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The application of steel strut force servo systems in deep excavation engineering is not widespread, and there is a notable scarcity of in-situ measured datasets. This presents a significant research gap in the field. Addressing this, our study introduces a valuable dataset and application scenarios, serving as a reference point for future research. The main objective of this study is to use machine learning (ML) methods for accurately predicting strut forces in steel supporting structures, a crucial aspect for the safety and stability of deep excavation projects. We employed five different ML methods: radial basis function neural network (RBFNN), back propagation neural network (BPNN), K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), and random forest (RF), utilizing a dataset of 2208 measured points. These points included one output parameter (strut forces) and seven input parameters (vertical position of strut, plane position of strut, time, temperature, unit weight, cohesion, and internal frictional angle). The effectiveness of these methods was assessed using root mean square error (RMSE), correlation coefficient (R), and mean absolute error (MAE). Our findings indicate that the BPNN method outperforms others, with RMSE, R, and MAE values of 72.1 kN, 0.9931, and 57.4 kN, respectively, on the testing dataset. This study underscores the potential of ML methods in precisely predicting strut forces in deep excavation engineering, contributing to enhanced safety measures and project planning.

Abstract Background Single-cell analysis, a rapidly evolving field, encounters significant challenges in detecting individual cells within complex plant tissues, particularly oil cells (OCs). The intricate process of single-cell isolation, coupled with the inherent chemical volatility of oil cells, necessitates a comprehensive methodology. Results This study presents a method for obtaining intact OC from Asari Radix et Rhizoma (ARR), a traditional herbal medicine. The developed approach facilitates both qualitative and quantitative analysis of diverse OCs. To determine the most reliable approach, four practical methods—laser capture microdissection, micromanipulation capturing, micromanipulation piping, and cell picking—were systematically compared and evaluated, unequivocally establishing cell picking as the most effective method for OC isolation and chemical analysis. Microscopic observations showed that OCs predominantly distribute in the cortex of adventitious and fibrous roots, as well as the pith and cortex of the rhizome, with distinct morphologies—oblong in roots and circular in rhizomes. Sixty-three volatile constituents were identified in OCs, with eighteen compounds exhibiting significant differences. Safrole, methyleugenol, and asaricin emerged as the most abundant constituents in OCs. Notably, cis-4-thujanol and tetramethylpyrazine were exclusive to rhizome OCs, while isoeugenol methyl ether was specific to fibrous root OCs based on the detections. ARR roots and rhizomes displayed marked disparities in OC distribution, morphology, and constituents. Conclusion The study highlights the efficacy of cell picking coupled with HS–SPME–GC–MS as a flexible, reliable, and sensitive method for OC isolation and chemical analysis, providing a robust methodology for future endeavors in single-cell analyses.

Abstract The mid‐latitude extreme weather disasters are often associated with explosively developing cyclones (ECs). Based on different vertical development characteristics, 4,608 ECs identified over the North Pacific in the cold season of 44 years of NCEP‐CFSR reanalyzes are divided into four types of upward development and four types of downward development categories. ECs with vertical upward (downward) development follow a northeastward (nearly eastward) path, mainly explosively developing over the Northwest Pacific (Asia continent and Pacific). Furthermore, utilizing the piecewise potential vorticity inversion method reveals the synergetic forcing of the turbulent heat transport and baroclinicity in the lower troposphere, the latent heat release in the middle levels, the upper‐level jet stream, and the downward intrusion of stratospheric potential vorticity on the ECs. Different configurations of these influences from the troposphere to the stratosphere result in the occurrences of eight types of ECs in the cold season over the North Pacific.

Abstract Background Drought severely limits sunflower production especially at the seedling stage. To investigate the response mechanism of sunflowers to drought stress, we utilized two genotypes of sunflower materials with different drought resistances as test materials. The physiological responses were investigated under well-watered (0 h) and drought-stressed conditions (24 h, 48 h, and 72 h). Results ANOVA revealed the greatest differences in physiological indices between 72 h of drought stress and 0 h of drought stress. Transcriptome analysis was performed after 72 h of drought stress. At 0 h, there were 7482 and 5627 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the leaves of K55 and K58, respectively, and 2150 and 2527 DEGs in the roots of K55 and K58, respectively. A total of 870 transcription factors (TFs) were identified among theDEGs, among which the high-abundance TF families included AP2/ERF, MYB, bHLH,and WRKY. Five modules were screened using weighted gene coexpressionnetwork analysis (WGCNA), three and two of which were positively and negatively, respectively, related to physiological traits. KEGG analysis revealedthat under drought stress, “photosynthesis”, “carotenoid biosynthesis”, “starch and sucrose metabolism”, “ribosome”, “carotenoid biosynthesis”, “starch and sucrose metabolism”, “protein phosphorylation” and “phytohormone signaling” are six important metabolic pathways involved in the response of sunflower to drought stress. Cytoscape software was used to visualize the three key modules, and the hub genes were screened. Finally, a total of 99 important candidate genes that may be associated with the drought response in sunflower plants were obtained, and the homology of these genes was compared with that in Arabidopsis thaliana. Conclusions Taken together, our findings could lead to a better understanding of drought tolerance in sunflowers and facilitate the selection of drought-tolerant sunflower varieties.

AbstractAn urban hydrological model (UHM) forced by radar-observed rainfalls was developed for producing rainstorm-related urban inundation maps for obtaining flash flood forecasts. The parameter sets of the land use and land cover (LULC) and urban drainage capacity derive from satellite multispectral images and high spatial resolution GIS datasets, relating to the urban hydrology and hydraulic properties. The hydrodynamics model was based on the simplified shallow water equation (SWE) neglecting the convective acceleration and pressure terms in the St. Venant equation. The intense convective rainstorm that induced heavy flash floods on 21 Jul. 2012 and the large-scale stratiform precipitation that occurred from 19 Jul. to 21 Jul. 2016 in Beijing were deliberately selected to perform flood-simulation and model-validation case studies. The simulation of severe flooding scenarios in the 2012 event was fairly reproduced and verified using media reports. In the case studies, the sensitivity tests verified that the flood intensity (1) would be enhanced slightly on pure impervious surfaces, (2) would be reduced significantly on pure pervious surfaces, and (3) would increase by 30%–60% without a drainage system. No false alarm could be perceived in the simulation of the 2016 event in a prolonging stratiform precipitation. The case studies confirmed the perspectives of using the hydrological model fed by QPEs/QPFs for flash flood forecasting and concluded that the hourly precipitation surpassing 30 mm/h would be indicative in impending flash floods in Beijing metropolis.

BackgroundThe bulbs of Allium sativum are widely used as food or seasoning (garlic), while they have also been utilized as a famous traditional medicine since ancient eras for the treatment of scabies, tuberculosis, pertussis, diarrhea and dysentery, etc. However, very few studies focus on their abundant aerial parts, which are normally discarded during the harvest season.MethodsThe hyperlipidemic mice model has been used to study the lipid-lowering effect of the aerial parts in this article. 180 mice were randomly divided into 18 groups, including blank control (BC), model (Mod), positive control (PC), and low-, medium-, and high-dose groups of the crude extract, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and residual water extracts (corresponding to CE, PEE, EAE, NBE, WE), with 10 mice in each group. The preventive effects of the extracts on hyperlipidemic mice lasted for four weeks. Ultra performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS) and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) were used to analyze the chemical components of NBE and PEE respectively.ResultsThe results of the mice experiment showed that n-butanol extract (NBE) and petroleum ether extract (PEE) from the aerial parts could significantly reduce the contents of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) in serum of hyperlipidemic mice, and increase the contents of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). They could enhance the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in liver and reduce the level of malondialdehyde (MDA). At the same time, they could improve steatosis and inflammation of liver cells. The results of phytochemical components analysis showed that NBE was rich in organic acids, flavonoids and nitrogen-containing constituents, while PEE contained organic sulfur compounds, aliphatic acids and derivatives, alkaloids, phytosterols, etc.ConclusionThese results support that the aerial parts of A. sativum are an interesting source of bioactive ingredients that may be useful in the prevention and treatment of hyperlipidemia.

Soil quality is closely related to the evolution of forest ecosystems, especially in the context of global warming; therefore, it is essential to study the changes in soil quality caused by the invasion of moso bamboo in its habitat. In this study, we selected plantation forests and natural secondary forests with typical vegetation of the northern subtropics, Quercus acutissima plantation (QAP) and oak secondary forest (OSF), collected plant community and soil physicochemical data, and established a soil quality index (SQI) to assess how moso bamboo invasion affects soil quality. In addition, the mechanisms driving the moso bamboo invasion effects on soil quality were investigated using a partial least squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM). The results demonstrated that: (1) Moso bamboo invasion significantly affected community structure and soil physicochemical properties, there were inconsistent changes in soil physicochemical indicators in oak forests of different origins, and in general the effects of moso bamboo expansion on soil physicochemical properties were concentrated in the topsoil (0–20 cm). (2) Soil bulk density (BD), total soil porosity (TSP), total nitrogen (TN), and available potassium (AK) comprised the minimum data set (MDS) used to calculate the SQI, and the SQI of oak forests of different origins ranged from 0.48 to 1, and the invasion of moso bamboo led to a significant decrease in the SQI of the surface layer of QAP. A redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that soil quality assessment factors were closely related to community structure and the PLS-SEM indicated that moso bamboo invasion indirectly affected surface soil quality through its effects on community and soil factors. The results showed that moso bamboo invasion had different effects on oak forests of different origins. They also showed that soil quality was strongly affected by aboveground biomass (AGB), the tree Shannon-Wiener index (TH'), and available potassium (AK).

Warming significantly impacts soil respiration in terrestrial ecosystems, thereby altering global carbon cycle processes. Numerous field experiments have investigated the effects of warming on soil respiration (Rs), but the results have been inconsistent due to various factors such as ecosystem type, soil warming amplitude, duration, and environmental conditions. In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis of 1339 cases from 70 studies in terrestrial ecosystems to evaluate the response of Rs, heterotrophic respiration (Rh), and autotrophic respiration (Ra) to global warming. The results indicated that Rs, Rh, and Ra increased by 13.88%, 15.03%, and 19.72%, respectively, with a significant rise observed across different ecosystems. Generally, Rs increased with rising temperatures within a specific range (0–4 °C), whereas higher temperatures (>4 °C) did not significantly affect Rs. Moreover, Rs, Rh, and Ra exhibited an initial increase followed by a decrease with prolonged duration, indicating an adaptive response to climate warming. Additionally, Rs and Rh exhibit significant seasonal variations, with levels in winter being markedly higher than in summer. Furthermore, environmental factors exerted direct or indirect effects on soil respiration components. The factors’ importance for Rs was ranked as microbial biomass carbon (MBC) > mean annual temperature (MAT) > mean annual precipitation (MAP), for Rh as soil organic carbon (SOC) > MBC > MAT > MAP, and for Ra as belowground biomass (BGB) > aboveground biomass (AGB) > SOC. Future research should focus on the interactions among explanatory factors to elucidate the response mechanisms of soil respiration under global warming conditions.

BackgroundMalaria is one of the leading causes of morbidity and/or mortality in tropical Africa. The spread and development of resistance to chemical antimalarial drugs and the relatively high cost of the latter are problems associated with malaria control and are reasons to promote the use of plants to meet healthcare needs to treat malaria. The aim of this study was to evaluate antiplasmodial activities of extracts of Erythrina sigmoidea (Mah quat), which is traditionally used for the treatment of malaria in the western region of Cameroon.Material and methodsThe ethanol extract of E. sigmoidea stem bark was obtained through the maceration process using 95% ethanol, while the aqueous extract was prepared by infusion. The in vitro antiplasmodial effect of extracts against P. falciparum chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and chloroquine-resistant (Dd2) strains was determined using the Trager and Jensen method. On the other hand, the in vivo antimalarial activity of the extract was evaluated in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei strain NK65 using the Peters’ 4-day suppressive test and Ryley test (curative test). A total of 36 mice were used, subdivided into six groups of six mice each: one normal control, a negative control, a positive control, and three other groups for the tested product. Blood samples were collected on the 10th day of each test for hematological parameters.ResultsThe aqueous extract had an in vitro antiplasmodial activity against the chloroquine-sensitive strain with an IC50 of 29.51 ± 3.63 µg/mL and against the chloroquine-resistant strain with an IC50 of 35.23 ± 3.17 µg/mL. The highest in vitro antiplasmodial activity was observed with the ethanol extract against the chloroquine-sensitive strain with an IC50 of 6.44 ± 0.08 µg/mL and against the chloroquine-resistant strain with an IC50 of 7.53 ± 0.22 µg/mL. The ethanol extract demonstrated suppressive activity in vivo with reduction rates of 87.69%, 86.79%, and 81.08% at doses of 500 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, and 125 mg/kg, respectively; and curative activity in vivo with reduction rates of 80%, 78.5%, and 77.5% at doses of 500 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, and 125 mg/kg, respectively. The number of white blood cells in the negative control (44.55 ± 5.02 103/µL) was higher compared to the other groups. As for the red blood cells, we observed a massive destruction of the latter in the infected and untreated group (5.82 ± 1.50 106/µL) compared to the infected and ethanol extract-treated groups (8.74 ± 1.57 106/µL for 500 mg/kg, 7.54 ± 1.77 106/µL for 250 mg/kg, and 8.9 ± 1.50 106/µL for 125 mg/kg).ConclusionThis study provides scientific data on the use of E. sigmoidea by the local population for the treatment of malaria. It shows that E. sigmoidea has antiplasmodial activity, and we also see that there are differences between the parameters that we have in the treated groups and those of the untreated group. However, toxicity tests are necessary to assess its safety.

The Yixing Yuantianjian small watershed is a provincial soil erosion key management area in the hilly region of southern Jiangsu. It has been implemented key national soil erosion control project for small watershed management, which is typical and representative in the region. It is important to quantitatively evaluate the soil quality of the area under different land use modes and then select suitable ecological restoration measures to promote the ecological and economic construction of small watersheds in the hilly region of southern Jiangsu. Used four types of land use (forest land, garden land, arable land and abandoned land) in the Yixing Yuantianjian small watershed as the research object, 13 soil physical and chemical property indicators were screened based on principal component analysis, correlation analysis and Norm value calculation to construct a minimum data set (MDS) for soil quality evaluation. The results showed that the variability of soil chemical indicators of land use modes was higher than that of soil physical indicators in the study area. The MDS indicators affected by soil quality in the small watershed are sand content (Sand), total nitrogen (TN), available nitrogen (AN), available potassium (AK), total soil porosity (TSP) and bulk density (BD), which provide valid information on soil quality in the area with high accuracy. The soil quality index for different land use modes in the small watershed in the hilly areas of southern Jiangsu was SQI forest land (0.83) > SQI cultivated land (0.74) > SQI garden land (0.66) > SQI abandoned land (0.46), with soil quality at a medium to high level. AN was the key factor limiting the soil quality of this watershed. This study can provide a scientific basis for soil quality enhancement and ecological restoration in the small watersheds of the southern Jiangsu hilly region.

Information diffusion may lead to behaviors related to information content. This paper considers the co-existence of information and behavior diffusion in social networks. The state of users is divided into six categories, and the rules and model of collaborative diffusion of information and behavior are established. The influence of different parameters and conditions on the proportions of behavior diffusion nodes and information diffusion ones is analyzed experimentally. The results show that the proportion of nodes taking action in uniform networks is higher than that in non-uniform networks. Although users are more likely to take actions related to information content after spreading or knowing information, the results show that it has little influence on the proportion of users taking action. The proportion is mainly affected by the probability that users who do not take action become ones who take. The greater the probability, the less the proportion of nodes who know information. In addition, compared with choosing the same node as the initial information and behavior diffusion node, choosing different nodes is more beneficial to the diffusion of behaviors related to information content.

The accurate prediction of the strength of rocks after high-temperature treatment is important for the safety maintenance of rock in deep underground engineering. Five machine learning (ML) techniques were adopted in this study, i.e. back propagation neural network (BPNN), AdaBoost-based classification and regression tree (AdaBoost-CART), support vector machine (SVM), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), and radial basis function neural network (RBFNN). A total of 351 data points with seven input parameters (i.e. diameter and height of specimen, density, temperature, confining pressure, crack damage stress and elastic modulus) and one output parameter (triaxial compressive strength) were utilized. The root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and correlation coefficient (R) were used to evaluate the prediction performance of the five ML models. The results demonstrated that the BPNN shows a better prediction performance than the other models with RMSE, MAE and R values on the testing dataset of 15.4 MPa, 11.03 MPa and 0.9921, respectively. The results indicated that the ML techniques are effective for accurately predicting the triaxial compressive strength of rocks after different high-temperature treatments.

In recent years, the invasion of Phyllostachys edulis has intensified. This study selected Phyllostachys edulis, Phyllostachys edulis–Quercus acutissima mixed and Quercus acutissima forest areas and analyzed the changes in soil bulk density, porosity, water-holding capacity, pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), soil readily oxidized organic carbon (ROC), soluble organic carbon (DOC) and microbial biomass carbon (SMBC). Then, we obtained the Chao index, Shannon index and Simpson index and analyzed the relationship between microbial α diversity, β diversity and community composition, abundance and structure and between microbial community changes and environmental factors. The results showed that soil with the invasion of Phyllostachys edulis, soil pH, water content, capillary water capacity and total porosity of surface soil increased significantly by 4.35%, 18.71%, 16.37% and 14.56%, respectively, compared with the Quercus acutissima forest, while soil bulk density, organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon and soluble organic carbon decreased significantly by 7.27%, 18.43%, 61.12% and 61.90%. Soil readily oxidized organic carbon decreased at first and then increased. The soil community richness and diversity of the Phyllostachys edulis forest were significantly greater than those of the other two stands. Soil pH and organic carbon content were the main factors affecting the changes in the soil microbial community. Therefore, the invasion of Phyllostachys edulis improved soil water retention, while soil pH had the greatest effect on the microbial community, followed by soil bulk density and organic carbon, and water content had the smallest effect.

Deep excavation and shield tunneling processes often induce significant deformation in adjacent existing pile foundations, posing risks to the safety of superstructures. To address this issue, capsule grouting expansion technology has emerged as an efficient and economical technology to actively control pile deformation during such construction activities. This technology has been applied in some engineering projects aimed at safeguarding nearby buildings or facilities. However, theoretical research on capsule grouting expansion technology is limited and lags behind its practical engineering application. This paper proposed a simplified theoretical approach for estimating the effect of capsule grouting expansion technology on the deformation of neighboring pile foundations. Initially, virtual image technology was employed to obtain an analytical solution for the lateral displacement of soil resulting from the expansion of a cylindrical cavity with infinite height. The pile was considered as an Euler–Bernoulli beam on a Winkler foundation, allowing for the calculation of the loading response of the existing pile foundation. Utilizing the two-stage method, the theoretical analytical method of the lateral deformation of the pile shaft caused by capsule expansion was obtained. The reliability of the proposed theoretical method was verified by comparing the measured and calculated results. Further investigation into the controlling effect of the capsule grouting expansion technology on the deformation of the pile foundation was conducted through parametric analyses. These analyses encompass capsule radius, the distance between the capsule and pile foundation, the depth of the capsule, the length of the capsule, and the pile base constraints.

Natural vegetation protects, maintains, and improves the environment through its ecological functions and is, thus, an important component of Earth’s ecosystems. The distribution of natural vegetation and its corresponding ecological roles vary with the topographic gradient. Understanding this role is essential for effective ecosystem management and conservation efforts. This study analyzes vegetation composition across altitude gradients and the spatiotemporal evolution of water conservation, soil conservation, and carbon storage in the southern hill and mountain belt of China. We then explored the drivers of the ecological functions of vegetation at different altitude gradients. The results showed that water conservation increased by 108.56%, soil conservation increased by 97.04%, and carbon storage increased only slightly. The ecological functions of vegetation varied across altitude gradients, with the 500–800 m gradient exhibiting markedly higher ecological functions than the other gradients. The effect of precipitation on soil conservation increases with altitude. In addition, at higher altitudes, evergreen coniferous forests had a greater effect on carbon storage. Based on the results, we propose vegetation management measures for different altitudes. This study provides a reference for decision-makers to develop and adjust ecological restoration programs in mountainous areas for the improvement of the local ecological environment.

Conclusion: The use of L. kerstingii and F. thonningii for the treatment of helminthiasis has been proved in vitro and in silico by this research. However, more research is required, especially on the acute toxicity and in vivo anthelmintic efficacy to validate this scientific investigation.

Background. Parasitic infection remains a serious health trade for humans and livestock. The purpose of this study was to present scientific proof of the anthelmintic properties of Khaya grandifoliola, which the native population uses to cure helminthiasis. Method. Fresh Heligmosomoides polygyrus eggs were isolated from faecal samples of experimentally infected mice. The faecal material was cultured, and L1 and L2 larval stages were recovered after 48 and 120 hours, respectively. Using the worm microtracker, the anthelminthic efficacy of the extracts against H. polygyrus was assessed. Two different extracts (aqueous and ethanol extracts) were prepared. For the ovicidal and larvicidal activities, 100 µL of various concentrations of plant extracts, levamisole and 1.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), were introduced into a 96-well microplate titer followed by the addition of 100 µL of embryonated eggs (60 eggs) for the ovicidal activity and 100 µL of L1 or L2 larvae (50 larvae) for the larvicidal activity. The movement of the worm was monitored for 24 hours in the worm microtracker at 27°C. The Glide module of the Schrodinger Maestro software was used to perform docking studies. Results. For the aqueous extracts, the highest percentage of inhibition of hatching was 42.77 ± 12% at 7.5 mg/mL. The IC50 values for the ethanol (0.36 mg/mL) extract showed that the ethanol extract had a good inhibitory effect on the ability of parasites to hatch from eggs. The inhibition percentage of L1 larvae motility at 7.5 mg/mL was 98.0 ± 1.66% and 83.33 ± 1.66% for ethanol and aqueous extracts, respectively. The negative controls, distilled water and 1.5% DMSO, had no inhibitory impact on larvae. On L1-larvae, the drug of choice levamisole (positive control) had the highest percentage effect (100.0%). Six compounds had the highest docking score and their interactions with the receptor as well. Grandiamide A interacts most with tyrosine, glycine, phenylalanine, asparagine, and serine, and its benzene ring and oxygens inhibit these receptors. Carbonyl and hydroxyl (OH) groups connect grandiamide D to asparagine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine, respectively. By donating hydrogen to the receptor through OH groups, D-glucopyranose-6-phosphate also forms relatively strong hydrogen bonds with its oxygen-bound phosphorus and the receptor. 1-O-deacetylkhayanolide E interacts most with serine and glutamic acid. The carbamic acid benzyl ester of carbamic acid [(1S)-1-phenyl-2-[(4-methylphenyl) sulfinyl] ethyl] interacts most with the receptor with carbonyl groups and with asparagine and serine. With its abundant hydroxide, D-mannitol acts as a hydrogen donor and acceptor and interacts most strongly with amino acids such as glycine, asparagine, aspartic acid, alanine, and glutamic acid. Conclusions. K. grandifoliola extracts possess anthelminthic properties. However, in vivo studies are still necessary to demonstrate the effectiveness of this plant for the treatment of helminthiasis.

Background. Helminthiasis is endemic in Chad and constitutes a public health problem, particularly among school-age children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of extracts of Khaya anthotheca and Faidherbia albida used in Chad by traditional healers for the treatment of helminthiasis. Methods. The anthelmintic activity was assessed against Heligmosomoides polygyrus and Caenorhabditis elegans larvae using the Worm Microtracker. Embryonated eggs, L1, L2, and L3 larvae of H. polygyrus were obtained after 24 h, 48 h, and 7 days of coproculture and L4 larvae of C. elegans culture using standard procedures. One hundred microliters of extracts at various concentrations, with albendazole and distilled water were, put in contact with 100 µL of H. polygyrus suspension (containing 50 parasites at various developmental stages) in a microplate and incubated for 20 h at 25°C in the Worm Microtracker. The same procedure was adopted for C. elegans, but with 180 µL of OP50. 19 µL of C. elegans suspension (containing 50 larvae) was put in contact with 1 µL of extract at various concentrations and incubated in the Worm Microtracker. Docking studies were carried out using the Schrodinger Maestro software’s Glide module. The score function in the software was used to rank and group distinct possible adduct structures generated by molecular docking. Results. The aqueous and ethanolic extracts of F. albida at a concentration of 2.5 mg/mL showed the same activity as albendazole (100 ± 0.00) on hatching. The IC50s of the aqueous extracts of the two plants (IC50: 0.6212 mg/mL and 0.71 mg/mL, respectively) were comparable on egg hatching of H. polygyrus with no significant difference (p≥0.05) with respect to the ethanol extracts (IC50: 0.70 mg/mL and 0.81 mg/mL, respectively). There was no significant difference between the percentage inhibition of extracts and albendazole on the L1 larvae of H. polygyrus (p≥0.05). The aqueous extracts acted more effectively than the ethanol extracts on the L1 larvae of H. polygyrus with an IC50 of 0.5588 and ∼9.858e − 005 mg/ml, respectively, for K. anthotheca and F. albida. The aqueous extracts of K. anthotheca and F. albida on L3 larvae of H. polygyrus had inhibitory percentages of 92.6 ± 0.62 and 91.37 ± 0.8 at 2.5 mg/mL which were lower than albendazole (100 ± 0.00). The aqueous extracts of K. anthotheca and F. albida on C. elegance showed IC50 of 0.2775 µg/mL and 0.5115 µg/mL, respectively, and were more effective than the ethanol extracts. Examining K. anthotheca and F. albida through the interaction with the protein receptor and its results also confirmed our assumption that the compound used has hydroxyl and carbonyl groups as well as aromatic rings and is exposed to phenolic and flavonoid groups in a more specific way, and it shows a better inhibitory effect. Conclusions. This study scientifically validates the use of extracts of the two plants in the traditional treatment of helminthiasis. However, it will be necessary to evaluate the in vivo anthelmintic activity and toxicity. Examining the ADME properties of these compounds also supports the potential of these ligands to be transformed into pharmaceutical forms.

Lithium‐based batteries (lithium‐ion batteries, lithium‐metal batteries, and lithium–sulfur batteries, etc.) have become one of the most irreplaceable energy‐storage devices and shown huge application potential. However, the traditional liquid electrolytes used in lithium‐based batteries are flammable and exhibit poor electrochemical stability, which will significantly limit the further development of high energy density and high safety lithium‐based batteries. Thus, it is crucial to develop nonflammable electrolytes. In this work, the reasons why traditional liquid electrolyte is unsafe and the recent progress of nonflammable liquid electrolytes including flame‐retardant‐based electrolytes, highly concentrated electrolytes, localized high concentrated electrolytes, and ionic liquids–based electrolytes are summarized. The challenges and future perspectives toward how to decrease the fire hazard of lithium‐based batteries through liquid electrolyte design are also put forward.

The rock fracture toughness (RFT) is significantly influenced by thermal treatments. Accurate evaluation of RFT at different temperatures holds great importance in the fields of geotechnical engineering. Current analytical and empirical models, based on our current but incomplete understanding of the fracture mechanics theory, are unable to produce a priori predictions of RFT. As a result, researchers have to rely on experiments, which are often costly and time-consuming, to understand external environment, internal factors and RFT links in rocks. This research explores the potential of employing machine learning (ML) models as an effective approach to address such challenges. Six ML models are presented, including support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), back propagation neural network (BPNN), back propagation-particle swarm optimization (BP-PSO), convolutional neural network (CNN), and radial basis function neural network (RBF). These models are applied using a dataset of 297 samples derived from previous studies involving semi-circle bend tests. The dataset encompasses 15 input variables, including sample radius, sample thickness, notch length, support span, inclination angle of the notch, tensile strength, uniaxial compressive strength, density, quartz content, feldspar content, gypsum content, clay content, other minerals, loading rate, and temperature. The results of three statistical metrics (root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R2), and mean absolute error (MAE)) confirm that the ML models are able to predict the temperature-dependent RFT in modes I, II and III with high accuracy. The results demonstrated that the SVM model shows a better performance than the other five models. In the case of testing dataset, the RMSE, MAE and R2 values for SVM model are 0.1122 MPa·m1/2, 0.0829 MPa·m1/2 and 0.9506, respectively. Additionally, feature importance analysis highlights that the temperature and inclination angle are the most influential variables affecting the RFT.

This study aimed to evaluate the beneficial effects of oleanolic acid (OA) in the culture of red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkia) by investigating the impact of dietary OA on growth performance, hepatopancreas antioxidant activity, innate immunity, and intestinal microbiota structure. An eight-week feeding trial was conducted using different dietary OA concentrations: 0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 mg·kg–1. The results revealed that the groups with 500–1000 mg·kg–1 OA exhibited increased final body weight, weight gain rate, and specific growth rate, as well as decreased feed conversion ratio compared to those in the control group (P

Abstract Background 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO) is a platform compound, which has been widely used in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Compared with chemical methods, the biological synthesis of 1,3-PDO has shown promising applications owing to its mild conditions and environmental friendliness. However, the biological synthesis of 1,3-PDO still has the problem of low titer and yield due to the shortage of reducing powers. Results In this study, Klebsiella sp. strain YT7 was successfully isolated, which can synthesize 11.30 g/L of 1,3-PDO from glycerol in flasks. The intracellular redox regulation strategy based on the addition of electron mediators can increase the 1,3-PDO titer to 28.01 g/L. Furthermore, a co-culturing system consisting of strain YT7 and Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 was established, which can eliminate the supplementation of exogenous electron mediators and reduce the by-products accumulation. The 1,3-PDO yield reached 0.44 g/g and the final titer reached 62.90 g/L. The increased titer and yield were attributed to the increased redox levels and the consumption of by-products. Conclusions A two-bacterium co-culture system with Klebsiella sp. strain YT7 and S. oneidensis strain MR-1 was established, which realized the substitution of exogenous electron mediators and the reduction of by-product accumulation. Results provided theoretical basis for the high titer of 1,3-PDO production with low by-product concentration.

Climate change mitigation and carbon neutrality are current hot topics. Forests, urban green spaces, and wetland ecosystems are recognized as important carbon sinks. The Yangtze River Delta region in Eastern China, which plays a pivotal role in China’s economic and social development, is rich in such carbon-sink resources. There is, however, a lack of regional carbon data. The investigation of carbon storage and carbon densities of forest, urban green space, and wetland ecosystems is, therefore, of great importance. In this study, the forest resource management map (including wetland) and green space system planning map of Changzhou city, combined with a field investigation and laboratory experimental analysis, were used to estimate the carbon storages and carbon densities of the forest, urban green space, and wetland ecosystems in Changzhou city. The average carbon density and carbon storage in Changzhou were 83.34 ± 4.91 Mg C ha−1 and 11.30 ± 0.67 Tg C, respectively, of which soil accounted for 74%, plants accounted for 25%, and litter accounted for less than 1%. The forest ecosystem contributed the most to the carbon pool (72%), with the green space ecosystem and the wetland ecosystem each accounting for 14% of the carbon pools. Clearly, the forest, green space, and wetland ecosystems in Changzhou city have a large carbon storage capacity. This study is of significance as it provides data on the carbon sink functions of forest, green space, and wetland ecosystems at the provincial and national regional scales.

Temperature determines biochar structure during pyrolysis. However, differences in holding time and feedstock types may affect this relationship. The conditional process analysis model was used in this paper to investigate the potential to affect this mechanism. The branch and leaf parts of Taxodium ascendens were separately pyrolyzed at 350, 450, 650, and 750 °C, and kept for 0.5, 1, and 2 h at each target temperature. We measured the fixed carbon and ash contents and the elemental composition (C, H, O and N) of the raw materials and their char samples. After plotting a Van Krevelen (VK) diagram to determine the aromatization of chars, the changes in the functional groups were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results revealed that pyrolysis at temperatures between 450 and 750 °C accounted for the aromatization of biochar because the atomic H/C ratio of branch-based chars (BC) decreased from 0.53–0.59 to 0.15–0.18, and the ratio of leaf-based chars (LC) decreased from 0.56–0.68 to 0.20–0.22; the atomic O/C ratio of BC decreased from 0.22–0.27 to 0.08–0.11, while that of LC decreased from 0.26–0.28 to 0.18–0.21. Moreover, the average contents of N (1.89%) and ash (13%) in LC were evidently greater than that in BC (N:0.62%; Ash: 4%). Therefore, BC was superior to LC in terms of the stability of biochar. In addition, the increasing ID/IG and ID/I(DR+GL) ratios in BC and LC indicated an increasing amount of the amorphous aromatic carbon structure with medium-sized (2~6 rings) fused benzene rings. According to the CPA analysis, an extension of the holding time significantly enhanced the increase in aromatic structures of LC with temperature. But this extension slightly reduced the growth in aromatic structures of BC. All indicate that holding time and feedstock types (branch or leaf feedstock) could significantly affect the variation in biochar aromatic structure with respect to temperature.

Hypoglycemia has multiple causes, but the most common is a complication of insulin treatment. In addition to insulin therapy, tumors such as insulinomas of pancreatic origin and extrapancreatic tumors causing paraneoplastic syndromes should also be considered. Solitary fibrous tumors of the pleura (SFTP) is rare tumor, which when associated with hypoglycemia causes Doege-Potter syndrome. This article reports a case of a 69-year-old man with Doege-Potter syndrome and underwent the first surgical resection for SFTP. However, the tumor recurred 9 years later with hypoglycemic symptoms and implant metastasis. This recurrent tumor originated from the visceral pleura, was more aggressive and invaded the diaphragm and parietal pleura. After the second surgical removal of the tumor, the hypoglycemic symptoms disappeared.

In this study, a novel peroxydisulfate (PDS) activator (CF-nZVI-JE) was prepared via in-situ loading nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) on Juncus effusus (JE) followed with wrapping a layer of cellulose film (CF). The CF-nZVI-JE had the same 3D structure as the JE, being easy to separate from aqueous solution. The loaded nZVI existed single nanoparticles with a size of 60–100 nm except chain-type agglomeration of nanoparticles due to the stabilization of JE fibers. The activation performance of the CF-nZVI-JE for PDS was evaluated with Rhodamine B (Rh B) as a representative pollutant. Under the optimal activating conditions, the degradation rate of Rh B reached 99% within 30 min in the CF-nZVI-JE/PDS system. After five cycles, the degradation rate of Rh B was still over 85%, suggesting that the CF-nZVI-JE had good reusability. More interestingly, SO4·− and ·OH radicals were simultaneously detected in the CF-nZVI-JE/PDS system, but only SO4·− existed in the JE-ZVI/PDS system, suggesting the different activation mechanism. Meanwhile, the introduction of CF not only facilitated to the mineralization of Rh B but also significantly reduced the release amount of iron ions. Hence, the CF-nZVI-JE can be employed as a promising PDS activator for the treatment of organic wastewater. HIGHLIGHTS The prepared CF-nZVI-JE had the same 3D structure as JE, which can stabilize nZVI.; nZVI existed as single nanoparticles and chain-type agglomeration of nanoparticles.; Rh B degradation was involved in SO4−· and HO· in the CF-nZVI-JE/PDS system.; CF-nZVI-JE facilitated the mineralization of Rh B compared with the nZVI-JE.; CF prevented the leakage of nZVI and reduced the release amount of iron ions.;

Abstract Background Traditional herbs played a crucial role in the health care of the Hakka people. However, studies to identify these traditional herbs are few. Here we document and assess the potential of these plants for treating microbial infections. Many herbs used by the Hakka people could potentially be a novel medicinal resource. Methods Local herb markets were surveyed via semi-structured interviews, complemented by direct observations to obtain information on herbal usage. For each herb selected for this study, extracts in four different solvents were prepared, and tested for activity against 20 microorganisms, as well as cancerous and noncancerous cells. All data were subjected to cluster analysis to discover relationships among herbs, plant types, administration forms, solvents, microorganisms, cells, etc., with the aim to discern promising herbs for medicine. Results Ninety-seven Hakka herbs in Ganzhou were documented from 93 plants in 62 families; most are used for bathing (97%), or as food, such as tea (32%), soup (12%), etc. Compared with the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and Chinese Materia Medica, 24 Hakka medicines use different plant parts, and 5 plants are recorded here for the first time as traditional medicines. The plant parts used were closely related with the life cycle: annual and perennial herbs were normally used as a whole plant, and woody plants as (tender) stem and leaf, indicating a trend to use the parts that are easily collected. Encouragingly, 311 extracts (94%) were active against one or more microorganisms. Most herbs were active against Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus (67%), Listeria innocua (64%), etc. Cytotoxicity was often observed against a tumor cell, but rarely against normal cells. Considering both antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity, many herbs reported in this study show promise as medicine. Conclusion Hakka people commonly use easily-collected plant parts (aerial parts or entire herb) as medicine. External use of decoctions dominated, and may help combating microbial infections. The results offer promising perspectives for further research since little phytopharmacology and phytochemistry has been published to date. Graphical Abstract

Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently occurring cancer type seriously threatening the lives of women worldwide. Clinically, the high frequency of diverse resistance to current therapeutic strategies advocates a demand to develop novel and effective approaches for the efficient treatment of BC. The chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells therapy, one of the immunotherapies, has displayed powerful capacity to specifically kill and eliminate tumors. Due to the success of CAR-T therapy achieved in treating hematological malignancy, the effect of CAR-T cells therapy has been tested in various human diseases including breast cancer. This review summarized and discussed the landscape of the CAR-T therapy for breast cancer, including the advances, challenge and countermeasure of CAR-T therapy in research and clinical application. The roles of potential antigen targets, tumor microenvironment, immune escape in regulating CAR-T therapy, the combination of CAR-T therapy with other therapeutic strategies to further enhance therapeutic efficacy of CAR-T treatment were also highlighted. Therefore, our review provided a comprehensive understanding of CAR-T cell therapy in breast cancer which will awake huge interests for future in-depth investigation of CAR-T based therapy in cancer treatment.

Chimonanthus grammatus is used as Hakka traditional herb to treat cold, flu, etc. So far, the phytochemistry and antimicrobial compounds have not been well investigated. In this study, the orbitrap-ion trap MS was used to characterize its metabolites, combined with a computer-assisted structure elucidation method, and the antimicrobial activities were assessed by a broth dilution method against 21 human pathogens, as well as the bioassay-guided purification work to clarify its main antimicrobial compounds. A total of 83 compounds were identified with their fragmentation patterns, including terpenoids, coumarins, flavonoids, organic acids, alkaloids, and others. The plant extracts can strongly inhibit the growth of three Gram-positive and four Gram-negative bacteria, and nine active compounds were bioassay-guided isolated, including homalomenol C, jasmonic acid, isofraxidin, quercitrin, stigmasta-7,22-diene-3β,5α,6α-triol, quercetin, 4-hydroxy-1,10-secocadin-5-ene-1,10-dione, kaempferol, and E-4-(4,8-dimethylnona-3,7-dienyl)furan-2(5H)-one. Among them, isofraxidin, kaempferol, and quercitrin showed significant activity against planktonic Staphylococcus aureus (IC50 = 13.51, 18.08 and 15.86 µg/ml). Moreover, their antibiofilm activities of S. aureus (BIC50 = 15.43, 17.31, 18.86 µg/ml; BEC50 = 45.86, ≥62.50, and 57.62 µg/ml) are higher than ciprofloxacin. The results demonstrated that the isolated antimicrobial compounds played the key role of this herb in combating microbes and provided benefits for its development and quality control, and the computer-assisted structure elucidation method was a powerful tool for chemical analysis, especially for distinguishing isomers with similar structures, which can be used for other complex samples.

Sunflower is an important oilseed crop across the world. It is considered as a moderately drought tolerant plant, however, its yield is still negatively affected by drought stress. Improving drought tolerance is of the outmost important for breeding. Although several studies have documented the relationship between the sunflower phenotype and genotype under drought stress, but relatively few studies have simultaneously investigated the molecular mechanisms of drought tolerance in the sunflower at different growth stages. In this study, we conducted quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis for different sunflower traits during the germination and seedling stages. Eighteen phenotypic traits were evaluated under well-watered and drought stress conditions. We determined that the germination rate, germination potential, germination index, and root-to-shoot ratio can be used as effective indexes for drought tolerance selection and breeding. A total of 33 QTLs were identified on eight chromosomes (PVE: 0.016%–10.712% with LOD: 2.017–7.439). Within the confidence interval of the QTL, we identified 60 putative drought-related genes. Four genes located on chromosome 13 may function in both germination and seedling stages for drought response. Genes LOC110898128, LOC110898092, LOC110898071, and LOC110898072 were annotated as aquaporin SIP1-2-like, cytochrome P450 94C1, GABA transporter 1-like, and GABA transporter 1-like isoform X2, respectively. These genes will be used for further functional validation. This study provides insight into the molecular mechanisms of the sunflower’s in response to drought stress. At the same time, it lays a foundation for sunflower drought tolerance breeding and genetic improvement.

Geological heritage is an important part of natural resources. Properly handling the relationship between protection and utilization of geological heritage in a high urbanization level area is one of the ecological measures to promote the high-quality development of new urbanization. However, the low level of geological heritage survey, unclear family background, lack of standard classification scheme and overall evaluation restrict the effective development of geological heritage protection and utilization in Tianjin. Based on the latest data of the whole Tianjin geological heritage survey, and through the integration of previous geological heritage survey results, this paper classifies the types of geological heritage according to the Specification for Geological Heritage Survey （DZ/T 0303—2017）. The scientific research value, ornamental value and protection value are qualitatively analyzed, and the quantitative evaluation and grade division are carried out by combining expert scoring and AHP. According to the classification scheme in the Specification for Geological Heritage Survey （DZ/T 0303—2017）, the important geological heritages in Tianjin are divided into 3 main categories: basic geological category, geomorphic landscape category and geological disasters, 7 categories: stratigraphic section, important rock and ore producing areas, rock and soil geomorphology, structural geomorphology, water geomorphology, coastal geomorphology and geological disaster heritages, 10 subclasses: stratotype (typical section), typical deposit outcrop, intrusive rock landform, clastic rock landform, carbonate rock landform, wetland, klippe, fault cliff, marine landform and land subsidence. The comprehensive evaluation and analysis indicate that there are 4 world-level, 3 national-level and 8 provincial-level geological heritages in Tianjin. The above research is expected to provide references for the protection and utilization of geological heritages in Tianjin.

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic and irreversible pulmonary disease, and can lead to decreased lung function, respiratory failure and even death. The pathogenesis research and treatment strategy of PF significantly lag behind the medical progress and clinical needs. The treatment of this disease remains a thorny clinical problem, and the effective therapeutic drugs are still limited. Monomeric compounds from traditional Chinese medicine own various biological activities and high safety. They play a broad part in treating diseases and is also a candidate drug for preventing and treating PF. In this paper, we reviewed the mechanism of action and potential value of various anti-PF monomeric compounds from traditional Chinese medicine. These monomeric compounds can attenuate inflammatory response, oxidative stress, epithelial mesenchymal transformation and other processes of lung through many signaling pathways, and inhibit the activation and differentiation of fibroblasts, thus contributing to the treatment of PF. This review can provide new ideas for the development of anti-PF drugs in high efficiency with low toxicity.

Introduction: Bu-Fei-Huo-Xue capsule (BFHX) has been used to treat pulmonary fibrosis (PF) in clinic. However, the mechanism of Bu-Fei-Huo-Xue capsule on pulmonary fibrosis remains unclear. Recent studies have shown that the changes in gut microbiota were closely related to the progression of pulmonary fibrosis. Modulating gut microbiota provides new thoughts in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.Methods: In this study,a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis was induced using bleomycin (BLM) and treated with Bu-Fei-Huo-Xue capsule. We firstly evaluated the therapeutic effects of Bu-Fei-Huo-Xue capsule on pulmonary fibrosis model mice. Besides,the anti-inflammatory and anti- oxidative effects of Bu-Fei-Huo-Xue capsule were evaluated. Furthermore, 16S rRNA sequencing was used to observe the changes in gut microbiota in pulmonary fibrosis model mice after Bu-Fei-Huo-Xue capsule treatment.Results: Our results showed that Bu-Fei-Huo-Xue capsule significantly reduced the collagen deposition in pulmonary fibrosis model mice. Bu-Fei-Huo-Xue capsule treatment also reduced the levels and mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibited the oxidative stress in lung. 16S rRNA sequencing showed that Bu-Fei-Huo-Xue capsule affected the diversity of gut microbiota and the relative abundances of gut microbiota such as Lactobacillus, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, and Romboutsia.Conclusion: Our study demonstrated the therapeutic effects of Bu-Fei-Huo-Xue capsule on pulmonary fibrosis. The mechanisms of Bu-Fei-Huo-Xue capsule on pulmonary fibrosis may be associated with regulating gut microbiota.

Ultra-thin solar cells enable materials to be saved, reduce deposition time, and promote carrier collection from materials with short diffusion lengths. However, light absorption efficiency in ultra-thin solar panels remains a limiting factor. Most methods to increase light absorption in ultra-thin solar cells are either technically challenging or costly, given the thinness of the functional layers involved. We propose a cost-efficient and lithography-free solution to enhance light absorption in ultra-thin solar cells—a Tsuchime-like self-forming nanocrater (T-NC) aluminum (Al) film. T-NC Al film can be produced by the electrochemical anodization of Al, followed by etching the nanoporous alumina. Theoretical studies show that T-NC film can increase the average absorbance by 80.3%, depending on the active layer’s thickness. The wavelength range of increased absorption varies with the active layer thickness, with the peak of absolute absorbance increase moving from 620 nm to 950 nm as the active layer thickness increases from 500 nm to 10 µm. We have also shown that the absorbance increase is retained regardless of the active layer material. Therefore, T-NC Al film significantly boosts absorbance in ultra-thin solar cells without requiring expensive lithography, and regardless of the active layer material.

Information diffusion in social media has attracted the wide attention of scholars from diverse disciplines. In real life, many offline events can cause online diffusion of relevant information, and the relation between the characteristics of information diffusion and offline events, as well as the diffusion differences corresponding to different phases of offline events have been studied. However, the effects of offline events on information diffusion are not well explored. In this paper, we study the influence of a popular and multi-phase talent show with elimination mechanism on relevant information diffusion. We find that elimination mechanism has significant influence on the features of information diffusion, and elimination results have a negative effect on followers’ emotional tendency. Elimination results also significantly affect the topics discussed by users. Besides elimination results have a negative effect on participants’ popularity, but do not affect the followers’ loyalty to program participants. This study not only reveals the effects of offline events on online information diffusion, but also provides approaches for studying the online diffusion of similar offline events.

Metallic nanoparticle (NP)/ceramic composite cermets present desirable broadband absorption of the solar spectrum and thus are the preferred material scheme for constructing cermet-based solar absorbers. However, the effects of fine nanoparticle structural features on the light-matter interactions in nanocermet layers and corresponding cermet-based solar absorbers are still not well clear until now. Herein, we report a systematical investigation on the effects of W (tungsten) nanoparticle sizes, its concentrations and configurations in an alumina matrix on the optical responses of WAl2O3 nanocermet layers and a solar absorber with double-cermet layers. It is found that to possess admirable light absorption features at high temperatures, it is better to maintain the fine particle size of less than 10 nm, isolated states and suitable separations between them for WAl2O3 nanocermets. Thus, the dominated intrinsic absorption of W NPs, their plasmonic excitation and coupling effects among each other all contribute significantly to the broadband optical performance of the cermet layers and the whole absorber. More importantly, this study demonstrates a valuable criterion for maintaining optical performances of nanocermet layers and cermet-based solar absorbers under heating and thus their thermal robustness.

The issue of regional soil and water loss caused by human activity is particularly severe in coastal regions. Since coastal reclamation areas are a valuable land reserve resource, it is of practical significance to understand the distribution characteristics of rainfall erosion and its impact on soil erosion for the prediction, evaluation, and management of regional soil and water resources. Rainfall erosivity should be updated and estimated from simplified indices. This paper analyzed the observed rainfall data of field runoff plots in Dongtai City, Jiangsu Province, between 2011 and 2017. According to the standard of erosive rainfall in coastal areas, reporting 10.8 mm of rainfall or 7.6 mm·h−1 of I30 (maximum 30 min rainfall intensity), the annual average erosive rainfall frequency in Dongtai City was 37.7 and the annual erosive rainfall was 1082.0 mm on average, which accounted for 51.6% and 90.6% of the total rainfall frequency and the total rainfall, respectively. Moreover, the annual average rainfall erosivity in the region from 2011 to 2017 was 7717.4 MJ·mm·hm−2·h−1. The annual distribution of rainfall erosivity was irregular, with an average monthly erosivity value of 4501.8 MJ·mm·hm−2·h−1. Since the accumulated rainfall erosivity of Dongtai City in the flood season (May to September) accounted for 88.1% of the total rainfall erosivity, it is essential to focus on preventing soil and water loss in the flood season. This paper established a rainfall-based model and a composite model and intensity appropriate for a single event and monthly rainfall erosivity in the region. Both models can be used to calculate the annual rainfall erosivity, but only the composite model based on rainfall amount and intensity is recommended for calculating single and monthly rainfall erosivity levels in Jiangsu coastal areas. The empirical formulas in Jiangsu coastal areas can be updated using more recent rainfall data and assess soil erosion risk accurately.

Aqueous Zn-ion Batteries (AZIBs) have garnered significant interest in recent years, owing to their inherent safety, affordability, and eco-friendliness. Recently, substantial research has been conducted to broaden the application scenarios of AZIBs by regulating the electrode and electrolyte materials. In this review, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the challenges and solutions associated with AZIBs to meet extreme conditions, such as low temperatures, high temperatures, and wide temperature ranges. We also discuss electrolyte optimization strategies for each of these conditions. Finally, we outline potential avenues for further advancements and offer insights into the future of this burgeoning field of AZIBs.

This paper presents the functional subspace variational autoencoder, a technique addressing challenges in sensor data analysis in transportation systems, notably the misalignment of time series data and a lack of labeled data. Our technique converts vectorial data into functional data, which captures continuous temporal dynamics instead of discrete data that consist of separate observations. This conversion reduces data dimensions for machine learning tasks in fault diagnosis and facilitates the efficient removal of misalignment. The variational autoencoder identifies trends and anomalies in the data and employs a domain adaptation method to associate learned representations between labeled and unlabeled datasets. We validate the technique’s effectiveness using synthetic and real-world transportation data, providing valuable insights for transportation infrastructure reliability monitoring.

It is of agronomic importance to apply nitrogen (N), but it has high environmental risks in reclaimed saline soils. Therefore, we should apply N fertilizer at an appropriate rate to increase crop yield but decrease N losses. In this soil column experiment, rice yield, N uptake, and ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) losses were measured in four treatments with no N application (control) and with N applications of 160, 200, and 240 kg/ha (N160, N200, and N240, respectively). The results show that grain yield, spike number, and thousand-kernel weight increased with increases in N application rate, but there was no significant difference in grain yield between N200 and N240. However, the kernels per spike increased first and then decreased with the increase in N application, of which N200 was recorded to have the highest kernels per spike value, which was 16.8 and 9.8% higher than those of N160 and N240, respectively. Total NH3 volatilization of the rice season increased with increasing N input, especially during the first and second supplementary fertilization stages. The NH4+-N concentration of overlying water was relatively lower under the N200 treatment in these two stages, and the yield-scaled NH3 volatilization and the emission factor were the lowest in N200, which were 26.2–27.8% and 4.0–21.0% lower than those of N160 and N240, respectively. Among the three N-applied treatments, N2O losses and the emission factor as well as the yield-scaled N2O emissions were the lowest under the N200 treatment, which had 34.7% and 78.9% lower N2O emissions and 57.8% and 83.5% lower emission factors than those of the N160 and N240 treatments, respectively. Moreover, the gene copies of AOA and AOB amoA, nirS, and nirK in cultivated layer soils all reached the minimum under the N200 treatment. According to the comprehensive effects of N fertilizer on rice grain yield and NH3 and N2O losses, we recommend applying 200 kg/ha to reclaimed saline soil to ensure crop yield and reduce N losses.

The Turpan Basin is one of the hottest regions in China, with high fire potential. The occurrence of gales could roll over trains as well as spread and expand the fire rapidly, posing adverse effects on traffic and fire protection. Therefore, it is important to discuss the frequency and mechanism of gales in Turpan. Based on the observational data of seven stations and ERA5 reanalysis data from 2015 to 2021, this study uses the t-mode principal component analysis using the oblique rotation (T-PCA) method to explore the seasonal differences and related synoptic patterns of gales in the Turpan Basin. The synoptic circulations are divided into nine categories. In types 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 9, there are a high-pressure center to the west and a lower-pressure center to the south of Turpan, while in types 4, 6 and 8, there is a strong high-pressure center to the south or northeast of Turpan. When the high-pressure system is located to the west of Turpan, gales are prone to occur, while to the south or northeast, gales seem to be less likely to occur, which is closely related to synoptic patterns and terrain. To the best of our knowledge, this study pioneered the frequency and mechanism of gales in Turpan, which could facilitate gale prevention in the area.

The use of geosynthetic-encased stone columns has been proven to be an economical and effective method for soft soil foundation treatment. This method is widely used in civil engineering projects at home and abroad. When the geosynthetic-encased stone columns are applied to deep soft clays, they are in a floating state. The load-bearing deformation mechanism of geosynthetic-encased stone columns has changed. The interaction between the aggregates, geogrid, and soil is worth studying, especially at the bottom of the column. In this paper, the discrete element method is used to simulate a floating geosynthetic-encased stone column with a 280 mm encasement depth in deep soft clays. The load-bearing deformation characteristics and mesoscopic mechanism of the floating geosynthetic-encased stone column are studied. The results show that there are large vertical and radial stresses in the top region. Moreover, the porosity and sliding fraction of aggregates in this region increase with settlement, and the coordination number decreases with settlement. The vertical and radial stresses of the soil near the column body are not affected much by the column body. When the encasement depth exceeds 280 mm, the bearing capacity of the FGESC does not increase much. The encasement depth controls the failure mode of the floating geosynthetic-encased stone column. As the encasement depth increases, the failure mode of the floating geosynthetic-encased stone column gradually transitions from swelling deformation to penetration failure.

With the comprehensive emissions of fossil fuel combustion and transportation waste gas, the concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOX) in the environmental atmosphere increase significantly, leading to nitric acid rain (NAR) pollution. However, the effects of NAR on soil enzyme activities and soil microbial metabolism are unclear. In this study, the Quercus acutissima Carruth. forest in the Yangtze River Delta of China was selected as the experimental subject, and was exposed to the simulated spraying of NAR with pH values of 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5 to study the response of the forest soil enzyme activities and soil microbial metabolism to NAR. The results showed that compared to the non-NAR treatment, the activities of β-1,4-glucosidase (BG), L-leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), and β-1,4-N-acetylglucosidase (NAG) decreased by 56.48%–42.24%, 44.57%–38.20%, and 56.13%–48.11% under the AR2.5 and AR3.5 treatments, respectively. Moreover, there was no significant change in the Vector Length (VL) under different gradients of NAR. The Vector Angle (VA) increased with the decrease of the pH value and reached the maximum value with the AR2.5 treatment, indicating that the strong acid type NAR had a greater phosphorus-limiting effect on the soil microorganisms. The RDA analysis results showed that the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was a significant factor affecting the soil enzyme activity and stoichiometric ratio, with interpretation rates of 40.2%. In conclusion, we believe that in the restoration of acidified soil, attention should be paid to the regulation of soil pH, reducing scour.

Sunflower is one of the most important oil crops in the world, and drought stress can severely limit its production and quality. To understand the underlying mechanism of drought tolerance, and identify candidate genes for drought tolerance breeding, we conducted a combined genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and RNA-seq analysis. A total of 226 sunflower inbred lines were collected from different regions of China and other countries. Eight phenotypic traits were evaluated under control and drought stress conditions. Genotyping was performed using a Specific-Locus Amplified Fragment Sequencing (SLAF-seq) approach. A total of 934.08 M paired-end reads were generated, with an average Q30 of 91.97%. Based on the 243,291 polymorphic SLAF tags, a total of 94,162 high-quality SNPs were identified. Subsequent analysis of linkage disequilibrium (LD) and population structure in the 226 accessions was carried out based on the 94,162 high-quality SNPs. The average LD decay across the genome was 20 kb. Admixture analysis indicated that the entire population most likely originated from 11 ancestors. GWAS was performed using three methods (MLM, FarmCPU, and BLINK) simultaneously. A total of 80 SNPs showed significant associations with the 8 traits (p < 1.062 × 10−6). Next, a total of 118 candidate genes were found. To obtain more reliable candidate genes, RNA-seq analysis was subsequently performed. An inbred line with the highest drought tolerance was selected according to phenotypic traits. RNA was extracted from leaves at 0, 7, and 14 days of drought treatment. A total of 18,922 differentially expressed genes were obtained. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed up-regulated genes were mainly enriched in the branched-chain amino acid catabolic process, while the down-regulated genes were mainly enriched in the photosynthesis-related process. Six DEGs were randomly selected from all DEGs for validation; these genes showed similar patterns in RNA-seq and RT-qPCR analysis, with a correlation coefficient of 0.8167. Through the integration of the genome-wide association study and the RNA-sequencing, 14 candidate genes were identified. Four of them (LOC110885273, LOC110872899, LOC110891369, LOC110920644) were abscisic acid related protein kinases and transcription factors. These genes may play an important role in sunflower drought response and will be used for further study. Our findings provide new insights into the response mechanisms of sunflowers against drought stress and contribute to further genetic breeding.

How the East Asian Summer Monsoon has changed over the Holocene has been debated, as some proxy records disagree with each other. Here, the authors suggest that monsoonal rainfall peaked in the early Holocene, while ecosystem responses peaked in the mid-Holocene, explaining the differences between records.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most serious end-stage renal disease which characterized by renal glomerular sclerosis including glomerular hypertrophy, glomerular basement membrane (GBM) thickening, mesangial expansion and renal fibrosis. TGF-β/Smads signal pathway plays a crucial role in the development of renal fibrosis. In this study, we found that GdCl3 which was an agonist of Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) could repress the activation of TGF-β/Smads signal pathway induced by TGF-β1 or high glucose and then alleviated the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) in mesangial cells and the kidney of type1 diabetic rats. Further study indicated that GdCl3 could induce the binding of CaSR and TβR II and then both of these two receptors translocated from cell membrane to cytoplasm, in this case, TβR II on the cell membrane was decreased and then desensitized to the stimulation of its ligand TGF-β1, so that the activation of its downstream factors such as Smad2 and Smad3 were blocked, finally, ECM expression in mesangial cells were inhibited. We concluded that GdCl3 could alleviate the accumulation of ECM in mesangial cells via antagonizing TGF-β/Smads signal pathway in diabetes mellitus. Keywords: GdCl3, TGF-β/Smads signal pathway, Diabetic nephropathy, Extracellular matrix, Calcium-sensing receptor

Netflow log files commonly contain massive transfer records in tiny time interval, making analytical works complex and burdensome. By combining human cognition abilities with computerized techniques, visual analytics systems have become efficient tools for showing network states and locating abnormal behaviors. However, traditional visual analytics systems tend to be designed for solving certain problems and unable to synthesize various types of data sources. Despite recent advances in network security visualization, academia still starves for a proper solution to visualize IPv4 address behavior modes and IPv4 connection patterns within limited drawing space. Thus, we propose a visual analytics system called `Owleyes' which reprocesses Netflow log data with simple statistical operations in basic dimensions and fulfills the aforementioned requirements with proper novel graphs such as `sunburst-hive-plot graph' (SHG) and link-wheel graph (LW). The SHG provides a stable and comparable means of visualizing connection patterns efficiently in a limited drawing space. The LW represents the hourly connection counts of main ports in a specific IPv4 connection during one day. With the use case dealing with the ChinaVis 2016 Challenge I data, the efficiency and practicability of Owleyes are demonstrated.