 to determine the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of bovine brucellosis in Sendafa, Oromia Special Zone, Ethiopia. A total of 503 blood samples were collected using a simple random sampling technique from dairy cattle of above 6 months of age with no history of previous vaccination against brucellosis. All sera samples were subjected to both Rose Bengal Plate Test for screening and Complement Fixation Test for confirmation. Accordingly, the overall seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis in the study area was 0.40%. The result showed that the seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis in the study area was not statistically significant with all proposed risk factors. No reactors were observed in male animals. The seroprevalence was observed in animals without previous history of abortion. Moreover, information was gathered on individual animal and farm-level risk factors and other farm characteristics using a questionnaire. Awareness among society was poor, so the positive animals can be a potential hazard to animals and humans in the study area. Therefore, public education should be done to improve the awareness of the community on bovine brucellosis and its public health impact with due consideration on the safe consumption of food of animal origin.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the prediction performances of three statistical methods, namely, information value (IV), weight of evidence (WoE) and frequency ratio (FR), for landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) at the east of Constantine region. A detailed landslide inventory of the study area with a total of 81 landslide locations was compiled from aerial photographs, satellite images and field surveys. This landslide inventory was randomly split into a testing dataset (70%) for training the models, and the remaining (30%) was used for validation purpose. Nine landslide-related factors such as slope gradient, slope aspect, elevation, distance to streams, lithology, distance to lineaments, precipitation, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and stream density were used in the landslide susceptibility analyses. The inventory was adopted to analyse the spatial relationship between these landslide factors and landslide occurrences. Based on IV, WoE and FR approaches, three landslide susceptibility zonation maps were categorized, namely, “very high, high, moderate, low, and very low”. The results were compared and validated by computing area under Road the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC). From the statistics, it is noted that prediction scores of the FR, IV and WoE models are relatively similar with 73.32%, 73.95% and 79.07%, respectively. However, the map, obtained using the WoE technique, was experienced to be more suitable for the study area. Based on the results, the produced LSM can serve as a reference for planning and decision-making regarding the general use of the land.

A dispersion law for the system of three-level atoms with an equidistant energy spectrum interacting with resonant laser radiation has been obtained taking into account two successive optically allowed one-photon transitions and an optically allowed two-photon transition between the lower and upper levels. It has been shown that the dispersion law consists of three polariton branches. The effects of repulsion and attraction of branches of the dispersion law and their intersection, as well as the self-consistent variation of the photon– atom coupling constant, have been predicted.

The theory of two-dimensional (2D) magnetoexcitons was enlarged taking into account the electron–hole (e–h) exchange Coulomb interaction, which appears when the conduction and valence electrons belong partially to both bands. This Coulomb exchange interaction leads to the linear dispersion law of para-magnetoexcitons. Spectral properties and the new luminescence band, which arise owing to the existence of the metastable bound state, are discussed. The thermodynamic properties and the Bose–Einstein condensation conditions for para- and ortho-magnetoexcitons are described. Taking into account the vector potential of the Chern–Simons gauge field the anisotropy of the 2D magnetoexciton magnetic mass was revealed.

The possible existence of the two-dimensional bimagnetoexcitons and metastable bound states formed by two magnetoexcitons with opposite in-plane wave vectors and has been studied. Magnetoexcitons taking part in the formation of molecules look as two electric dipoles with the arms oriented in-plane perpendicular to the respective wave vectors and with the length of the arms where is the magnetic length. Two antiparallel dipoles moving with equal, yet antiparallel, wave vectors have the possibility of moving with equal probability in any direction of the plane, which is determined by the trial wave function of relative motion depending on modulus The magnetoexcitons are composed of electrons and holes situated on the lowest Landau levels with the cyclotron energies greater than the binding energy of the 2D Wannier–Mott exciton. The description has been made in Landau gauge. The spin states of two electrons have been chosen in the form of antisymmetric or symmetric combinations with parameter The effective spins of two heavy holes have been combined in the same resultant spinor states as the spin of the electrons. Because the projections of the both spinor states with are equal to zero, the influence of the Zeeman splitting effect vanishes. In the case of trial wave function , the maximal density of the magnetoexcitons in the momentum space is concentrated on the in-plane ring with radius In the approximation of the lowest Landau levels, when the influence of the excited Landau levels is neglected, stable bound states of bimagnetoexcitons do not exist for both spin orientations. Instead, in the case of and , a deep metastable bound state with the activation barrier comparable with two magnetoexciton ionization potentials has been revealed. In the case of and , only a shallow metastable bound state can appear.

Folic acid (FA) is an important vitamin for human growth, especially for pregnant women. FA deficiency is associated with megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defects, cardiovascular diseases, irritability, diarrhea, and psychiatric disorders. Normally, FA molecules bind to folate-binding protein (FBP) in the serum as complex. Before quantify the FA concentration, a releasing procedure should be conducted. Alkaline condition and tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) are used to release binding FA to freeing state. In this work, a chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) for human serum FA was established by competition model. Streptavidin (SA) was labeled to magnetic beads by an 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDAC/NHS) method. Activated biotin molecules were labeled to FBP molecules purified from milk. FA was labeled to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) by EDAC to activate the FA molecules. The pretreated samples or standards were added into the reaction tube with biotin-FBP and FA-horseradish peroxidase (HRP), FA in the sample compete with FA-HRP for binding to biotin-FBP, the signal is inversely proportional to the FA concentration. The method established shows good thermostability and performance. The limitation of detection (LOD) is 0.44 ng/mL. The intra-assay coefficient of variation (CV) is 3.6%–7.1%, the interassay CV is 4.2%–7.5%, and the recovery rate is 92.1%–103.5%. Cross reactivity (CR) was remarkably low with aminopterin, folinic acid, and methotrexate. The method shows good correlation with the FA CLIA product from Beckman Coulter; the equation is y = 0.9618x−0.1434 while the R2 value is 0.9224. The established method is sensitive, rapid, and accurate which can fully satisfy for the clinical requirement.