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La yaca, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., es un cultivo reciente en México de producción principalmente para exportación. El barrenador de ramas, Neoptychodes trilineatus L., es la principal plaga. Se determinaron la incidencia de larvas en ramas y severidad, distribución espacial, y fluctuación poblacional de los adultos en Nayarit, México. El adulto se alimenta de brotes tiernos y de la cáscara de frutos en desarrollo, mientras que la larva barrena las ramas. Con una incidencia media de dos larvas por kilogramo de madera seca se le encuentra durante todo el año, a excepción de diciembre. La mayor infestación ocurre en septiembre con 5.4 larvas por kilogramo de madera. El 84.7% de los árboles presentaron síntomas de daños por barrenador. Con una incidencia media de 0.92 adultos por árbol, se recolectaron en abril, mayo, julio, agosto, noviembre, enero, y febrero. En enero se detectó la mayor infestación con tres adultos por árbol. La mayor presencia ocurrió en la región de Tecuitata con 1.7 adultos por árbol, seguido de Jalcocotán con 1.1 adultos por árbol. Jackfruit, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., in Mexico is a recent crop for the export market. The branch borer, Neoptychodes trilineatus L., is the main pest of the crop. The objectives were to determine the incidence of larvae in branches and severity, spatial distribution, and population fluctuation of adults at Nayarit, Mexico in 2018-2019. Adults feed on tender shoots and skin of developing fruits, while larvae bore the branches. With an average incidence of two larvae per kilogram of wood, they were found throughout the year, except in December. The greatest infestation occurred in September with 5.4 larvae per kilogram of wood. Eighty-five percent of the trees showed symptoms of borer damage, with a mean incidence of 0.92 adult per tree. Adults were collected in April, May, July, August, November, January, and February. In January, the largest infestation was detected with three adults per tree. The greatest presence occurred in the Tecuitata region with 1.7 adults per tree, and 1.1 at Jalcocotán. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Mexico there is a morphological and biochemical variability of soursop germplasm, mainly due to its propagation by seed. The last years were identified in Nayarit accessions (TR, VCA1, VCA4, VCA5 and VCA10) with outstanding characteristics; therefore, in 2017 the morphological and physicochemical characterization of fruits of these accessions was carried out. The morphological characterization was carried out with the descriptors of the guide of tests of distinction, homogeneity and stability of the international union for the protection of plant varieties (UPOV) in annonaceae. The physicochemical parameters were determined by the AOAC methods. Morphological differences were found in size and shape of fruits, size of spines, quantity and size of seeds. In the fruits of TR and VCA4 the largest size predominated and in the VCA5 smaller size. The trapezoidal shape predominated in the TR and the conical in VCA1 and VCA4. The TR and VCA10 fruits had greater bark thickness and smaller spines; while the VCA4 had larger spines. Fruits TR, VCA4 and VCA10 had a higher number of seeds and VCA5 had a lower number; with larger seeds in the TR and less in VCA1 and VCA4. There were no differences in pulp yield (68.7- 72.4%), but it was directly proportional to the fruit size (r= 0.532) with p< 0.001. In the physicochemical characteristics, the TR fruits at maturity of consumption had greater intensity of the green of the skin, greater firmness, soluble solids content (SST) and °Brix/acidity ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) has become an important fruit and represents a production option for tropical areas of Mexico. However, due to its recent introduction, information on its associated pests and diseases and management recommendations is still limited. In 2017, deformation of the leaves, discoloration of the beam and the presence of spider webs on the underside caused by an unknown mite were observed. The objective of this research was to identify the associated mite, determine its population distribution and fluctuation and evaluate the biological efficacy of acaricides. The study was conducted during 2018-2019 in Nayarit, Mexico. The identified mite is Tetranychus pacificus known as the red spider. It is distributed in all producing areas of jackfruit in Nayarit. It was mainly detected from November to June with greater infestation in the Tecuitata producing area (0.86 mites' leaf-1) and Jalcocotan (0.57 mites' leaf-1 of the municipality of San Blas. On average in September and October its presence is imperceptible; however, in El Capomo only in July was detected which probably indicates an initial stage of dispersal of the mite. Significant correlation was observed (β= 0.0489, r= -0.73, F= 0.0345, α= 0.05) of the population with the temperature, with a decrease in the population at a higher temperature and accentuated from 26 ° C. No correlation was observed with relative humidity. The highest temperature (27.9 °C) and relative humidity (88.2%) occurred in the month of July and September, respectively, months in which the lowest mite population was observed. The acaricides evaluated exercised significant control. At 21 days after application, differences occurred between treatments and the absolute control (Pr>F= 0.0245). With the application of azadirachtin (1.9 g of ia L-1 of water) and mineral oil (16.9 g of ia L-1 of water) a control of 75.9% and 72.5%, respectively, was obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se reportan insectos xilófagos del guanábano ( Annona muricata L.) en México. La asociación del guanábano como huésped de las especies Acanthoderes quadrigibba (Say), Oreodera fasciculosa Thomson (Cerambycidae), and Chrysobothris totonaca Domínguez y Márquez (Buprestidae) representan un nuevo reporte. Las ramas afectadas por el patógeno Lasiodiplodia theobramae Pat. pueden ser una fuente potencial de mayor daño por estos insectos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La guanábana Annona muricata (L.) es el cultivo frutícola más importante de las anonáceas en México. Existen diversos insectos plaga que causan daños al cultivo, entre ellos Gonodonta pyrgo (Cramer). En cultivos tropicales se ha reportado el 100% de pérdidas causadas por este insecto. Debido a la reciente detección de esta especie en Nayarit, la escasa información de biología y hábitos, los objetivos de esta investigación fueron determinar el ciclo de vida y el comportamiento diurno de larvas y adultos en el laboratorio. El insecto vivió de huevo a adultos 26.0 ± 2.11 días. El estado de larva fue el que más duró (12.0 ± 0.29 días) y causó el mayor daño al alimentarse de hojas, flores, y frutos de guanábano. El adulto vivió 4.0 ± 0.31 días, perfora frutos de mango y guanábana con la finalidad de alimentarse del néctar, con lo cual afecta la calidad de la fruta. Se caracteriza por la alta capacidad para descubrir nuevos hábitats y la gran capacidad de colonización, lo que implica mayores dificultades para realizar su control y delimitar las áreas infestadas. Los huevos son depositados en grupos de 700 a 1,500 en el envés de hojas tiernas. Hasta antes del quinto o sexto día de emergencia, las larvas se alimentan de follaje, flores, y frutos tiernos, del sexto día en adelante se alimentan también de follaje maduro. Posteriormente, se desplazan hacia la base del árbol, entre la hojarasca y suelo para pupar. En confinamiento de laboratorio el adulto laceró el exocarpo de frutos de mango y guanábana. Annona muricata L. (soursop) is the most important fruit crop of annonaceous in Mexico and in Nayarit State where most is produced. Many insect pests damage the fruit, including Gonodonta pyrgo (Cramer) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae). The pest causes 100% loss of other tropical crops. Because of the recent detection of G. pyrgo in Nayarit and the limited information on the biology and habits, the objectives of this research were to determine the life cycle and the diurnal behavior of larvae and adults under laboratory conditions. G. pyrgo from egg to adult lived 26.0 ± 2.11 days. The larval stage lasted 12.0 ± 0.29 days and caused the most damage by feeding on A. muricata leaves. The adult lived 4.0 ± 0.31 days, piercing mango and soursop fruits while feeding on the nectar, thus affecting the quality of the fruit. This insect is characterized by high capacity to discover new habitats and colonize that cause difficulty in their control and limiting infested areas. Eggs are laid in groups of 700 to 1,500 on the underside of young leaves. By the fifth or sixth day after emergence, the larvae feed on foliage, flowers, and young fruit, and feed on mature foliage before that. Subsequently, they move to the base of a tree to pupate into soil and trash. In laboratory conditions, adults damage fruit of mango and soursop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most soursop, Annona muricata L., in the world is produced in Mexico. Soursop is a tropical fruit with great commercial possibility. Currently, its commercialization in Mexico has restrictions established in national phytosanitary legislation. Some insect species such as Anastrepha that are registered as associated with soursop have not been confirmed. The purpose of this research was to extensively sample fruit in orchards and stockpile centers and use induced infestation in field cages to determine if soursop fruit hosted Anastrepha. Observation was June 2009 through June 2012 in Nayarit, Mexico. A total of 5.23 tons of fruit was sampled (n = 6,712) in commercial orchards and 7.18 tons (n = 8,418) in stockpile centers, a sum total of 12.41 tons of fruit. No soursop fruits with Anastrepha ludens or A. obliqua fly larvae were found. In fields and stockpile centers, we observed fruit infested by Optatus palmaris (Coleptera: Curculionidae) at a density of 0.12 and 0.03 larva per fruit, respectively. We collected fruits infested by Neosilba sp. larvae (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) at 0.0058 larva per fruit, from which 21 adults emerged. From 318 cedar tree fruit (Spondias sp.) collected in the study region, 35 A. obliqua adults emerged, and eight A. ludens and 57 A. obliqua were found in McPhail traps baited with hydrolyzed protein in mango orchards (Mangifera indica) where the research occurred. In McPhail traps in soursop orchards, one A. ludens, four A. obliqua, and three Anastrepha spp. were captured. In the cages, no soursop fruit was infested by A. ludens or A. oblique. From mango fruits used as hosts, five A. obliqua and two A. ludens emerged. Based on the results, we concluded that soursop was not a host for Anastrepha fruit fly. The current phytosanitary measures established in the Mexican Official Norms must be modified to deregulate soursop fruit and allow its free mobilization within the Mexican states with different phytosanitary categories in relation to fruit flies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El psílido asiático de los cítricos (PAC; Diaphorina citri) es la plaga más importante que afecta a la lima mexicanao ( Citrus aurantifolia) en el trópico seco de México y es el vector de la enfermedad del Huanglongbing. Su control se basa en el uso de insecticidas sintéticos. La búsqueda de alternativas sustentables y eficaces es una prioridad en el manejo del PAC. En este estudio, se evaluó el efecto de diferentes tipos de aceites y extractos de plantas en el control de ninfas del PAC en el estado de Colima, México. Las pruebas fueron conducidas en árboles de lima mexicana y plantas de vivero infestadas con la plaga. Se realizó una aplicación foliar de cada tratamiento sobre brotes vegetativos de 5 a 7 días de edad. Las evaluaciones del número de ninfas vivas se hicieron antes y después de la aplicación de los aceites y los extractos de plantas. En la primera prueba, el aceite parafínico (99% de residuos no sulfonados) a concentraciones de 1, 2, y 3%, redujeron la población del PAC entre un 77 a 98% en comparación con el testigo sin control. En las otras pruebas, los diferentes aceites (parafínicos, de cocina y de cítricos) mostraron una baja infestación del PAC con relación al testigo. También, los extractos de neem, ajo y cebolla mostraron una reducción significativa de ninfas después de la aplicación. El aceite de semilla de Jatropha curcas tuvo una buena efectividad en el control del insecto. No se observaron signos de fitotoxicidad en los árboles tratados con cualquiera de los aceites durante el invierno, pero si los hubo durante el verano, principalmente con los aceites de cocina. Estos resultados demuestran que los aceites y extractos vegetales pueden ser incluidos en un programa de control del PAC en lima mexicana para reducir el uso de insecticidas sintéticos (organofosforados), los cuales están teniendo problemas de resistencia de D. citri. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]