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1. A Low-Dissipation and Scalable GEMM Accelerator with Silicon Nitride Photonics

Author

Karempudi, Venkata Sai Praneeth, Vatsavai, Sairam Sri, Thakkar, Ishan, Alo, Oluwaseun Adewunmi, Hastings, Jeffrey Todd, and Woods, Justin Scott

Subjects
Computer Science - Hardware Architecture, Computer Science - Emerging Technologies, Computer Science - Performance, Physics - Optics
Abstract

Over the past few years, several microring resonator (MRR)-based analog photonic architectures have been proposed to accelerate general matrix-matrix multiplications (GEMMs), which are found in abundance in deep learning workloads.These architectures have dramatically grown in popularity because they offer exceptional throughput and energy efficiency compared to their electronic counterparts. However, such architectures, due to their traditional realization based on the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) material platform, face two shortcomings. First, the high-index contrast of the SOI platform incurs high scattering losses, which mandates the provisioning of high optical input power.Second, SOI waveguides are susceptible to two-photon absorption, which can incur substantial optical signal losses at moderate-to-high signal fan-in. These shortcomings have severely detrimental effects on the achievable parallelism, throughput, and energy efficiency of SOI MRR-based GEMM accelerators. To address these shortcomings, we present a novel Silicon Nitride (SiN)-Based Photonic GEMM Accelerator called SiNPhAR. SiNPhAR architecture employs SiN-based active and passive devices to implement analog GEMM functions. Since the SiN material exhibits lower index contrast and no TPA, the optical signal losses in our SiNPhAR architecture are very low. This advantage significantly enhances the achievable processing parallelism, throughput, and energy efficiency of SiNPhAR architecture, compared to SOI-based photonic GEMM accelerators from prior work. We quantify and compare these benefits of SiNPhAR architecture via our cross-layer evaluation for a benchmark workload comprising four modern deep neural network models. From the system-level performance analysis, SiNPhAR demonstrates at least 1.7x better throughput FPS while consuming at least 2.8x better energy efficiency (FPS/W) than prior SOI-based GEMM accelerators., Comment: To Appear at ISQED 2024

Published
2024

2. A Silicon Nitride Microring Modulator for High-Performance Photonic Integrated Circuits

Author

Karempudi, Venkata Sai Praneeth, Thakkar, Ishan G, and Hastings, Jeffrey Todd

Subjects
Physics - Optics, Computer Science - Emerging Technologies, Physics - Applied Physics
Abstract

The use of the Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) platform has been prominent for realizing CMOS-compatible, high-performance photonic integrated circuits (PICs). But in recent years, the silicon-nitride-on-silicon-dioxide (SiN-on-SiO$_2$) platform has garnered increasing interest as an alternative, because of its several beneficial properties over the SOI platform, such as low optical losses, high thermo-optic stability, broader wavelength transparency range, and high tolerance to fabrication-process variations. However, SiN-on-SiO$_2$ based active devices, such as modulators, are scarce and lack in desired performance due to the absence of free-carrier-based activity in the SiN material and the complexity of integrating other active materials with SiN-on-SiO$_2$ platform. This shortcoming hinders the SiN-on-SiO$_2$ platform for realizing active PICs. To address this shortcoming, in this article, we demonstrate a SiN-on-SiO$_2$ microring resonator (MRR) based active modulator. Our designed MRR modulator employs an Indium-Tin-Oxide (ITO)-SiO$_2$-ITO thin-film stack as the active upper cladding and leverages the free-carrier assisted, high-amplitude refractive index change in the ITO films to affect a large electro-refractive optical modulation in the device. Based on the electrostatic, transient, and finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations, conducted using photonics foundry-validated tools, we show that our modulator achieves 450 pm/V resonance modulation efficiency, $\sim$46.2 GHz 3-dB modulation bandwidth, 18 nm free-spectral range (FSR), 0.24 dB insertion loss, and 8.2 dB extinction ratio for optical on-off-keying (OOK) modulation at 30 Gb/s., Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2212.06326

Published
2023

3. A Polymorphic Electro-Optic Logic Gate for High-Speed Reconfigurable Computing Circuits

Author

Karempudi, Venkata Sai Praneeth, Vatsavai, Sairam Sri, Thakkar, Ishan, and Hastings, Jeffrey Todd

Subjects
Computer Science - Emerging Technologies, Physics - Optics
Abstract

In the wake of dwindling Moore's law, integrated electro-optic (E-O) computing circuits have shown revolutionary potential to provide progressively faster and more efficient hardware for computing. The E-O circuits for computing from the literature can operate with minimal latency at high bit-rates. However, they face shortcomings due to their operand handling complexity, non-amortizable high area and static power overheads, and general unsuitability for large-scale integration on reticle-limited chips. To alleviate these shortcomings, in this paper, we present a microring resonator (MRR) based polymorphic E-O logic gate (MRR-PEOLG) that can be dynamically programmed to implement different logic functions at different times. Our MRR-PEOLG can provide compactness and polymorphism to E-O circuits, to consequently improve their operand handling and amortization of area and static power overheads. We model our MRR-PEOLG using photonics foundry-validated tools to perform frequency and time-domain analysis of its polymorphic logic functions. Our evaluation shows that the use of our MRR-PEOLG in two E-O circuits from prior works can reduce their area-energy-delay product by up to 82.6$\times$. A tutorial on the modeling and simulation of our MRR-PEOLG, along with related codes and files, is available on https://github.com/uky-UCAT/MRR-PEOLG.

Published
2023

4. A Silicon Nitride Microring Based High-Speed, Tuning-Efficient, Electro-Refractive Modulator

Author

Karempudi, Venkata Sai Praneeth, Thakkar, Ishan G, and Hastings, Jeffrey Todd

Subjects
Physics - Optics, Physics - Applied Physics
Abstract

The use of the Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) platform has been prominent for realizing CMOS-compatible, high-performance photonic integrated circuits (PICs). But in recent years, the silicon-nitride-on-silicon-dioxide (SiN-on-SiO$_2$) platform has garnered increasing interest as an alternative to the SOI platform for realizing high-performance PICs. This is because of its several beneficial properties over the SOI platform, such as low optical losses, high thermo-optic stability, broader wavelength transparency range, and high tolerance to fabrication-process variations. However, SiN-on-SiO$_2$ based active devices such as modulators are scarce and lack in desired performance, due to the absence of free-carrier based activity in the SiN material and the complexity of integrating other active materials with SiN-on-SiO$_2$ platform. This shortcoming hinders the SiN-on-SiO$_2$ platform for realizing active PICs. To address this shortcoming, we demonstrate a SiN-on-SiO$_2$ microring resonator (MRR) based active modulator in this article. Our designed MRR modulator employs an Indium-Tin-Oxide (ITO)-SiN-ITO thin-film stack, in which the ITO thin films act as the upper and lower claddings of the SiN MRR. The ITO-SiN-ITO thin-film stack leverages the free-carrier assisted, high-amplitude refractive index change in the ITO films to effect a large electro-refractive optical modulation in the device. Based on the electrostatic, transient, and finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulations, conducted using photonics foundry-validated tools, we show that our modulator achieves 280 pm/V resonance modulation efficiency, 67.8 GHz 3-dB modulation bandwidth, $\sim$19 nm free-spectral range (FSR), $\sim$0.23 dB insertion loss, and 10.31 dB extinction ratio for optical on-off-keying (OOK) modulation at 30 Gb/s.

Published
2022

5. Photon‐counting MCP/Timepix detectors for soft X‐ray imaging and spectroscopic applications

Author

Tremsin, Anton S, Vallerga, John V, Siegmund, Oswald HW, Woods, Justin, De Long, Lance E, Hastings, Jeffrey T, Koch, Roland J, Morley, Sophie A, Chuang, Yi-De, and Roy, Sujoy

Subjects
Bioengineering, soft X-ray detectors, photon counting, microchannel plates, X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy, Timepix, Condensed Matter Physics, Optical Physics, Physical Chemistry (incl. Structural), Biophysics
Abstract

Detectors with microchannel plates (MCPs) provide unique capabilities to detect single photons with high spatial (

Published
2021

6. A Hybrid Achromatic Metalens

Author

Balli, Fatih, Sultan, Mansoor A., Lami, Sarah K., and Hastings, Jeffrey T.

Subjects
Physics - Optics
Abstract

Metamaterials and metasurfaces are widely used to manipulate electromagnetic waves over a broad range of wavelengths. Several recent efforts have focused on metalenses, ultra-thin optical elements that focus light using subwavelength structures. Compared to their refractive counterparts, metalenses offer reduced size and weight, improved manufacturability, and new functionality such as polarization control. However, metalenses that correct chromatic aberration also suffer from markedly reduced focusing efficiency. Here we introduce a Hybrid Achromatic Metalens (HAML), that overcomes this trade-off and offers improved focusing efficiency over a broad wavelength range from 1000 - 1800 nm. Fabricated HAMLs demonstrated diffraction limited performance for numerical apertures (NA) of 0.27, 0.11, and 0.06 with average focusing efficiencies $> 60\%$ and maximum efficiencies ~ $ 80\%$. HAMLs can be designed by combining recursive ray-tracing and simulated phase libraries rather than computational intensive global search algorithms. Moreover, HAMLs can be fabricated in low-refractive index materials using multi-photon lithography for customization or using molding for mass production., Comment: 20 pages, 7 figures

Published
2019
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8. Long-term outcomes after catheter-based renal artery denervation for resistant hypertension: final follow-up of the randomised SYMPLICITY HTN-3 Trial

Author

Bhatt, Deepak L, Bakris, George, Cohen, Sidney A, D'Agostino, Ralph, Esler, Murray, Flack, John, Kandzari, David E, Katzen, Barry, Leon, Martin, Mauri, Laura, Negoita, Manuela, Oparil, Suzanne, Rocha-Singh, Krishna, Townsend, Ray, Abbud, Ziad, Addo, Tayo, Anderson, David, Angle, John, Aronow, Herbert, Babaev, Anvar, Benzuly, Keith, Brar, Somjot, Brown, David, Calhoun, David, Casale, Paul, Chaffer, Sheldon, Choi, James, Chung, Eugene, Cohen, Debbie L, Creager, Mark, Dangas, George, Dauerman, Harold, David, Shukri, Davies, Mark, de Marchena, Eduardo, Denktas, Ali E, Devireddy, Chandan, Downey, William, Dunlap, Mark, Fisher, Daniel, Ghali, Magdi, Gnall, Eric, Gollapudi, Raghava, Goodwin, Mark, Goswami, Nilesh, Gruberg, Luis, Gulati, Rajiv, Gupta, Anuj, Gupta, Anjan, Gurm, Hitinder, Hastings, Jeffrey, Kinlay, Scott, Kipperman, Robert, Buchbinder, Maurice, Kirtane, Ajay, Kovach, Richard, Lee, David, Mann, Samuel, Marso, Steven, Matar, Fadi, Mazzaferri, Ernest, Mandelsohn, Farrel, Moussa, Issam, Murphy, Timothy, Nathan, Sandeep, Negus, Brian, Parikh, Sahil, Patel, Manesh, Patel, Kirikumar, Paulus, Basil, Petrossian, George, Powell, Alex, Preibisz, Jacek, Rader, Florian, Randall, Otelio, Razavi, Mahmood, Reilly, John, Reiner, Jonathan, Ring, Michael, Robbins, Mark, Rogers, Kevin, Ruggiero, Nicolas, Santos, Renato, Little, William, Schindler, John, Scott, Thomas, Shimshak, Thomas, Shishehbor, Mehdi, Silver, Mitchel, Singh, Jasvindar, Singh, Kanwar, Slovut, David, Stoufer, Rick G, Teirsten, Paul, Todoran, Thomas, Vetrovec, George, Waksman, Ron, Wang, Yale, Waxman, Sergio, Wilkins, Robert, Ziada, Khaled, Zidar, Frank, Vaduganathan, Muthiah, Leon, Martin B, Townsend, Raymond R, Katzen, Barry T, Brar, Sandeep, DeBruin, Vanessa, Fahy, Martin, and Bakris, George L

Published
2022
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10. Investigating the Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) Therapy in the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Model of HIV/AIDS

Author

Hastings, Jeffrey

Subjects
Virology, Immunology, HIV, Mesenchymal Stem Cells, SIV
Abstract

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are stromal stem cells that can maintain tissue homeostasis, modulate inflammatory responses, and potentially enhance tissue repair. Given their immunomodulatory functions, these cells could play a role in the repair of the virally inflamed and functionally damaged gut. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) caused severe CD4+ T-cell depletion and epithelial barrier disruption and impaired mucosal immunity. Using the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) model of HIV/AIDS, MSC treatment was previously shown to inhibit SIV replication, restore CD4+ T-cell levels and CD8+ T-cell levels in the periphery and the gut, and enhance B-cell and antibody responses in the gut of SIV-infected rhesus macaques. However, the beneficial effects of MSC in the context of antiretroviral therapy (ART) are not well investigated. We propose that MSC can reverse SIV/HIV-induced gut mucosal damage, reduce SIV/HIV loads, and enhance antiviral immune defenses in HIV and SIV infections during ART. In this longitudinal study, the effects of MSC therapy in SIV-infected and ART-treated rhesus macaques were studied to investigate whether MSC treatment leads to an additional decrease in SIV loads, enhanced antiviral immunity, and rapid immune recovery and reconstitution during ART. Over the course of the study, a group of SIV-infected and ART-treated rhesus macaques was given three intravenous infusions of bone-marrow-derived rhesus macaque MSCs, and another SIV-infected and ART-treated rhesus macaque group was given saline as a form of negative control. The SIV loads and the levels of T-cell subpopulations from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and lamina propria lymphocytes (LPLs) were measured via qRT-PCR and flow cytometry, respectively, to understand how MSC treatment affects SIV loads and specific T-cell subpopulation levels, especially the peripheral and gut CD4+ T-cells levels, during SIV infection and ART. Based on the results of the study, the ART resulted in profound suppression of viral replication and decreased viral loads. MSC treatment did not cause any further decrease in plasma SIV loads during ART. However, MSC treatment resulted in higher CD4+ T-cell levels in the peripheral blood of SIV-infected animals receiving ART. Initial evaluation of the gut CD4+ T-cell levels during early time points did not show significant changes due to MS treatment. Our data show that MSC treatment had a positive effect on increasing CD4+ T-cell levels in the peripheral blood during ART, suggesting that MSC had a beneficial effect on the restoration of T-cell numbers and immunity in addition to the immune restoration due to the ART-mediated viral suppression. These findings highlight the need of investigating the long-term effects of MSC treatment on CD4+ T-cell restoration and antiviral immunity.

Published
2023

13. An ultrabroadband 3D achromatic metalens

Author

Balli Fatih, Sultan Mansoor A., Ozdemir Aytekin, and Hastings Jeffrey Todd

Subjects
achromat, metalens, nanohole, two-photon lithography, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

We design and fabricate ultra-broadband achromatic metalenses operating from the visible into the short-wave infrared, 450–1700 nm, with diffraction-limited performance. A hybrid 3D architecture, which combines nanoholes with a phase plate, allows realization in low refractive index materials. As a result, two-photon lithography can be used for prototyping while molding can be used for mass production. Experimentally, a 0.27 numerical aperture (NA) metalens exhibits 60% average focusing efficiency and 6% maximum focal length error over the entire bandwidth. In addition, a 200 μm diameter, 0.04 NA metalens was used to demonstrate achromatic imaging over the same broad spectral range. These results show that 3D metalens architectures yield excellent performance even using low-refractive index materials, and that two-photon lithography can produce metalenses operating at visible wavelengths.

Published
2021
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15. A Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Cardiac Contractility Modulation

Author

Abraham, William T., Kuck, Karl-Heinz, Goldsmith, Rochelle L., Lindenfeld, JoAnn, Reddy, Vivek Y., Carson, Peter E., Mann, Douglas L., Saville, Benjamin, Parise, Helen, Chan, Rodrigo, Wiegn, Phi, Hastings, Jeffrey L., Kaplan, Andrew J., Edelmann, Frank, Luthje, Lars, Kahwash, Rami, Tomassoni, Gery F., Gutterman, David D., Stagg, Angela, Burkhoff, Daniel, and Hasenfuß, Gerd

Published
2018
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19. Optical coherence tomography findings after chronic total occlusion interventions: Insights from the “AngiographiC evaluation of the everolimus-eluting stent in chronic Total occlusions” (ACE-CTO) study (NCT01012869)

Author

Sherbet, Daniel P., Christopoulos, Georgios, Karatasakis, Aris, Danek, Barbara Anna, Kotsia, Anna, Navara, Rachita, Michael, Tesfaldet T., Roesle, Michele, Rangan, Bavana V., Haagen, Donald, Garcia, Santiago, Maniu, Calin, Pershad, Ashish, Abdullah, Shuaib M., Hastings, Jeffrey L., Kumbhani, Dharam J., Luna, Michael, Addo, Tayo, Banerjee, Subhash, and Brilakis, Emmanouil S.

Published
2016
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26. Angiographic success and procedural complications in patients undergoing retrograde percutaneous coronary chronic total occlusion interventions: A weighted meta-analysis of 3482 patients from 26 studies

Author

El Sabbagh, Abdallah, Patel, Vishal G., Jeroudi, Omar M., Michael, Tesfaldet T., Alomar, Mohammed E., Mogabgab, Owen, Fuh, Eric, Roesle, Michele, Rangan, Bavana V., Abdullah, Shuaib, Hastings, Jeffrey L., Grodin, Jerrold, Kumbhani, Dharam J., Alexopoulos, Dimitrios, Fasseas, Panayotis, Banerjee, Subhash, and Brilakis, Emmanouil S.

Published
2014
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28. A Randomized Comparison of the Transradial and Transfemoral Approaches for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Angiography and Intervention: The RADIAL-CABG Trial (RADIAL Versus Femoral Access for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Angiography and Intervention)

Author

Michael, Tesfaldet T., Alomar, Mohammed, Papayannis, Aristotelis, Mogabgab, Owen, Patel, Vishal G., Rangan, Bavana V., Luna, Michael, Hastings, Jeffrey L., Grodin, Jerrold, Abdullah, Shuaib, Banerjee, Subhash, and Brilakis, Emmanouil S.

Published
2013
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30. Experimental and theoretical investigation of waveguided plasmonic surface lattice resonances

Author

Ugulen, Håvard Stavn, Flatabø, Ranveig, Sultan, Mansoor A., Hastings, Jeffrey T., and Greve, Martin Møller

Abstract

Plasmonic nanostructures are good candidates for refractive index sensing applications through the surface plasmon resonance due to their strong dependence on the surrounding dielectric media. However, typically low quality-factor limits their application in sensing devices. To improve the quality-factor, we have experimentally and theoretically investigated two-dimensional gold nanoparticle gratings situated on top of a waveguide. The coupling between the localized surface plasmon and waveguide modes results in Fano-type resonances, with high quality-factors, very similar to plasmonic surface lattice resonances. By combining plasmonic surface lattice resonance and waveguide theory, we present a theoretical framework describing the structures. By immersing the fabricated samples in three different media we find a sensitivity of ∼50 nm/RIU and figure of merit of 8.9, and demonstrate good agreement with the theory presented. Further analysis show that the sensitivity is very dependent on the waveguide parameters, grating constant and the dielectric environment, and by tuning these parameters we obtain a theoretical sensitivity of 887 nm/RIU.

Published
2022

39. A forty-year follow-up of the Dallas Bed Rest and Training Study: the effect of age on the cardiovascular response to exercise in men

Author

McGavock, Jonathan M., Hastings, Jeffrey L., Snell, Peter G., McGuire, Darren K., Pacini, Eric L., Levine, Benjamin D., and Mitchell, Jere H.

Subjects
Exercise -- Demographic aspects, Exercise -- Health aspects, Bed rest -- Health aspects, Bed rest -- Demographic aspects, Aging -- Demographic aspects, Aging -- Health aspects, Cardiovascular system -- Demographic aspects, Cardiovascular system -- Health aspects, Cardiopulmonary system -- Demographic aspects, Cardiopulmonary system -- Health aspects, Aged men -- Physiological aspects, Aged men -- Health aspects, Cardiac output -- Research, Men -- Health aspects, Men -- Research, Health, Seniors
Abstract

Background. In 1966, five 20-year-old men underwent a comprehensive physiological evaluation of the capacity for adaptation of the cardiovascular system in response to 3 weeks of bed rest and 8 weeks of heavy endurance training; these same participants were reevaluated before and after training at the age of 50. The aim of the present study was to reexamine these same men 40 years following the original assessments. Methods and Results. In all three studies, minute ventilation and expired gases were analyzed during exercise testing with Douglas bag collection. Cardiac output (CO) was determined using the acetylene rebreathing technique. Compared with the original 30-year interval, the decline in maximal oxygen uptake (V[O.sub.2max]) (-11% vs -25%), maximal CO (+6% vs -11%), and maximal stroke volume (+10% vs -10%) were greater between 50 and 60 years of age. The annualized decline in V[O.sub.2max] (55 mL/min/y) between ages 50 and 60 was approximately fourfold higher than the decline between 20 and 50 years (12 mL/min/y). Conclusions. In the original five participants of the Dallas Bed Rest and Training Study, V[O.sub.2max] declined after 40 years of living due to a balanced decrease in central and peripheral determinants of oxygen uptake. The rate of decline in V[O.sub.2max] and its components accelerated after the age of 50 years secondary to age and clinical comorbidities. The net proportional decline in V[O.sub.2max] for a period of 40 years of life was comparable with that experienced after 3 weeks of strict bed rest at the age of 20 (27% vs 26%, respectively). Key Words: Maximal oxygen uptake--Cardiac output--Arteriovenous oxygen difference--Longitudinal.

Published
2009

40. Evidence for unloading arterial baroreceptors during low levels of lower body negative pressure in humans

Author

Fu, Qi, Shibata, Shigeki, Hastings, Jeffrey L., Prasad, Anand, Palmer, M. Dean, and Levine, Benjamin D.

Subjects
Reflexes -- Evaluation, Heart beat -- Measurement, Cardiovascular system -- Research, Blood pressure -- Measurement, Blood pressure -- Methods, Biological sciences
Abstract

Low levels (i.e., [less than or equal to] 20 mmHg) of lower body negative pressure (LBNP) have been utilized to unload 'selectively' cardiopulmonary baroreceptors in humans, since steadystate mean arterial pressure and heart rate (HR) have been found unchanged at such levels. However, transient reductions in blood pressure (BP), followed by reflex compensation, may occur without detection, which could unload arterial baroreceptors. The purposes of this study were to test the hypothesis that the arterial baroreflex is engaged even during low levels of LBNP and to determine the time course of changes in hemodynamics. Fourteen healthy individuals (age range 20-54 yr) were studied. BP (Portapres and Suntech), HR (ECG), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) or pulmonary artery diastolic pressure (PDP) and right atrial pressure (RAP) (SwanGanz catheter) and hemodynamics (Modelflow) were recorded continuously at baseline and - 15- and -30-mmHg LBNP for 6 min each. Application of - 15-mmHg LBNP resulted in rapid and sustained falls in RAP and PCWP or PDP, progressive decreases in cardiac output and stroke volume, followed subsequently by transient reductions in both systolic and diastolic BP, which were then restored through the arterial baroreflex feedback mechanism after ~15 heartbeats. Additional studies were performed in five subjects using even lower levels of LBNP, and this transient reduction in BP was observed in three at -5- and in all at -10-mmHg LBNP. The delay for left ventricular stroke volume to fall at -15-mmHg LBNP was about 10 cardiac cycles. An increase in systemic vascular resistance was detectable after 20 heartbeats during -15-mmHg LBNP. Steady-state BP and HR remained unchanged during mild LBNP. However, BP decreased, while HR increased, at -30-mmHg LBNP. These results suggest that arterial baroreceptors are consistently unloaded during low levels (i.e., -10 and -15 mmHg) of LBNP in humans. Thus 'selective' unloading of cardiopulmonary baroreceptors cannot be presumed to occur during these levels of mild LBNP. baroreflexes; arterial pressure; hemodynamics

Published
2009

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