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Climate is an important factor which influences the growth and productivity of oil palm. The current oil palm cultivation system is vulnerable to climate change. For example, there was a decline in global oil palm production in 2015 due to ENSO, particularly affecting Southeast Asia. Extreme drought causes oil palm plants to experience water stress, while forest fires due to drought inhibit the photosynthesis process. A comprehensive study of the Systematic Literature Review was carried out using bibliometric analysis, systematic review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) methods, using the search engines Scopus and ScienceDirect with the keywords “palm AND oil AND production AND climate AND change”, “impact AND climate AND change AND coconut palm AND oil”, “palm AND oil AND adaptation AND climate AND change”, “palm AND oil AND mitigation AND climate AND change”. A thorough scientific literature review obtained 1331 papers from Scopus and ScienceDirect. Out of these, only 26 articles were selected for further examination. Based on the literature, there are several strategies for increasing oil palm productivity in the era of climate change. These strategies can be done through agronomic management, providing fertilizer from oil palm biomass, and maintaining irrigation for water availability. This literature study provides recommendations for strategies for increasing oil palm productivity in the face of climate change.

Evaluation of land suitability is carried out to perceive the potential and limitation factors of an area as an agricultural development area. Air Putih Village is one of the potential area for watermelon development area. This research was conducted to perceive the level of actual and potential land suitability for watermelon cultivation in Air Putih Village, Tuah Madani District, Pekanbaru City in the form of a semi-detailed map scale of 1:25.000. The method used in this study was a purposive sampling survey based on a map of land units. There were 7 units of land covering an area of 330.56 ha with a total of 21 sample points. Data were sourced from field observation, analysis of chemistry and physics of soil samples at the laboratory and secondary data from climate data. Land suitability assessment was carried out using the limiting factor matching method. The actual land suitability was in class S3 and N with effective soil depth (rc), base saturation (nr), slope (eh) and soil texture (rc) as limiting factors. The class of the potential land suitability for watermelon cultivation were S2, S3 and N.

Soil types such as Entisol have low nutrient availability and water-holding capacity. Shrimp waste organic fertilizer and coconut shell biochar can be used to improve the physical and chemical properties of Entisol soil. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of shrimp waste liquid organic fertilizer and coconut shell biochar on the availability of N, P, and K in the soil for the growth of Pakcoy. The research used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors. The first factor was the concentration of shrimp waste liquid organic fertilizer consisting of P0 = 0 mL/L, P1 = 25 mL/L, P2 = 50 mL/L and P3 = 75 mL/L. The second factor was the dosage of coconut shell biochar consisting of B0 = 0 ton/ha, B1 = 10 ton/ha, B2 = 15 ton/ha and B3 = 20 ton/ha. The preliminary analysis parameters consisted of pH H2O, C-organic, N-available, P-available, K-available, N-total, P-total, K-total, and CEC. The research results were analyzed by using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and to determine the differences between treatments, a 5% DMRT (Duncan Multiple Range Test) was conducted. The research results indicate that the use of liquid organic fertilizer from shrimp waste with a concentration of 50 mL/L and a dose of coconut shell biochar at 20 tons/ha can increase the organic carbon content in the soil from 0.03% to 0.05%. A concentration of 75 mL/L for liquid organic fertilizer from shrimp waste and a dose of 20 tons/ha for coconut shell biochar can increase the available nitrogen content in the soil from 16.24 ppm to 40.67 ppm. There is no interaction with the height, number of leaves, anda root length of Pakcoy plants.

A rice field land-use map is essential in the sustainable land management of rice fields for physical monitoring and planning. Such maps are usually created using multitemporal image data with a spectral approach, but this method can only be applied to certain areas and cannot be easily applied to other areas with different land characteristics. While multitemporal data has been widely used by researchers and proven effective, using single-date imagery can be more efficient. This study aimed to map rice field land-use based on a single-date Sentinel-2 imagery and landform maps. These landform maps were derived through visual interpretation of false colour composite bands, DEMNAS, and land system map. The interpretation resulted in eleven landform classes. The landscape ecology approach assumed the influence of landforms on land-use. The use of ten optical bands in multispectral classification using the maximum likelihood algorithm and convolutional neural network algorithm resulted in twelve land cover classes. The land cover map and the landform map were implemented through a two-dimensional ecological spatial relationship matrix that produced nine land-use classes. The convolutional neural network algorithm obtained an overall accuracy of 90,28% with a Kappa of 0,87. This result was better than the maximum likelihood algorithm, which obtained an overall accuracy of 86,81% with Kappa 0,83. The land-use map for the rice field class produced by the convolutional neural network algorithm had a total area of 33.686,69 ha and a mean absolute error (MAE) value of 0,0241, while the maximum likelihood algorithm produced a total area of 29.590,21 ha with a larger MAE value of 0,0343.

This study aimed to explore the characteristics of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) across varying land slope gradients in the conservation area of local pineapple plantations in Majene Regency. The analysis was conducted on five slope categories: flat (0-8%), gentle (8-15%), moderately steep (15-25%), steep (25-45%), and very steep (>45%), to examine the spore density and morphology of AMF as well as to see its relationship to ecological factors such as climate and topography. The results revealed that slope gradients significantly influenced AMF spore density, with the highest density observed on moderately steep and steep slopes. In contrast, lower densities were recorded on flat, gentle, and very steep slopes. Four AMF spore genera were identified: Glomus, Acaulospora, Gigaspora, and Scutellospora. Glomus was dominant across all slopes, Acaulospora was more prevalent on moderate slopes, and Gigaspora preferred steep slopes. Scutellospora was detected in limited quantities on extreme slopes. Environmental factors, including stable temperatures (27.61 °C-27.77 °C), high relative humidity (79.44%-80.41%), and varying precipitation levels, influenced AMF spore distribution and morphology. These findings emphasize the critical role of topography and climate in supporting AMF sustainability in management strategies to conserve AMF biodiversity and enhance crop productivity.

The oil palm land donated to Universitas Samudra is planned for the development of the campus area, including the construction of a number of buildings and supporting facilities. However, the process of identifying and mapping oil palm plants has been done manually, which is time-consuming, inefficient, and prone to errors. This problem underscores the need for faster and more accurate methods to support spatial data-based planning. This study aimed to calculate the number of oil palm plants in 2022 and 2023 at the University of Samudra using the template matching method with eCognition Developer software, as well as evaluate the accuracy of automatic detection results based on aerial images obtained using drones. The research was carried out using survey methods and descriptive analysis, involving primary data in the form of aerial imagery and field validation, as well as secondary data from the map of the oil palm plantation area of Samudra University. The results of the study show that the number of oil palm plants in 2022 based on automatic calculations was 2,060 trees, while the results of manual validation showed the actual number of 2,169 trees with a difference of 109 trees. In 2023, the automatic calculation detected 1,932 trees, while the actual number was 2,030 trees, with a difference of 98 trees. The accuracy level of automatic calculations in 2022 had an average accuracy of 98.56%, recall of 94.05%, and F1-score of 95.63%, higher than in 2023 with precision of 97.41%, recall of 92.73%, and F1-score of 94.98%. Then the template matching method is effectively used for oil palm tree detection and can support the planning of campus area development efficiently. The use of this technology is expected to be a model that can be implemented in various other educational institutions.

Soil serves as a medium for the absorption of greenhouse gases due to its organic carbon content; however, its capacity to absorb greenhouse gases has been declining. One of the contributors to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in agriculture is soil microorganism respiration, while high nitrogen (N) loss is attributed to its mobility. The application of biochar has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and improve soil quality. This study aimed to analyze the effects of different types and doses of biochar on reducing CO2 emissions, increasing nitrate levels, and enhancing microorganism populations. The research was conducted in the Soil Laboratory of Agroecotechnology, Malikussaleh University, using a completely randomized factorial design (CRD) with two treatment factors. Factor 1 was the type of biochar: (J1) rice husk biochar, (J2) giant bamboo biochar, and (J3) sweet corn cob biochar. Factor 2 was the biochar dosage: (D0) 0 tons ha⁻¹, (D1) 10 tons ha⁻¹, (D2) 20 tons ha⁻¹, (D3) 30 tons ha⁻¹, and (D4) 40 tons ha⁻¹. Parameters analyzed included CO2 emissions, soil nitrate levels, and microorganism populations. The results showed that rice husk biochar effectively reduced CO2 emissions from soil microorganism respiration to 4.08 kg CO2 ha⁻¹ hour⁻¹, increased soil nitrate levels to 8.14 ppm, and enhanced microorganism populations. The optimal biochar dosage was 30 tons ha⁻¹.

The increasing demand for land has resulted in the reduction of potential agricultural land. Land suitability evaluation is an effort that can be made to determine the capacity of land for a particular commodity or crop development through various standardized land use requirements. East Java as a region that supplies vegetable commodities on a national scale still requires various efforts to optimize land use. This research aimed to identify areas that have potential land for cultivating potatoes. This identification was carried out using remote sensing which was then cross-checked with actual potato production data from each region in East Java Province. Based on data processing that had been carried out, in general, East Java is dominated by areas with land suitability classes in class N (not suitable), S3 (marginally suitable), and S2 (quite suitable). Lowland areas are dominated by class N (not suitable) because the land characteristics do not meet the requirements for growing potato plants. Meanwhile, the S3 and S2 classes are spread across the highlands with land units that meet the requirements and characteristics of land for cultivating potatoes. Efforts for classification, conservation, and so on become a unity to optimize and increase potato production in each region.

The purpose of this study was to find out and describe the use of GIS in mapping the level of landslide vulnerability in Sibolangit District, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra. The model used referred to the estimation of the 2004 Puslittanak, as it utilizes parameters that are easy to measure, widely available, and in accordance with the territory of Indonesia. These parameters include rainfall, rock type, soil type, slope gradient, and land cover. The research methods used were overlay, scoring, and weighting. In the mapping process, each parameter had a score of classification multiplied by the weight of each parameter, then the results of the multiplication of the scores and weights were summed based on the suitability of their geographical location. The results of the study showed that the Sibolangit District area had the potential for landslides from low, medium to high levels. Based on the landslide disaster prediction model, the study area predominantly fell under the moderate susceptibility class, covering 15 villages. Additionally, 10 villages were identified with low vulnerability level and 5 villages with high vulnerability level. The use of GIS was also used to see the size of each area in Sibolangit District based on the level of vulnerability to landslide disasters. The level of validity of this map is quite good because it uses official data and methods suitable for the territory of Indonesia. Thus, it is accurate enough for the purpose of vulnerability identification and landslide disaster mitigation planning.

The Important Ecosystem Area of ​​Mesangat Suwi Wetlands has a total area of ​​around 14,722.69 ha located in East Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan. These wetlands have a strategic role as a regulators of the upstream water system, a source of freshwater fisheries, and a habitat for important protected animals. This study aimed to determine the rate of suspended sediment transport and river water quality. The study was conducted in two stages, the first was data and sample collection in the field, and the second was laboratory testing. The results of the study showed that the river water discharge and TSS in the Suwi and Masangat Rivers at the study location were directly proportional to the height of suspended sediment. The total average of suspended sediment in Suwi was smaller, it's 0.79 tons/year compared to Masangat at 2.64 tons/year. suspended sediment grains could settle and become bottom sediment. The rate of sedimentation in the river would accelerate the shallowing process which affected the wetlands ecosystem. The reduction in vegetated or forested areas in the Masangat wetlands was due to high human activity compared to Suwi. Currently, the water quality in the study areas, including COD, BOD, TDS, and TSS, is generally still below the standard quality threshold and is categorized as class two, namely water that can be used for freshwater fish farming, recreational facilities, livestock farming, and can be used to irrigate crops or rice fields.

Waste is one of the materials that can pollute the river. Most waste is disposed of into the river so that it will cause pollution in the river. The problem of river pollution, one of which occurs in the Loji River located in Pekalongan City, which still discharges a lot of batik waste carelessly into rivers and waterways. The research was conducted in Loji River, Pekalongan City. The purpose of this study was to determine the water quality and level of water pollution in the Loji River Pekalongan due to batik industry waste. The determination of location used survey method. The sampling method was purposive sampling based on land use activities and ease of access to water collection, which was divided into three segments, namely segment I, segment II, segment III. In each segment, two sample points were taken. Water quality was determined based on Government Regulation Number 22 of 2021 according to river water quality standards. The level of water pollution was determined by the Pollution Index (IP) method. The results showed that based on the parameters that had been tested, the water quality of the Loji River no longer met the class II water quality standards. The level of water pollution in Loji River was categorized as lightly polluted based on the pollution index. The lowest Loji River water pollution index value was 0.731 which was in the good category and the highest value was 1.725 which was in the lightly polluted category.

One of the impacts of the rampant urbanization is the rising phenomenon of Urban Heat Island (UHI). This phenomenon occurs when the temperature in urban areas is higher than in the surrounding areas that are less developed (rural). The research was conducted in DKJ Jakarta Province, namely East Jakarta City, South Jakarta City, North Jakarta City, Central Jakarta City, and West Jakarta City. This study aimed to analyze the highest and lowest distribution of UHI based on the Land Surface Temperature (LST) algorithm and using the overlay method. Data were collected through literature study and analysis of Landsat 8 level 2 satellite imagery collection 2 Tier 1 OLI 2. The results of the study showed that high urbanization (population density) affected the average value of CSI to increase so that it was directly proportional to UHI. The non-UHI intensity range ranged from -4 oC to 0 oC, while the areas experiencing UHI had an intensity range ranging from ±0oC to 8.6oC. The city with the highest intensity was estimated to be in the East Jakarta City area while the lowest was in the Central Jakarta area.

The range between boron deficiency and toxicity in plants is utterly narrow, so that the certain dose of boron fertilizer is required for plants. Indicators of optimum boron fertilization can be measured from plant production and boron use efficiency (BUE) value. BUE influenced by the amount of soluble B-soil, type of B fertilizer, amount of boron input, type of plant, and adequacy of available macronutrients (NPK). However, excessive application of NPK base fertilizer from inorganic fertilizers can trigger soil degradation. Currently, there has not been much research that measures the reduction in the dose of NPK base fertilizer combined with boron fertilizer on plant BUE. The combination of reducing the dose of NPK base fertilizer and boron fertilizer was tested on sweet corn plants on production and BUE. This study was conducted with a randomized block design with 7 treatments, namely without fertilization (K0), base fertilization (D1), 100% base fertilization and 50–15% borate (D2–D4), and 75% base fertilization and 50–15% borate (D5–D7). The results of the initial soil analysis showed low boron content in the soil, so borate fertilization was required to provide nutrients for sweet corn plants. Application of NPK base fertilizer (100%) and addition of borate fertilizer at a dose of 50-100% (~3-6 kg/ha) significantly increased growth, plant biomass, B uptake, boron recovery efficiency (BRE), and B fertilizer efficiency ratio, compared to lower NPK-base fertilizer. Based on the estimated response curve, the recommended dose to achieve optimum-maximum sweet corn production and maximum boron recovery efficiency is 100% macro inorganic fertilization (urea, SP-36, KCl) combined with 5.72-6.75 kg/ha borate fertilizer.

This study investigated the potential of anaerobic digestion sludge derived from palm oil mill effluent (POME) to enhance the structure of sandy soils in the Samas Coastal Area, Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta. Sandy soils, having low water retention and nutrient-holding capacity, present significant challenges for sustainable agriculture. By applying different volumes of digestate (0 ml, 50 ml, 100 ml, 200 ml, 400 ml, and 800 ml per kilogram of soil) in a 30-day greenhouse experiment, this research assessed the impact of POME sludge on soil structure improvements, particularly focusing on aggregation, porosity, and bulk density. Treatments with higher digestate volumes, especially 800 ml/kg, yielded substantial improvements in soil aggregation, contributing to better moisture retention. Enhanced aggregation facilitated improved water retention and root penetration, indicating that anaerobic digestion sludge could effectively amend sandy soil limitations. These findings underscore the potential of POME-derived organic amendments as sustainable soil conditioners, offering a dual benefit of waste valorization and enhanced agricultural productivity for marginal soils in coastal areas.

Coffee agroforestry systems have great potential in optimizing the dual function of carbon and biodiversity conservation, especially in areas with high land use pressure. However, although coffee agroforestry has been widely practiced in Indonesia, the specific relationship pattern between carbon stocks and vegetation biodiversity is still not well understood. This study aimed to evaluate (1) the role of coffee agroforestry in maintaining vegetation diversity and carbon sequestration compared to disturbed forests (HT) and (2) the relationship between carbon stocks and biodiversity at various plant growth stages. Three land use systems were selected such as HT and complex (AFM) and simple (AFS) coffee-based agroforestry systems. The number of trees, species richness (R), Shannon-wiener index (H’), species evenness (E), and carbon stocks were measured in 12 plots (100 m x 20 m) for each vegetation growth stages (seedlings, saplings, poles, and trees). The results showed that the H index in coffee agroforestry was generally low to moderate (0.57-2.05), with the highest diversity in the tree category. The diversity level of AFM could mimic HT. In terms of carbon stock, HT had the highest stock (82±19 Mg ha-1), while total carbon stock showed a positive relationship with H index in all vegetation stages (R2=0,13-0,57). In contrast, the relationship between soil carbon stock and H index tended to be weak (R2=0,10). This study emphasizes the importance of maintaining total carbon stock through diverse vegetation in agroforestri systems to support climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation.

weet corn productivity in Indonesia is still in the low category. One of the causes is the problem of soil with low pH. Soil with a low pH causes the availability of nutrients to decrease, thereby inhibiting plant growth and development. Efforts can be made to add dolomite, because hydrolyzed dolomite can increase nutrient availability in the soil. Therefore, this research was carried out with the aim of analyzing the effect of adding various doses of dolomite on soil chemical properties, plant uptake of Ca, Mg and P, population of phosphate solubilizing bacteria, and sweet corn productivity in the Tegalan Land of Junrejo Village, Batu City, East Java. The research design used a randomized block design (RAK) consisting of 9 treatments with 3 replications. Treatment consisted of: M0 = control; M1 = 100% N, P, K; M2 = 100% N,P,K + 100% Kieserite; M3 = 100% N,P,K + 50% Dolomit; M4 = 100% N,P,K + 100% Dolomit; M5 = 100% N,P,K + 150% Dolomit; M6 = 75% N,P,K + 50% Dolomit; M7 = 75% N,P,K + 100% Dolomit; M8 = 75% N,P,K + 150% Dolomit. The data was analyzed for diversity using R studio software and continued with the DMRT (Duncan Multiple Range Test) test at 5% level. Next, to see the relationship and influence between parameters, correlation and regression tests were carried out. The findings demonstrated that adding 2.8 tonnes of dolomite per hectare might raise soil CEC (50.61%) and pH (13.41%). In addition, the addition of 4.2 tons/ha of dolomite was able to decrease soil P-available (5.65%), increase Ca-dd (26.4%), Mg-dd (85%), Ca absorption (165.12%), Mg absorption (366.67%), P absorption (78.57%), and sweet corn yield (78.04%). The addition of different doses of dolomite did not significantly alter the overall population parameter of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria. Furthermore, the link between sweet corn yield and nutritional absorption was both robust and weak. The increase in sweet corn output was impacted by P, Ca, and Mg absorption by 54.54%, 41.21%, and 42.79%, respectively.

Ultisols generally have low soil fertility status due to their acidic nature, low organic matter, and limited nutrient availability. The utilization of ultisols for oil palm plantations and secondary forests certainly affects the availability of nutrients, organic matter, and soil acidity. Soil management that does not align with the fertility conditions will result in other problems that can threaten the sustainability of agricultural production. The lack of comprehensive research on soil fertility, particularly in Pak Bulu Village, Anjongan Sub-District, limits the available information on the long-term impacts that could affect soil quality. This situation highlights the importance of conducting this research to determine the appropriate land management practices for soil fertility in each land use. This study employed a soil survey method, with sampling points determined by overlaying maps of soil types, slope classes, and land use, using a purposive sampling method, which was divided into four land units. The soil samples were analyzed for their chemical properties in the Soil Chemistry and Fertility Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Tanjungpura University. The laboratory results were then categorized based on the criteria for evaluating soil chemical properties by the Soil Research Center (1983), and the soil fertility status was subsequently evaluated based on the soil fertility evaluation guidelines by the Soil Research Center Bogor (1995). The evaluation results showed that the soil fertility status of both land uses was at the same level; however, the oil palm plantation had limiting factors such as Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), Base Saturation (BS), Total Phosphorus (P-total), and Total Potassium (K-total) that were classified as low to very low, while the secondary forest only had Base Saturation and Total Potassium classified as very low, with CEC classified as low.

The decreasing land area for coffee cultivation in Indonesia has led to a reduction in coffee production. The availability of land with potential for coffee plantation is also decreasing. As a consequence, coffee is cultivated on less fertile lands, such as lands dominated by clay fraction. This land generally has a low pH so that the nutrient content is more absorbed in Al and Fe which react in an acidic environment. Furthermore, heavy texture of soil also inhibits root growth, making it difficult for plants to absorb nutrients. In this study, biopore infiltration holes were used as a solution to improve acidic soil with a dominant clay fraction. The research was conducted at Agrotechnopark Jatikerto, Malang Regency and the soil analysis was conducted at the Soil Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya during 2020-2022. This research was conducted experimentally with a group randomized design. There were four treatments in this study, namely 1) control/no biopore, 2) 30 cm empty biopore, 3) 30 cm biopore + 2.12 kg compost fertilizer, and 4) 30 cm biopore + 1.05 kg goat manure fertilizer. The results showed that biopore infiltration holes added with compost or goat manure fertilizer were able to increase pH, soil organic C, CEC, BS, and total N-P-K nutrients. Furthermore, the increase in organic C and total N-P-K nutrients in the study area was also directly proportional to the increase in chlorophyll content and coffee production. The increase in chlorophyll content and coffee production is a result of the increase in chlorophyll content and coffee yield.

Soil respiration and microbial biomass are key biological indicators for soil fertility, especially in the context of agricultural sustainability. Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) are a high-demand crop; their cropping system often ignores conservation principles, causing land degradation. Applying biogeotextiles and probiotics might be potential solution to reduce erosion and maintain soil fertility. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of biogeotextile and probiotic applications on soil respiration and microbial biomass as indicators of soil health in potato farming in Andisols. Randomized Block Design Factorial was used with biogeotextile application as the first factor and and probiotic as the second factor. Four treatments were applied, i.e., control (no treatment), biogeotextile, probiotic, and a combination of biogeotextile and probiotic. Soil pH, % organic C, % N-total, and soil microbial Carbon were measured in 0, 40, and 80 days after treatment (dat), while soil respiration were observed every week. The results showed that the application of biogeotextiles and probiotics had no significant effect on soil pH, soil organic C, and soil N-Total. Microbial biomass remained stable until 80 dat, however, it tended to increase in the final growth phase, irrespective to the effect of biogeotextile and probiotic applications. Soil respiration showed a fluctuating pattern, with a significant increase on 35 and 42 day after planting. This study emphasizes the need for long-term observations to further understand the impact of biogeotextile and probiotic applications on soil biochemical properties in Andisols.

Land evaluation is a process of assessing land resources to determine their suitability for specific purposes. This study aimed to evaluate the land suitability for maize (Zea mays L.) in Sipahutar District, North Tapanuli Regency, using a semi-detailed level analysis (1:50,000). The physical and environmental characteristics of the land were obtained from secondary data and analyzed using the matching method, which compared land characteristics with the optimal requirements for maize cultivation. The research area consisted of four land units (I-IV). The results indicated that land unit I fell within the N (unsuitable) class due to the limiting factor of sandy soil texture, that is difficult to overcome. Meanwhile, land units II-IV were classified as S3 (marginally suitable) due to limiting factors such as shallow rooting depth, which significantly affected productivity. These limitations are challenging to address without significant intervention, such as government support or investments from large-scale enterprises. The study highlights the need for targeted land management strategies to optimize maize production in the region.

La digitalización y las TIC mejoran la vida rural en España, pero la brecha digital persiste, afectando principalmente a jóvenes, mayores, desempleados y mujeres. Esta falta de acceso y habilidades en TIC genera desigualdades frente a zonas urbanas. Este estudio evalúa dicha brecha con 408 encuestas rurales y el modelo PLS-SEM, analizando 27 preguntas que revelan cómo factores socioeconómicos influyen en el acceso desigual a las TIC. Los resultados subrayan la urgencia de políticas para combatir estas disparidades tecnológicas en el entorno rural, promoviendo una inclusión más equitativa en el acceso digital.

Este artículo analiza los límites de la nueva Política Agrícola Común (PAC) para lograr los objetivos del Pacto Verde en tres vertientes: la «dispersión de esfuerzos» que provoca la flexibilidad reconocida a las autoridades nacionales en la elaboración de los Planes Estratégicos; el irregular ritmo de elaboración y adopción de las iniciativas legislativas del Pacto Verde; y los heterogéneos «resultados» a esperar de la deficiente inserción de las metas del Pacto Verde en la PAC. El artículo termina analizando el informe final del «diálogo estratégico sobre el futuro de la agricultura» y explora algunas ideas-fuerza para la PAC post 2028.

Se caracterizaron y tipificaron las Unidades Productivas Agrícolas-UPA hortofrutícolas en Antioquia, utilizando las características tenidas en cuenta por las políticas, para plantear elementos que contribuyan a una formulación e implementación de política pública diferenciada que atienda las categorías de la tipificación y de acuerdo con su situación particular, en términos de capacidades y limitaciones. Se conformaron índices temáticos; que posteriormente se ponderaron cuantitativamente y fueron utilizados para realizar la clusterización con el método de agrupación K-means determinándose 6 clústeres, las características de cada uno fueron analizadas para realizar recomendaciones que mejoren el proceso de implementación de política pública sectorial.

La Vespa velutina nigrithorax (V. velutina) es una especie invasora introducida en Europa en 2004 y extendida rápidamente con repercusiones en la apicultura, la salud o los servicios de polinización. Dentro del proyecto Atlantic POSitiVE, realizamos una encuesta a 151 unidades apicultoras en 2021 sobre prácticas asociadas a su control en Galicia. Elevando los datos al conjunto de la población (muestra compleja), estimamos que los costes de control suponen entre el 14 % y el 21 % del valor estimado de la producción de miel. Presentamos un análisis por provincias y por métodos, siendo las provincias occidentales las más afectadas.

La investigación analiza la percepción de los consumidores sobre los canales cortos de comercialización de alimentos (CCCA) y los desafíos para productores. Utilizando un enfoque cualitativo, se realizaron 12 grupos de discusión en diversas poblaciones españolas, lo que permitió identificar ventajas de los CCCA, como la calidad del producto y el trato personalizado. No obstante, se detecta un desconocimiento significativo entre los consumidores, especialmente en áreas urbanas. Los productores resaltan la necesidad de apoyo público y estrategias efectivas para mejorar la visibilidad y superar los desafíos de la comercialización directa, destacando la capacidad de los CCCA para revitalizar el comercio.

En este artículo se analizan las operaciones de los fondos de inversión en el sector agroalimentario español en los últimos años, así como las transformaciones que han impulsado. Se dedica especial atención a la participación de los fondos de capital privado (private equity) en el sector de frutas frescas y hortalizas. Tomando como marco de referencia las estrategias de este tipo de fondos de inversión y su plasmación en las empresas participadas, se da cuenta del sentido de las transformaciones que han impulsado y cómo se están constituyendo plataformas globales.

Based on data available between 2016 and 2021 from the Portuguese FADN, fifteen sustainable indicators were measured, and a compromise programming model was designed to balance environmental and economic objectives, that reveal a conflict between them. The findings identified solutions dominated by dried fruits, olive trees, sheep and goats, extensive horticulture, and beef cattle for sustainable farming planning at the national level. We conclude that the complementary between these two approaches constitute an important instrument for supporting decision-making and developing public policies focused on current sustainability paradigms.

Andalucía es origen del 69,54 % del aceite de oliva con calidad diferenciada por una Denominación de Origen Protegida (AOVE-DOP) obtenido en España en 2021. El valor por kilogramo de esta grasa vegetal presenta, sin embargo, una elevada dispersión en función de la localización geográfica del territorio en el que se obtiene. Empleando la metodología QCA, en este documento se analiza cómo la antigüedad de la DOP, la orientación de su producción hacia los mercados internacionales o el predominio de entidades cooperativas entre las empresas incritas en la misma puede condicionar el valor en origen del producto.

EU's rural areas are an essential part of the European way of life, covering more than 75 % of the Union's territory and housing over 25 % of its population. However, they experience major imbalances compared to urban areas. Thus, it is important to analyse whether EU's rural development (RD) policy is effective in promoting the development of rural areas. This study uses a RD index for 9 Portuguese NUTS 3 regions, with data from 2011 and 2021. The results are then compared with the financial support delivered by EU funds and show their impact on RD in Portugal.

The debate regarding whether, in sub-Saharan Africa, exogenous1 and endogenous institutions2 have witnessed significant changes to facilitate contemporary Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) processes remains inconclusive. Additionally, there is insufficient knowledge of their compliance levels. To address these lacunae, we used content analysis of policy documents, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and expert interviews to examine the evolution of FLR-linked exogenous and endogenous institutions and their compliance levels in rural Cameroon. Using thematic and content analyses hinged on a hybrid endogenous-cum-exogenous institutional analytical lens; we conclude that in Cameroon’s FLR context, exogenous institutions have transitioned from focusing solely on forest plantation establishment to encompass natural/artificial regeneration and agroforestry. More recent approaches have incorporated FLR financing mechanisms, capacity building, collaboration, and research. However, the significant exogenous institutional transformation does not necessarily imply higher compliance. Future studies should unravel actors’ interests and power dynamics that potentially shape compliance with institutions in FLR.

We used the model output to explore relationships between EEEV occurrence and environmental factors, as well as generated risk maps for each season. We also introduced a normalized difference risk index to identify locations with high risk during both seasons. LULC variables were better predictors of EEEV than bioclimatic or topographic variables. Summer cases occurred in locations that were in or near rural lands at high elevations that were near woody wetlands and coniferous forests, while winter cases occurred primarily in areas with large proportions of evergreen forests and rural land. Because EEEV is often fatal to both horses and humans, the goal was to provide more accurate EEEV risk maps for each season to guide disease management and vector control efforts.

The agrarian transition, with its rapid growth in land-based investments, has radically altered agrarian and forest landscapes across the Mekong Region. These processes were enabled and accelerated by choices of actors in the public and private sectors with the aim of alleviating poverty and boosting socioeconomic development. We examine to what extent these goals were achieved and for whom, with a focus on poverty alleviation, gender equality, and forest conservation. Our descriptive assessment shows that the sustainability outcomes of the agrarian transition offer a highly variegated picture that is often not reflected in national level statistics used for monitoring the distance to target towards achieving the 2030 Agenda. Based on our findings, we sketch pathways for a more sustainable agrarian transition in the region. These pathways are explored in greater detail in three framing papers of the special issue “Agrarian Change in the Mekong Region: Pathways towards Sustainable Land Systems’.

Previous research has shown that products labeled as ‘Protected Designation of Origin’ (PDO) correlate positively with indicators for landscape sustainability. However, specific factors that turn PDO products into sustainable landscape management tools remain vague. We analyze interviews from six European production systems to explore the links between PDO-labeled products and sustainable landscape management. All case studies were linked to extensive animal husbandry. We found that PDO products can contribute to sustainable landscape management if well-adapted incentives for agri-environmental measures supplement income. Successful products are further associated with local networks that use synergies between different stakeholder interests. Due to their promotion of social-ecological goals at the landscape level, PDO products can be a powerful addition to the EU’s Green Deal and rural development strategy, and by introducing eligibility criteria that focus on social-ecological goals, PDO labeling could be classified as a sustainability standard.

Land cover and land use have established effects on hazard and exposure to vector-borne diseases. While our understanding of the proximate and distant causes and consequences of land use decisions has evolved, the focus on the proximate effects of landscape on disease ecology remains dominant. We argue that land use governance, viewed through a land system lens, affects tick-borne disease risk. Governance affects land use trajectories and potentially shapes landscapes favourable to ticks or increases contact with ticks by structuring human-land interactions. We illustrate the role of land use legacies, trade-offs in land-use decisions, and social inequities in access to land resources, information and decision-making, with three cases: Kyasanur Forest disease in India, Lyme disease in the Outer Hebrides (Scotland), and tick acaricide resistance in cattle in Ecuador. Land use governance is key to managing the risk of tick-borne diseases, by affecting the hazard and exposure. We propose that land use governance should consider unintended consequences on infectious disease risk.

Land use/land cover (LULC) change, caused by human activities, can strongly affect wildlife species and their habitats. Yet, human impacts onto lakes and associated indicator bird species such as the lesser flamingos (Phoeniconaias minor) have rarely been investigated. We used remote sensing images from 1989 to 2019, with additional interviews and focus group discussions to investigate how LULC change and agricultural activities adjacent to the Momella lakes, Tanzania, have affected the flamingo habitat. Agricultural areas increased strongly over time, and most respondents earned their living through crop farming. The use of synthetic fertilizers, and limited knowledge about fertilizer effects on environmental health, were evident. We highlight that LULC data combined with socio-economic assessments is essential to understanding the dynamics and impacts of human activities on wildlife. We recommend training for sustainable farming practices around areas of high conservation values and integrating land use changes and socio-economic dynamics into conservation efforts.

Russia’s full-scale war on Ukraine in early 2022 has brought geopolitics, particularly classical geopolitics, back into the political and economic discussions and decision-making. Discursive, as well as real-world change, has been rapid, as the turn of the 21st century was the time of globalisation and neoliberal ideology – the free movement of people, products, and services. However, in this paper, we argue that classical geopolitics has defined the development of Northern industries even before the war began in 2022. Our interview data (n = 60) collected in the advent of the Russian invasion of Ukraine reveal that the themes of state power; ‘hard’ security meaning military armament; the economy as a field of national interests; and spill-over effects of geopolitical tensions between superpowers have framed economic fortunes in the European Arctic. It is concluded that the state actors’ interests in the European Arctic’s physical space and natural assets will be increasingly expanding.

Rapid increase in new land uses is one of the biggest threats to reindeer husbandry in Fennoscandia. We conducted a partly facilitated online Public Participation GIS survey to study reindeer herders’ perspectives on the impacts of land uses on reindeer herding in Inari, in the Sámi Homeland, Finland. The herders found that predators, husky safaris, hunting, mineral prospecting, gold mining, and forestry have had the most negative influence on reindeer herding, but they were most concerned about the cumulative effects of multiple land uses. Nature conservation was reported as having the most positive impact on reindeer herding. Map markings of the herders indicated that new land uses should not be directed to grazing areas but to population centers with existing infrastructure. The facilitated PPGIS survey encompassing interviews was found to be time-consuming, but trust-inspiring and interactive in that it enabled detailed discussions with the herders.

Expanding debate surrounds the impacts the rapidly increasing volume of cruise ships to the Arctic region are having on local ports and communities. This debate largely centres on the influx of visitors and concern about cultural interaction. This paper evaluates the feasibility of using the concept of Social License to Operate (SLO) in Arctic cruise tourism by identifying how attitudes and perceptions pertain to acceptance and trust. Insights are gathered from both passengers and local stakeholders in Iceland and Faroe Islands. Results reveal cruise companies’ dominance in itinerary planning, with minimal communication among destinations. Economic concerns overshadow collaborative planning, leading to varying levels of acceptance among the diverse stakeholders of cruise tourism. While those benefiting economically support the industry, others express reservations. This dichotomy in opinion regarding acceptance and trust highlights the SLO’s challenges within tourism in general. For SLO to have relevance and legitimacy within cruise tourism, flow and circulation of perspectives is critical.

The European Arctic is commonly thought of as a pristine and homogeneous area. In reality, it is a diverse region experiencing growth relying on natural resource extraction. Despite local communities being primarily affected by industry activities, most socioeconomic impact assessments are conducted at the macro level. This study addresses this gap by examining the impacts of economic activities on local communities. Using secondary data and semi-structured interviews from 15 hubs in five European Arctic countries, the study draws on locally relevant insights. Findings indicate that many activities focus on economic growth, and existing strategies do not adequately address biophysical boundaries. Furthermore, alternative activities need to be developed in a more balanced manner that aligns with the needs of indigenous and local communities. Finally, participation of various actors in future developments is critical to reduce the negative impacts of industry activities.

Macro-level landscape patterns are often a result of a strong influence on human decisions at the micro level. The abilities and objectives of decision-makers should be explicitly addressed to improve our understanding of land use transformation. This research explores the factors influencing smallholder farmers to transform their land use while implementing Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR). We employed a systematic sampling technique to select a study catchment in Southern Ethiopia and 228 households were randomly approached for a household survey. Reaping more economic benefits is the most contributing factor for land use transformation in the study region. Land use transformation towards FLR options such as woodlot and agroforestry is substantially influenced by the location of the farm within the catchment. Furthermore, the study reveals that land allocated for different land uses differs across farmers depending upon their change orientation behaviours categorized as survivalist, subsistence-oriented and market-orientated smallholder farmers. When carrying out FLR in the study region and in similar landscapes that aim to engage smallholder farmers, it is important to promote fast-growing economically rewarding tree species.

This paper sheds light on the broader impacts of high-value commodity crops in the tropics by examining critically the rapid expansion of Hass avocado plantations (HAP). Using Salamina as a case study, this paper provides empirical evidence of local impacts and highlights the need for more sustainable and equitable governance strategies to manage emerging socio-economic and environmental challenges. HAP are transforming Salamina’s traditional landscape by seizing considerable areas for avocado cultivation in response to the ongoing coffee sector crisis. Since 2018, the region has transitioned from a coffee-centered economy to one dominated by capital- and labor-intensive avocado production. While HAP has become a significant economic driver, it has also exacerbated social grievances and inequalities among local communities. This paper stresses the economic shift, environmental disturbances, and comments on governance policies for inadequately addressing sustainability and social issues.

While urban growth management has shown varying degrees of success in curbing urban land expansion, their effects over time and across urban land uses remain largely unexplored. We used nationwide longitudinal data and difference-in-difference models to assess the effect of construction land quotas on changes in residential, industrial, commercial, public service, and aggregate land uses in 274 Chinese cities between 2010 and 2019. Results show that more stringent quotas were initially effective in containing urban land expansion but lost their effectiveness later. Over the entire period, however, the quotas had no significant effect. Such ineffective quota led to a higher percentage of residential land at the expense of industrial land, but unaffected commercial and public service land. Our findings highlight that these effects were driven by strong revenue incentives favoring profitable residential construction. This underscores the crucial importance of considering the roles various urban land uses play in local revenue and economic development when enforcing urban growth management.

Cities are facing many challenges related to urban growth. This phenomenon has prompted decision-makers to adopt innovative approaches for planning based on accurate forecasting of urban growth. Among the most widely used forecasting methods, there are Cellular Automata (CA) based methods and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) based methods. The accuracy of these forecasting models is strongly related to data quality, data availability, Model calibration and Model validation. In this paper, a comparative analysis between three forecasting methods is presented based on a temporal sequence of Sentinel 2A images. The main goal of this study is to assess the performance of these models which are of CA-Markov Chain, MLP-Markov and ConvLSTM in terms of accuracy, complexity, and feasibility. The case study is carried out on the city of Casablanca in Morocco. After implementing these three forecasting methods, the obtained results show that the Kappa coefficient of MLP-Markov, CA-Markov and ConvLSTM is, respectively, 89,40%; 97,20%; and 94,50%. In terms of complexity, the ConvLSTM method is more complex due to the number of elementary operations. In terms of feasibility, the ConvLSTM method is more demanding in terms of data volume since it is a Deep Learning model. Accordingly, CA-Markov based methods, in particular MLP-Markov, show a great potential for forecasting urban growth, especially for short term forecasting when there are not enough satellite images available to adopt a Deep Learning approach such as ConvLSTM.

Natural resource-based industries in the European Arctic operate in an increasingly competitive and globalized Arctic. Knowledge of key drivers and their industrial impacts provide industries, companies, communities, and decision-makers at multiple levels with information on how to plan, manage and collaborate for the future. In this study, we explore the global drivers that affect key industries in the European Arctic – aquaculture, forestry, mining and tourism – and what impacts these drivers have on the specific industries. The study identifies eight common global drivers affecting all four industries, after applying thematic analysis of an extensive interview material with national industrial specialists in the European Arctic countries and at EU level. The global drivers identified, impact the development of key industries in the European Arctic differently and point to context-specific developments as well as a considerable uncertainty what the future holds.

Institutional bricolage has gained attention in the global south, albeit limited evidence in community forestry. This study characterizes forest resource appropriation practices, analyzes bricolage manifestations around timber and NTFPs, and assesses their outcomes across four regions of Nepal. Using 342 semi-structured interviews, 38 focus group discussions, 61 key informant interviews, and policy document reviews, the findings reveal: (i) geographic variations in resource appropriation practices, with selection felling prevalent in the Mountains and an irregular shelter-wood system in the Terai; (ii) aggregation and articulation were common in the mountains for subsistence products, while alteration was more prevalent in the Terai for commercial products; and (iii) aggregation and alteration yielded mixed outcomes, whereas erosion consistently led to negative outcomes. This study advances critical institutionalism by highlighting how these bricolage processes manifest and shape forest management outcomes in Nepal. We call for further studies on the socio-political determinants of institutional bricolage manifestations.

Urbanization, a global process entailing profound socio-economic changes, transforms land cover. This review analyzes the social-ecological drivers and outcomes of land cover change (LCC) in five politically unstable regions: Greater Cairo, Tunisia, Lebanon, Syria, and the West Bank. Using data from 30 papers, we explored socio-political contexts and measured the social-ecological outcomes related to LCC. Remote sensing studies from 2011 to 2021 indicated predominantly negative social-ecological outcomes of urban expansion (p = 0.03), whereas, some studies indicated also positive outcomes of urban growth (p = 0.001). All studies highlighted the complex, location-specific interplay of LCC drivers. The lack of sufficient and consistent data to quantitatively assess the interlinkages between social-ecological outcomes and LCC drivers remains a challenge to better understand urbanization effects on ecosystem services.

Context and background In many societies including Uganda, land ownership is intricately linked to power, identity, and socio-economic status. Despite legal reforms, women in Africa, particularly Uganda, face discrimination and barriers in land ownership due to sociocultural norms and implementation gaps which has caused a problem of low numbers of women engaged in matters of their rights to land ownership yet women’s rights to land ownership are very important in the development of the country given their role in agriculture and the role they play in society. Goal and Objectives: The research sought to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of women in Kakunyu Village concerning their land ownership rights by assessing the level of knowledge and attitude of women on their rights to ownership of land and also investigate perceived factors that affect women’s rights to land ownership. Methodology: Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data and the data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and NVivo 14 for thematic analysis. Results: The research found that: majority of the women were not aware of specific legal provisions for land ownership, Cultural norms heavily influenced attitudes of land ownership, traditional practices and legal complexities were key barriers to women land ownership. The study recommended the need for targeted policy interventions, increased legal literacy, and community-driven initiatives to promote gender equity in land ownership.

Context and background A typical character of land tenure or property systems in sub-Saharan Africa is that the systems exclude women (implicitly and explicitly) (Chigbu, 2019). Over the past twenty years, several African countries have done some efforts towards improving the state of women’s land rights as a means to achieve gender equality in land ownership. The problem is that, there is no research paper that has analyzed these efforts at sub-regional levels (North, Central, West, East and Southern Africa), by providing data on these sub-regional efforts (best practices and successful interventions) jointly made to achieve gender equality in land ownership. Objective and research questions: This paper seeks to provide analysis and understanding on how these sub-regional efforts can be used as triggers to pave the way for the adoption of a gender-focused continental guidelines on women’s land rights in Africa. Our research is centered around the following two joint questions: What are the efforts done at sub-regional levels to strengthen women’s land rights in Africa and what mechanisms can be put in place to pave the way for the adoption of a gender-focused continental guideline? Methodology: Using case studies and best practices from the five African sub-regions, our research adopts an approach that collected and analyzed data from existing policy documents, laws, academic papers, and other materials through a desk review on women's land rights and land tenure security. In this paper, we discuss the current state, gaps, challenges and opportunities in strengthening women's land rights in North, Central, West, East and Southern Africa, by highlighting the main best practices which can pave the way for a future without gender inequalities in land ownership. This review was conducted from January to September 2024. Results: The results obtained from my analysis are: the mechanisms for implementing women’s tenure security; the tools for codifying women’s land tenure; and the monitoring progress for strengthening women’s land rights in Africa. These mechanisms, tools and monitoring processes can serve as a trail (pathway) to the design and adoption gender-focused continental guidelines on women's land rights in Africa. These mechanisms are the main recommendations of my research work. Therefore, if adopted and enforced at the continental level by the African Union, these mechanisms, tools and monitoring processes can guaranty an equal ownership to land between men and women in Africa.

ABSTRACT Context and background The traditional communities of South Africa, particularly in the apartheid’s former homelands, have had to grapple with issues of the distortion of living customary law. This distortion has been exacerbated by the continued lack of meaningful public consultation with traditional communities, by the government, traditional authorities, and external parties on matters that relate to traditional governance and land administration. The rural women of South Africa have historically played a crucial role in the fight against these distortions of living customary law and for rural democracy – a traditional governance and land administration that is aligned with our constitutional democracy. However, their contributions have often been marginalised due to systemic challenges stemming from historical injustices, gender discrimination, and entrenched patriarchal practices. Nevertheless, the role of rural women has resulted in some strides toward the democratization of traditional governance and land administration. However, substantial obstacles persist, particularly within the legal and policy frameworks that remain mostly ineffective and do not adequately address the realities faced by traditional communities and their living customary laws. There is a huge legal lacuna caused by the oversights of legislatures, policymakers, and external parties: the insufficient public participation for traditional communities, the centralization of power within leadership institutions, and the perpetuation of apartheid-induced subjugations and oppressions of traditional communities by the current legislative frameworks, contrary to living customary law. Goal and Objectives: This paper seeks to affirm and pay tribute to the contributions of women, such as the late activists Constance Mogale and Sizani Ngubane, who tirelessly advocated for the rights of traditional communities and rural women. It aims to evaluate the existing challenges within the legal framework of traditional governance and land administration. The primary objectives are to highlight the critical need for legal reforms that reflect the lived experiences of traditional communities and to advocate for substantive consultations with these communities during legislative and policymaking processes. Methodology: The analysis draws on doctrinal research which involves the analysis of South Africa’s traditional governance and land administration laws, peer-reviewed journal articles, books, electronic media, government reports, and technical reports on the intersectionality of traditional governance, land rights, and rural democracy. I also draw from my experiences working as a Researcher for Natural Justice, Southern Africa Hub (NJ), and previously at the Land and Accountability Research Centre (LARC), within and with the traditional communities of South Africa. Through this analysis, the paper seeks to evaluate the status of the legislative frameworks on traditional governance and land administration, challenges, and solutions thereto. Fundamentally, it seeks to determine how can South Africa reform its traditional governance and land administration systems while ensuring that traditional communities are adequately represented in dialogues that shape their lives. Results: The paper underscores the urgent need for policies that empower traditional communities, protect informal land rights, and address gender discrimination and patriarchal structures. By advocating for inclusive legal reforms and authentic public participation, the paper posits that South Africa can establish a more equitable traditional governance system that recognises and values the vital contributions of traditional communities and rural women.

Cameroon, a country in Central Africa, faces significant environmental challenges, including soil degradation and erosion, particularly in the northern regions. The semi-arid climate of Northern Cameroon, combined with land overexploitation and unsustainable agricultural practices, makes this area particularly vulnerable to these phenomena (Ngwa et al., 2018). This ecological crisis severely affects the livelihoods of rural populations, the majority of whom depend on subsistence agriculture. In this region, women play a crucial role in agriculture and soil conservation practices, holding valuable ecological knowledge about land and natural resource management (Tchotsoua, 2020). However, although they are at the heart of agricultural production, they are often marginalized in political and economic decisions, which hinders their ability to adopt effective conservation strategies (Moussa, 2019). The objective of this article is to analyze the strategies employed by women in Northern Cameroon to combat soil degradation and to highlight the challenges they face. This study used a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative and qualitative methods to analyze the impact of women's actions in soil conservation. The sample consisted of 150 women from 15 women's associations in the municipalities of Lagdo and Ngong, selected based on specific criteria. Data were collected through document review, questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions, and field observations in September 2024. The analysis combined descriptive statistics and qualitative analysis of the interviews, with data triangulation to validate the results and deepen the understanding of the challenges and strategies of women. The results reveal that these women are developing innovative conservation practices, such as planting live hedges, composting, and alternating strip cropping, which improve soil fertility and enhance resilience to climate change. However, their ability to act is hindered by gender inequalities and a lack of institutional support. The article concludes with the need for reforms to strengthen their position in sustainable land management.