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When it comes to data, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. There may be millions of people with the same birthday. But how many also have a dog, drive a red car, and have two kids? The more that data is aggregated, the more identifying, and thus sensitive, it becomes. In recognition of this principle, the law has developed safe harbors for firms that take steps to prevent aggregation of the data they sell. A firm might, for instance, anonymize its data by removing identifying information. But as the science academy has shown, a wide array of de-anonymization techniques largely renders such efforts moot, allowing motivated actors to link data back to its data subject even after data is anonymized. Today, data collection is ubiquitous. Data brokers--firms that collect, process, and sell the data of individuals with whom they have no direct business relationship--are a major player in this ecosystem. Courts have traditionally conceived of the harms that arise from data brokering as discrete harms divorced from other activity occurring in the larger data ecosystem. But that judicial conception overlooks a crucial intuition: the magnitude of harm arising from one broker's activities depends on what data other brokers in the network are selling. De-anonymization techniques often depend on cross-referencing external data to make internal inferences. Furthermore, a motivated actor can purchase multiple datasets from multiple brokers, employ de-anonymization techniques to overcome barriers to aggregation, and aggregate as they please. The consolidated dataset would represent a far larger privacy harm than if those datasets were to be owned in isolation. These "network harms" have thus far been underexplored. In the absence of meaningful legislation, this Comment urges a turn to the courts. Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act empowers the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to prevent "unfair or deceptive acts or practices." In recent years, the FTC has begun to employ these statutory powers to reach the activities of several data brokers. This Comment offers a framework for courts to incorporate network harms in § 5 suits. Doing so would provide a more accurate descriptive account of brokering harms and also extend the reach of the FTC's theories to data brokers whose activities are not grossly negligent but nevertheless harmful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large amounts of iron slag were discovered during archaeological excavations in the late medieval harbour of Hoeke (Municipality of Damme, Belgium), one of the main outer harbours of Bruges. This waste product indicates the presence of 13th‐ to 14th‐century pre‐industrial metalworking activities, such as blacksmithing, which involved the production of iron objects and the repair of ships, as historically documented on this site. Besides the waste products from iron working, fragments of coal were also discovered within the same deposits, both as separate pieces and included in the slags, suggesting that coal was used as a fuel during these activities. This discovery resulted in a multidisciplinary study applying geochemical, palaeontological, and historical analyses that allowed to identify the provenance of the coal (Northumberland‐Durham Coalfield) as well as to provide new insights into maritime coal trade during this period. This work contributes to a deeper understanding of pre‐industrial craft practices in the Bruges harbour system and expands the knowledge of the fuel sources used in the late medieval harbour's iron‐working activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document titled "INDEX OF REVIEWS" from Greece & Rome journal provides a comprehensive list of reviews on various topics related to ancient Greek and Roman history, literature, and culture. The reviews cover a wide range of subjects, including myth, epic poetry, historical narratives, religion, politics, and social aspects of ancient societies. Scholars and researchers interested in exploring diverse perspectives on ancient civilizations will find this index valuable for further study and analysis. [Extracted from the article]

Identification of the geographic origin of invasive species can be critical to effective management and amelioration of negative impacts in the introduced range. Liriomyza huidobrensis is a polyphagous leafmining fly that is a devastating pest of many vegetable and floriculture crops around the world. Considered native to South and possibly Central America, L. huidobrensis became invasive in the 1980s and has since spread to at least 30 countries on five continents. We used phylogeographic analysis of over 2 kb of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I and II sequence data from 403 field‐collected specimens from both native and introduced populations to investigate the geographic origins of invasive L. huidobrensis worldwide. Within South America, there was substantial genetic variation, as well as the strong phylogeographic structure typical of a native range. In contrast, leafminers from the introduced range and Central America all contained little genetic variation and shared the same small set of haplotypes. These haplotypes trace to Peru as the ultimate geographic origin of invasive populations. Central America is rejected as part of the original geographic range of L. huidobrensis. Within Peru, the primary export region of Lima shared an extremely similar pattern of reduced haplotype variation to the invasive populations. An additional 18 specimens collected at US ports of entry did not share the same haplotype profile as contemporary invasive populations, raising perplexing questions on global pathways and establishment success in this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the realm of underwater object detection, conventional methodologies often encounter challenges in accurately identifying and detecting small targets. These difficulties stem primarily from the intricate nature of underwater environments, suboptimal lighting conditions, and the diminutive scale of the targets themselves. To address this persistent challenge, the MarineYOLO network is introduced. This approach involves refining the conventional C2f module into the EC2f module, alongside the integration of the Efficient Multi-scale Attention (EMA) module into YOLOv8. Additionally, the Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) is introduced to further refine the Feature Pyramid Network (FPN), facilitating enhanced feature extraction pertinent to small targets. Furthermore, the conventional CIoU is replaced with Wise-IoU to augment the precision and stability of target localization. Experimental findings demonstrate that MarineYOLO achieves an average precision (AP) of 78.5% on the RUOD dataset and 88.1% on the URPC dataset, marking improvements of 12.2% and 16.8%, respectively, compared to YOLOv8n. As an emerging paradigm in underwater object detection, MarineYOLO harbors significant potential in both practical applications and scholarly endeavors, furnishing an efficacious remedy to the challenges associated with detecting small targets in underwater settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study rigorously assesses emissions from diverse equipment at Dar es Salaam Port, analyzing CO, NOx, SO2, PM10, and POC emissions across various areas. Detailed data collection includes machine specifications, and calculated emission factors that facilitate precise analysis. The research design includes both evaluation of emissions and a strategic phase for optimizing equipment towards reduction. This study employs Mamdani and Sugeno Fuzzy Inference Systems (FIS) to comprehensively analyze emissions from diverse equipment within Dar es Salaam Port. The FIS enhances precision in emission reduction target-setting by considering the intricate parameters, unique to each equipment type. In 2022, the cumulative emissions of CO, NOx, SO2, PM10, and POC amounted to 185,163, 92,908.4, 40,842.4, 8,067.53, and 9,178.614 pounds, respectively, forming a basis for evaluating sustainability initiatives. Strategic interventions are delineated for each equipment type, from advanced technologies for Rubber-Tired Gantry Cranes (RTG) and systematic replacements for Forklifts. Overarching initiatives include regulatory frameworks, alternative fuels, and technology transitions. The FIS models specify emission reduction targets, such as Mamdani proposing a reduction of 12,504.51 pounds of CO from Berthing Tugs, and Sugeno suggesting 3,751.353 pounds. These nuanced recommendations integrate into a strategic roadmap, guiding Dar es Salaam Port towards a sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metagenomic studies have revolutionized the study of novel phages. However these studies trade depth of coverage for breadth. We show that the targeted sequencing of a small region of a phage terminase family can provide sufficient sequence diversity to serve as an individual-specific barcode or a "phageprint", defined as the relative abundance profile of the variants within a terminase family. By collecting ~700 oral samples from ~100 individuals living on multiple continents, we found a consistent trend wherein each individual harbors one or two dominant variants that coexist with numerous low-abundance variants. By tracking phageprints over the span of a month across ten individuals, we observed that phageprints were generally stable, and found instances of concordant temporal fluctuations of variants shared between partners. To quantify these patterns further, we built machine learning models that, with high precision and recall, distinguished individuals even when we eliminated the most abundant variants and further downsampled phageprints to 2% of the remaining variants. Except between partners, phageprints are dissimilar between individuals, and neither country-of-residence, genetics, diet nor cohabitation seem to play a role in the relatedness of phageprints across individuals. By sampling from six different oral sites, we were able to study the impact of millimeters to a few centimeters of separation on an individual's phageprint and found that such limited spatial separation results in site-specific phageprints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Agreement on Port State Measures and follow-up national and regional implementation measures are well-intentioned to build up global resistance to illegal fishing. As the world’s busiest landing and transit hub, China has recently begun to take action to rein in the negative impacts of illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing on its fishing ports. Without treaty ratification and expansive cooperation with other States, that burgeoning effort is nowhere near to greening China’s intrastate and interstate seafood commerce. The widely asserted advantages of information and communication technology signal both an opportunity and challenges for China to overcome its non-ratification and minimal-coordination inertia. Localised and sector-specific trials of electronic monitoring, reporting, and traceability are symbolic of China’s progressive modernisation agenda on fishing port management. Scalability is the next test for electronic port State measures to expand coverage and generate coordinated gains from a holistic closed-loop and information-based paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective ground transportation modes linkage with the seaport plays a crucial role in facilitating smooth cargo movement from marine transportation mode to the inland areas and vice versa. Unlike road transportation, rail linkage is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly option. Inadequate sea rail connectivity within the seaport hampers cargo movement speed and impacts overall port capacity. This systematic review places emphasis on sea rail intermodal transportation at the seaport. The review categorizes and analyses previous research contributions to the sea-rail intermodal transportation system, and is organized into five categories: performance evaluation, problem-solving methodologies, planning issues, factors affecting sea rail intermodal transportation, and enhancement strategies within the context of sea rail intermodal transportation. The study discerns current research patterns and identifies gaps within the existing literature while also offering insights into potential future research avenues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine protected areas (MPAs) can allow some fish populations to rebuild within their borders in areas impacted by overfishing, but the effectiveness of reserves is highly dependent on how effectively fishing mortality is controlled, which in turn depends on the level of fishery management implementation. In Cuba's Gardens of the Queen MPA, the largest in the Caribbean, a variety of fishery management measures have been implemented to ensure the social, economic, and political viability of protecting such a large area. Here, we evaluate the biological response, in terms of fish density and the biomass of commercially valuable and ecologically important reef fish species, to a spatial gradient of fishery management enforcement, in terms of fish density and biomass, of commercially valuable and ecologically important reef fish species. The enforcement gradient is characterized by the level of protection, fishing effort, patrolling effort, distance to the nearest fishing port, and fishing intensity. Fish density and biomass were estimated from visual scuba surveys. Areas with higher levels of enforcement support higher levels of average biomass (up to 1378 kg/ha) and density (up to 2367 indv./ha) of commercially important fishes in comparison to areas with very low or no enforcement (estimates of 757 kg/ha average biomass and 1090 indv./ha average density, respectively). These fish density and biomass levels can serve as proxies in the development of harvest control rules that adjust fishing pressure according to the ratio of fished density or biomass to unfished density or biomass, through the use of the MPA Density Ratio method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to identify continuous water quality changes and identify fluorescence properties from urban rivers to marine zones. Various types of natural and anthropogenic sources derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) have been identified in this study. These include soil‐derived DOM, plant remnants, and soluble particles produced when organic material partially decomposes and is released by microorganisms, such as bacteria, algae, and plants. DOM was characterized using a three‐dimensional excitation–emission matrix (3DEEM), parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC), and water quality parameters from the Buriganga River, Dhaka to Patenga Seaport, Chittagong, along with the Shitalakshya River, a small portion of the Padma River, and the Meghna River. To better understand the data analysis, the study area was divided into three central regions: urban industrial rivers, industrial estuarine rivers, and marine zones. In the urban industrial river, 3DEEM and PARAFAC identified five fluorophores (peaks: A, C, M, T, and Tuv) with five components: detergent‐like, fulvic‐like, tryptophan or protein‐like, fulvic‐like (C‐type), and protein‐like, which might originate from the industrial activities and sewage pollution. In the industrial estuarine river zone, three fluorophores have been identified (peaks: A, C, Tuv) with two known components, namely, fulvic acid (A‐type) and fulvic acid (C‐type), with an unknown photoproduct at Ex/Em = 295/368 (peak Tuv). Components in the industrial river zone may originate from terrestrial sources, indicating vegetation along the river. In the marine zone, four fluorophores have been identified (peaks: Tuv, A, T, C) with two components, that is, protein‐ or tryptophan‐like and humic acid‐like from coral origin. The intensities of both fulvic‐like and protein‐like substances were high in urban industrial river water owing to industrial activity and sewage pollution. SUVA254 suggests high aromaticity in all three regions, whereas the optical properties suggest that terrestrial and microbial components are present in the urban industrial and estuarine rivers. This further indicates that urban industrial river water quality is highly polluted. The lowest degradation potential index (DPI) in the marine zone might result from the presence of the highest number of dissolved solids in the water, and the highest DPI of industrial estuarine rivers explains the comparatively high presence of terrestrial‐derived humic (A)‐ and humic (C)‐like components in the ratio to the unknown photoproduct of mid‐wavelength. Practitioner Points: This study's uniqueness is a 220‐km cruise from an urban river to a coastal seaport to analyze fluorescence properties.The study found that most water parameters were within the DoE standards, except for DO, which was consistently low.3DEEM‐PARAFAC identified five fluorophores linked to detergent, fulvic, and protein‐like substances from sewage and industrial sources.Our study concludes that microbial and terrestrial sources dominate dissolved organic matter in urban, estuarine, and marine regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the use of primary source documents in teaching history and language arts, with a specific focus on the Haymarket Affair of 1886 in Chicago. It emphasizes the importance of examining biases and perspectives through the analysis of primary sources. The article provides examples of different depictions of the bombing and its aftermath, highlighting the potential biases found in historical documents. It also discusses the negative portrayal of anarchists, union workers, and immigrants in public opinion and media coverage at the time. The article further delves into the controversy surrounding monuments erected to commemorate the event, encouraging readers to consider the complexities of historical representation and the impact of monuments on collective memory. [Extracted from the article]

In container transportation by sea, it is crucial to define the transshipment design. Liner operators aim not only to reduce operational costs but also to maximize customer satisfaction. Therefore, selecting a transshipment hub port becomes paramount for achieving efficient transshipment capabilities. The study aims to propose an alternative approach to determine the best transshipment hub port for a northbound container ship entering the Eastern Mediterranean basin through the Suez Channel. The proposed model evaluates the container ports with a novel quantitative method. The choice criteria were weighted with the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method and numerical data acquired with various scientific methods regarding each criterion was used to rank the alternatives based on TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solutions). Additionally, to generate data and utilize it as a criterion a cross-sectional efficiency snapshot regarding the evaluated container ports was also taken using the bootstrap DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis). Thus, as a decision-maker, the line operator can determine the transshipment port quickly using an easily applicable method upon determining the port calls and the schedules. The findings imply that connectivity is the most important criterion for transshipment hub port choice for containerized goods. The location was also considered important for this choice, but to improve transshipment function, the proper way may be to draw beneficial strategies on maritime connectivity. Conversely, capital investments such as superstructure improvement were found to be less critical for an attractive transshipment hub. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the coal industry in the Northeast of England during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries has been the subject of extensive study by historians over many years, most research has focussed mainly on larger centres of the coal trade such as Newcastle upon Tyne and Sunderland. Less well known is the significant contribution to coal exports made by some of the smaller communities and harbours along the Northumberland and Durham coasts. During the latter years of the seventeenth and early years of the eighteenth century the small coastal village of Cullercoats, just North of Tynemouth, became a significant coal and salt exporting port following the development of a colliery at nearby Whitley. Customs records of Cullercoats coal exports were included, as a Lesser Creek, in the Exchequer Port Books of Newcastle upon Tyne. Two Newcastle Exchequer Port Books containing complete records of Cullercoats coastal exports for 1702–1703 and overseas exports for 1698–1699 have survived, these include the names of the people and ships involved and provide a fascinating insight into the impact of the coal trade upon a small coastal port and it's local community. Although its coal trade was relatively short lived, Cullercoats continued to thrive as a flourishing fishing port and during the nineteenth, twentieth and into the twenty-first centuries as a popular holiday resort frequented by many well-known and successful artists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With customers looking for the highest level of services and reduction of cost on international trade of goods, shippers have recently begun to focus on the inland leg of containerized import/export, making the competition advance between 'seaport against seaport' to 'seaport-hinterland against seaport-hinterland'. Bearing this in mind, this paper seeks to assess the logistic costs and the import process time in order to identify how these factors influence seaport-hinterland customer's choice and what is the effect of these factors on the main actors' competitiveness. In terms of time, the findings indicate that dry ports have been operationally more efficient, with customs and delivery process faster than in seaports and extended gates. In terms of cost we have applied Monte-Carlo simulation in a case study in Brazil to assess stochastically the import cost considering multiple actors as options. The study makes practical contributions, showing the cost-efficient zone for each macro region in the studied area and simulating a hypothetical scenario, where multimodal transportation is a delivery option. Lastly, the study makes theoretical contributions, discussing the competitiveness environment in light of the literature, bringing relevant insights to aid customers' and practitioners decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine debris significantly impacts coral ecosystems, especially in regions with high biodiversity like the Sempu Island Nature Reserve in Malang, Indonesia. According to the guidelines of ReefCheck and KLHK 2020, this indepth study looked at the types, amounts, and impacts of marine debris on coral health at five different sites close to the Pondokdadap Coastal Fishing Port. This study employs a belt transect method measuring 100 × 5 meters to systematically collect data. The obtained results indicate that cloth refuse is the most substantial form of waste, accounting for 84.65% of the weight of marine waste. The primary locations for this form of waste are areas with high human activity, particularly those near fishing ports. The impact of marine debris on coral reefs depends on its proximity to human activity, as it exhibits a wide range of density and composition. Millepora, a coral species characterized by its branching structure, was the most severely impacted, with damage levels spanning from 12.07% to 48.65%. This indicates its vulnerability to debris accumulation. The study determined the prevalence of a variety of waste categories, with plastic being the most prevalent. The study also focused on other types of inorganic waste, such as packaging, fishing lines, raffia ropes, rubber (flip-flops and tires), fabric, metal (cans and metal cutlery), glass bottles, and other items, primarily in the port area. The density of debris is an important indicator of the environmental pressure exerted on coral ecosystems. Among the examined locations, the Jetty station displayed the highest concentration of inorganic debris, with a density of 0.100 items/m2. In contrast, Watu Meja Station had the lowest density of inorganic waste at 0.008 items/m2, but the highest concentration of organic waste at 0.066 items/m2. This indicates that there is less human impact but more accumulation of natural refuse. This study highlights the pressing necessity for effective marine waste management strategies, particularly near active ports like Pondokdadap, to mitigate the detrimental effects on coral reefs. The health and sustainability of this critical marine ecosystem can be ensured by reducing refuse accumulation through enhanced waste management protocols and community engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing freight volumes and challenging environments in seaports and container terminals worldwide require streamlined and reliable operations. Digital twins are seen as important drivers of the digitalization in seaports by providing a basis for higher transparency, control and data-driven decision making. In this context, however, the concept is rarely studied, and implementation issues are not comprehensively discussed. The paper presents an exploratory study of digital twins in seaports based on a literature review and case studies. The analysis reveals a standardization deficit for digital twin implementations, an inflationary and improper use of the term digital twin, and fields of research that need to be explored further. The application of optimization methods and the integration of simulation-based optimization in the field of seaports and container terminals is examined, due to its relevance for digital twins. Important lessons learned can be taken from the most advanced implementations, integrating simulations and emulations with optimization methods. An in-depth examination of multiple case studies and discussions with global port leaders yields valuable perspectives on the varied levels of digital twin implementations being applied today, including insights into the most advanced implementations currently being used in ports and container terminals. As a result of the analyses conducted, various research directions and a research agenda are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article advances the historiography of port cities, waterfront trade unionism and imperial solidarity by comparing two distant places that, despite their colonial connections, are rarely juxtaposed: Britain and Australia. It investigates the relationship between the metropole and the periphery via the Great Dock Strike of 1889 in London (a 5-week dispute that ended in victory for the dockers) and the Australian Maritime Strike of 1890 (a 12-week strike that ended in defeat for the workers). This research shows how the responses to the strikes from the other side of the world reflected the characteristics of port cities and their waterfront workers. They were also largely determined by three neglected themes - the extent of colonial ties, the uses of the new telegraph network, and the impact of trade cycles - and how these themes influenced each other. The first theme develops and complicates Bernard Porter's argument that Britons were indifferent towards imperial affairs. On the one hand, this article confirms his position by showing the asymmetry of imperial relations between the outward-looking Australians and the mainly inward-looking Britons. On the other, it demonstrates how imperial connections led to solidarity, and how Britain's working-class leaders embodied an elitist imperial mindset. In doing so, this article draws new parallels between Britain's working-class leaders and colonial administrators. Despite their different roles and educational backgrounds, both groups - imbued with a sense of imperial superiority - demonstrated a similarly paternalistic approach in their work overseas. Therefore, imperial solidarity in port cities is a prism through which the prevalence and impact of the British imperial ethos - a far wider subject - can be illuminated and assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, quantitative and qualitative chromatographic analysis for the content measurements of sediments collected from the Gulf of Aqaba/Jordan-Red Sea and Tripoli Port/Lebanon-Mediterranean Sea, were carried out. Sediment hydrocarbon contents were examined by GC-FID. The outcomes showed that 16 hydrocarbons were quantified and identified. Dotriacontane, tritriacontane, hentriacontane, octacosane, heptacosane, pentatriacontane, docosane, tetracosane, and hexatriacontane displayed the major contents at the Gulf of Aqaba. Regarding Tripoli Port sediments; nonacosane, pentatriacontane, pentacosane, dotriacontane, heptacosane, docosane and tetratriacontane were detected. GC-FID data were exposed to PCA and HCA to reveal: the variations of sediment chemical profiles as a result of geographical areas, to show the hydrocarbons that were responsible for clustering, and finally, to facilitate the future profile prediction and areas clustering of unknown sediments based on their chemical profile. By HCA and PCA, the six sediment-origin samples of Aqaba were classified into three clusters; Industrial area alone due to the distinct content of dotriacontane, tritriacontane, hentriacontane and octacosane, Central Power Station, Tala Bay and Hotel Areas in one cluster which was related to the close content of heptacosane and finally the National Tourist Camp and Marine Science in one cluster since they have pentatriacontane with close levels. Regarding Tripoli Port sediment samples, the two clusters revealed that the Current Waste Dump along with the Wastewater Treatment Plant were grouped together, where the Fishing Port, Tripoli Harbour and the Closed Waste Dump areas were clustered in one group. Nonacosane and pentatriacontane were dominant to separate the Tripoli Harbour, Fishing Port area and the Closed Waste Dump, where pentacosane, dotriacontane, heptacosane, docosane and tetratriacontane were responsible to isolate the Wastewater Treatment Plant and the Current Waste Dump together. Classification of sediments based on GC-FID profile will accelerate the future profile prediction and origin-clustering of unknown sediment based on their profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Where are the harbour structures of the thriving Hellenistic and Roman city of Dor? Recent underwater and coastal surveys and excavations, together with geoarchaeological and geophysical studies, provide strong evidence of the devastating impact of a sea level rise in Hellenistic Dor, as well as of recovery and renewed resilience in the Roman Period. This evidence includes two previously unknown new harbour installations: a very large maritime structure, tentatively identified as a Roman quay (in the North Bay), and a Hellenistic coastal fortification system protecting an anchorage (in the South Bay). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary scholarship has frequently translated 'λιμήν κλϵιστός' – an expression occasionally appearing in ancient Greek written sources – in different ways, while putting forward several suggestions for its interpretation. Although this topic has aroused the interest of several scholars over the past decades, a thorough analysis aimed at understanding not only the term's origin and use, but also its possible diachronic evolution has yet to be performed. Accordingly, this paper performs the first comprehensive analysis on the term, providing a new definition that also explores the possible repercussions that the developments in naval sieges could have had on its meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large vessels that call at European ports will have to pay for their CO2 emissions from transporting cargo that enters or goes from a European port since January 2024. The costs will increase with increasing global trade. This results in a higher pollution level, including greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions like CO2. Based on the gravity model embedded in a global supply chain, we developed a model to evaluate maritime transport pollution in case a new, sufficiently large container port becomes operational. Additionally, we consider how lousy railway connections to European customers increase transportation costs and pollution. The approach to the well-connected sequences of gravity models in the intercontinental maritime chains evaluates the differences in quantities of cargo between ports when a new port is opened, and the waiting time does not change. We also highlight that poor rail connections can reduce this positive effect. We showed how it is possible to estimate the optimal capacity of a new port with a multi-level gravity model and how this would affect the pollution around the port and on the routes from the port to the final consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Responding to the polarized view of artists either being displaced or co-opted in urban regeneration, this paper unveils a middle ground in which artists also act as partners or co-producers in these processes. We illustrate this intermediary role in property development processes with reference to a case study of the Seaport Innovation District in Boston by drawing upon a survey of resident artists and interviews with artists, planners, architects and economic development specialists. The paper makes two contributions to the literature. It offers a fresh look at the dialectical relationship between cultural and economic modes of production by more fully integrating consideration of artists’ sensibilities and practice with those of a host of built environment disciplinary practices including architects, planners and real estate developers. As a result, it extends extant analysis of urban regeneration-led gentrification from its urban planning, geography and sociology disciplinary roots into the disciplines of architecture and real estate. Our findings lead onto a research agenda centered on consideration of the intermediary roles played by creative and cultural sector actors and how creativity might be captured to positive effect, in the production of the built environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detection of harbors presents difficulties related to their diverse sizes, varying morphology and scattering, and complex backgrounds. To avoid the extraction of unstable geometric features, in this paper, we propose an unsupervised harbor detection method for polarimetric SAR images using context features and polarimetric reflection symmetry. First, the image is segmented into three region types, i.e., water low-scattering regions, strong-scattering urban regions, and other regions, based on a multi-region Markov random field (MRF) segmentation method. Second, by leveraging the fact that harbors are surrounded by water on one side and a large number of buildings on the other, the coastal narrow-band area is extracted from the low-scattering regions, and the harbor regions of interest (ROIs) are determined by extracting the strong-scattering regions from the narrow-band area. Finally, by using the scattering reflection asymmetry of harbor buildings, harbors are identified based on the global threshold segmentation of the horizontal, vertical, and circular co- and cross-polarization correlation powers of the extracted ROIs. The effectiveness of the proposed method was validated with experiments on RADARSAT-2 quad-polarization images of Zhanjiang, Fuzhou, Lingshui, and Dalian, China; San Francisco, USA; and Singapore. The proposed method had high detection rates and low false detection rates in the complex coastal environment scenarios studied, far outperforming the traditional spatial harbor detection method considered for comparison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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AbstractResearch on cargomobilities has emphasised containerisation, algorithmic management, and the cost-driven calculus of logistics firms. Less visible is the necessary human labour that coordinates cargomobilities in challenging environments—for example, those workers who manoeuvre ships at seaports. In response, we take to the water to learn how ports function as spaces of everyday mobilities work. We follow a day in the working life of marine pilots—a specialist, locally-based workforce who board foreign-flagged ships to dock them safely. Their labour process is, we argue, a form of choreography: executing motions in correspondence with other workers, infrastructures, vessels, and environmental forces. Increasingly volatile oceanic conditions require technical knowledge of ships and guiding equipment, plus deep place-based knowledge of port idiosyncrasies and responsiveness to elemental forces—working with rather than against swell and wind, tides, channels, and weather. While global shipping becomes ever more cutthroat in pursuit of efficiencies, marine pilots choreograph mobilities with respect for earthly forces and the bulk and power of ships and seas, and thus perform the necessary infrastructural labour that offsets risk. Amidst worsening environmental hazards, we offer choreography as an analytical frame to centre the work, workers, collaboration, and more-than-human interactions underpinning mobilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clean water is one of the main requirements of the people that utilize the Nizam Zachman Jakarta Ocean Fishing Port (PPSNZJ). The significant demand for water supply at the port has made the management pay more attention to the quantity and quality of clean water provided. The issues related to clean water faced by PPSNZ include complaints from users about the availability and quality of clean water. This study aims to calculate the demand, availability, and criticality index of clean water to support operational activities at Nizam Zachman Fishing Port and to assess the quality of clean water used at the port. A case study with purposive respondents provides the research methodolog. The data analysis applied both STORET analysis and the water criticality index. The research results indicate that the demand for clean water at PPSNZ is 861,478.1278 m3, the availability of clean water is 885,766.9 m3, and the percentage of clean water criticality at PPSNZ is 103%. This means that the clean water in the PPSNZ area does not experience a water crisis, and it adequately meets the needs of the area's users. The quality of clean water at PPSNZ, based on the STORET calculation, shows good quality with a score of 0, in accordance with the clean water quality standards set by the Minister of Health Regulation No. 492/Menkes/Per/IV/2010 regarding clean water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pacific Seabream, Acanthopagrus pacificus, is a popular marine fish from the Sparidae family. This species is an economically essential fisheries commodity in the south-coast Java, Indonesia. However, limited studies are available on A. pacificus in Indonesia. Only two studies reported the presence of A. pacificus in South-Coast Java. No study has been carried out on the biology of A. pacificus from south-coast Java. Therefore, biological studies of A. pacificus are needed, including genetic diversity studies. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity of A. pacificus in South-Coast Java using the cytochrome c oxidase gene. Fish samples were bought from Bantul Fishing Harbor, Yogyakarta, Panganadaran Fishing Port, Bojongsalawe Fish Auction Center, West Java, and Binuangeun Fishing Harbor in Lebak Regency, Banten. The genetic marker was processed in PT. Genetika Science Indonesia follows the company procedure. Haplotype and nucleotide diversity were calculated mathematically using Arlequin software. The result showed that polymorphic loci were only 1.3%, indicating low polymorphisms. A. pacificus showed haplotype and nucleotide diversities of 0.511±0.110 and 0.15%±0.12%, respectively. Those values indicated low genetic diversity. This study concluded that the A. pacificus population in South-Coast Java showed low genetic diversity. This study provides the first data about the genetic diversity of A. pacificus in South-Coast Java, which is essential data for fisheries management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the relevant basic data of port area and fishing port in Nantong coastal zones, the navigation safety risk of commercial vessels and fishing vessels in Xiaomiaohong Channel was analyzed, and the layout scheme of route of fishing vessel and precautionary area was discussed. The results show that the turning section of Sanjiasha South Channel, which coincides with the habitual route of fishing vessels in Dongzao Fishing Port, has large cross-flow and complex navigation conditions, and the navigation safety risk is relatively high. The route of fishing vessel along the natural inlets on the east side of channel or the relocation scheme of Dongzao Fishing Port can be considered. There is a certain navigation safety risk in the intersection of the habitual route of fishing vessels in L俟si Central Fishing Port and Haozhi Port with Xiaomiaohong Channel. Precautionary areas can be set up to guide the navigation order and improve the navigation environment at the intersection of commercial vessels and fishing vessels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Denmark has set a target of 4–6 GW electrolysis capacity by 2030, of which a part of the produced hydrogen is to be used for export, while the rest could be transformed further into electrofuels. The North Denmark Region has favourable conditions for the production of carbon-based fuels. The region has high availability of CO2 sources and a strategic position for establishing CO2 hubs in the local harbours that could support biogenic CO2 availability in the future. This paper investigates the potential of the region for exporting e-methanol through 22 energy system scenarios and the impacts on the energy system if this is to be realised by 2030 and 2045, when Denmark is expected to achieve its national climate goals. The analysis highlights the significant potential of this region to contribute to e-methanol production not only to meet the regional demand for methanol for marine transport and aviation but also for export to the rest of Denmark or beyond Danish borders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theme of networks is at the forefront of studies on plural policing, but concepts, typologies and theories focus more on collaborations than on conflicts. Based on a case study of the largest port complex in South America, the Brazilian port of Santos, this article proposes a theoretical framework for understanding capital struggles in security networks. It explores how struggles emerge from dynamics in which the network is at stake, such as membership and principles, or the forms of capital within it, which are claimed, contested, disputed or abdicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI) is the most prominent nation with an archipelago. Indonesia has an area of 8,300,000 km2, with 16,056 islands registered. Indonesia's coastline reaches 108,000 km2, the second longest in the world. According to that, Indonesia needs well-developed and efficiently managed seaports. The number of seaports, according to the National Port Master Plan, is 636 Ports, of which the government operates 566 Ports as public ports (Non-Commercial Ports). The utilization of this port is shallow because an adequate market or hinterland does not support it. Non-commercial ports managed by the government must innovate to finance port operations and maintenance of port facilities. Innovations and breakthroughs can be made by improving port governance and optimizing the port service business. Improving port business processes to increase the optimization and utilization of ports requires port development strategies that must be formulated precisely. Port development strategies involve the identification of typologies and mapping the level of utilization of non-commercial ports based on typologies; This study uses machine learning methods to answer research objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global seaport network efficiency can be measured using the Liner Shipping Connectivity Index (LSCI) with Gross Domestic Product. This paper utilizes k-means and hierarchical strategies by leveraging the results obtained from Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Fuzzy Data Envelopment Analysis (FDEA) to cluster 133 countries based on their seaport network efficiency scores. Previous studies have explored hkmeans clustering for traffic, maritime transportation management, swarm optimization, vessel trajectory prediction, vessels behaviours, vehicular ad hoc network etc. However, there remains a notable absence of clustering research specifically addressing the efficiency of global seaport networks. This research proposed hkmeans as the best strategy for the seaport network efficiency clustering where our four newly founded clusters; low connectivity (LC), medium connectivity (MC), high connectivity (HC) and very high connectivity (VHC) are new applications in the field. Using the hkmeans algorithm, 24 countries have been clustered under LC, 47 countries under MC, 40 countries under HC and 22 countries under VHC. With and without a fuzzy dataset distribution, this demonstrates that the hkmeans clustering is consistent and practical to form grouping of general data types. The findings of this research can be useful for researchers, authorities, practitioners and investors in guiding their future analysis, decision and policy makings involving data grouping and prediction especially in the maritime economy and transportation industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open-Path Fourier Transform InfraRed (OP-FTIR) spectroscopy is an established technique used to measure boundary layer trace gas concentrations, consisting (in this work) of a spectrometer with an active mid-IR source coupled to a single transmitting and receiving telescope, and a cube-corner retroreflector array separated from the spectrometer and telescope by an atmospheric path. The detection limit is directly proportional to the optical path length in the atmosphere, which controls target gas spectral absorption depth; however, open-path beam divergence can lead to overfilling of the distant retroreflector array for one-way paths greater than ~300 m (details depend on specifics of spectrometer and telescope optics, plus array size), resulting in decreased returning radiation at the detector. In this case, the absorption signature of the target gas increases, but the signal to noise ratio of the recorded spectrum decreases. We present the results of theoretical spectral simulations for formaldehyde (HCHO) that show how path length, interfering water concentration, and HCHO target concentration affect the expected differential absorption spectrum of the HCHO target. We demonstrate that two-way path lengths > ~300 m are necessary for robust HCHO spectral signatures (at typical random plus systematic noise levels). Next, we present the results of two field experiments where the retroreflector array area was increased to collect a larger fraction of returning radiation, at two-way path lengths ranging from 50 m to 1300 m. We demonstrate that the larger retroreflector array resulted in a smaller decrease in the signal-to-noise ratio as a function of measurement path, ~1.5 m−1 for the larger array as compared to ~3.6 m−1 for the smaller array. Finally, we perform retrievals of HCHO concentrations from spectra collected at the same field site and path length in Halifax Harbour during 2018 and 2021, with a smaller and a larger retroreflector array, respectively. We demonstrate that retrievals based on larger retroreflector array spectra exhibit higher precision (average standard deviation of 0.352 ppb for 2021 and 0.678 ppb for 2018 in hourly formaldehyde data bins over two days), even though systematic errors remain in the fitted spectra, due to water vapour. Where systematic fitting errors in interfering species are significant, a longer path may not be optimal for a given target gas, leading instead to biased retrievals; moreover, at very long pathlengths signal-to-noise ratio decreases with increasing water vapour conditions due to broadband spectrum signal reduction effects in water-saturated regions. We discuss factors to consider in the choice of path length and retroreflector array size in open-path FTIR spectroscopy, which must be made with care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document discusses recent public procurement developments in Greece from the perspective of a national judge. It highlights the findings of the Court of Audit regarding substantive defects in public contracts, such as the justification of exceptional procedures, selection criteria, and the modification of concession contracts. The document also delves into a specific case involving the privatisation of a major Greek port and the legal issues surrounding the bidding process, ultimately leading to a judgment by the Greek Council of State. [Extracted from the article]