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Following acute herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection, the virus undergoes an asymptomatic latent infection of sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Chemical and physical stress cause intermittent virus reactivation from latently infected DRG and recurrent virus shedding in the genital mucosal epithelium causing genital herpes in symptomatic patients. While T cells appear to play a role in controlling virus reactivation from DRG and reducing the severity of recurrent genital herpes, the mechanisms for recruiting these T cells into DRG and the vaginal mucosa (VM) remain to be fully elucidated. The present study investigates the effect of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 T-cell-attracting chemokines on the frequency and function of DRG- and VM-resident CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and its effect on the frequency and severity of recurrent genital herpes in the recurrent herpes guinea pig model. HSV-2 latent-infected guinea pigs were immunized intramuscularly with the HSV-2 ribonucleotide reductase 2 (RR2) protein (Prime) and subsequently treated intravaginally with the neurotropic adeno-associated virus type 8 expressing CXCL9, CXCL10, or CXCL11 chemokines to recruit CD4+ and CD8+ T cells into the infected DRG and VM (Pull). Compared to the RR2 therapeutic vaccine alone, the RR2/CXCL11 prime/pull therapeutic vaccine significantly increased the frequencies of functional tissue-resident and effector memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in both DRG and VM tissues. This was associated with less virus in the healed genital mucosal epithelium and reduced frequency and severity of recurrent genital herpes. These findings confirm the role of local DRG- and VM-resident CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in reducing virus shedding at the vaginal site of infection and the severity of recurrent genital herpes and propose the novel prime-pull vaccine strategy to protect against recurrent genital herpes.IMPORTANCEThe present study investigates the novel prime/pull therapeutic vaccine strategy to protect against recurrent genital herpes using the latently infected guinea pig model. In this study, we used the strategy that involves immunization of herpes simplex virus type 2-infected guinea pigs using a recombinantly expressed herpes tegument protein-ribonucleotide reductase 2 (RR2; prime), followed by intravaginal treatment with the neurotropic adeno-associated virus type 8 expressing CXCL9, CXCL10, or CXCL11 T-cell-attracting chemokines to recruit T cells into the infected dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and vaginal mucosa (VM) (pull). We show that the RR2/CXCL11 prime-pull therapeutic vaccine strategy elicited a significant reduction in virus shedding in the vaginal mucosa and decreased the severity and frequency of recurrent genital herpes. This protection was associated with increased frequencies of functional tissue-resident (TRM cells) and effector (TEM cells) memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells infiltrating latently infected DRG tissues and the healed regions of the vaginal mucosa. These findings shed light on the role of tissue-resident and effector memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in DRG tissues and the VM in protection against recurrent genital herpes and propose the prime-pull therapeutic vaccine strategy in combating genital herpes.

Genital herpes is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. Using the best available evidence, this guideline recommends strategies for diagnosis, management and follow‐up of the condition as well as for minimizing transmission. Early recognition and initiation of therapy is key and may reduce the duration of illness or avoid hospitalization with complications, including urinary retention, meningism or severe systemic illness. The guideline covers a range of common clinical scenarios, such as recurrent genital herpes, infection during pregnancy and coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examined the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with borderline personality disorder (BPD). A total of 4649 AYAs with BPD and 46,490 age-, sex-, and socioeconomic-matched controls without BPD were enrolled from the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan from 2001 to 2009 and were followed up until the end of 2011. Participants who contracted any STI during the follow-up period were identified. Cox regression analysis was conducted to examine the risk of contracting any STI among both patients and controls. A total of 4649 AYAs with BPD and 46,490 age-, sex-, and socioeconomic-matched controls without BPD were enrolled from the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan from 2001 to 2009 and were followed up until the end of 2011. Participants who contracted any STI (ICD-9-CM code 042, 091–097, 087.11, 078.8, 078.88, 131, and 054.1) during the follow-up period were identified. Cox regression and sub-analyses stratified by sex, age, psychiatric comorbidity subgroups, and psychotropic medication usage were conducted to assess STI risk. AYAs with BPD were at a higher risk of contracting any STI (hazard ratio [HR] = 50.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 33.45–77.11) in comparison with controls, including HIV, syphilis, genital warts, gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, and genital herpes. The association of BPD with an increased risk of any STI was prevalent in both sexes, adolescents, and young adult patients. BPD with or without psychiatric comorbid subgroup were all associated with an elevated risk of contracting any STI relative to the control group. AYAs with BPD are highly susceptible to contracting STIs. Future studies should examine the role of the core symptoms of BPD, sexual orientation, risky sex behaviors, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and substance use before sex in the risk of STIs among AYAs with BPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, nearly half of all pregnancies are unintended, ∼1.3 million new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are reported every year, and more than 500 million people are estimated to have a genital herpes simplex virus (HSV-2) infection. Here we report the first 3D printed multipurpose prevention technology (MPT) intravaginal ring (IVR) for prevention of HIV, HSV-2, and unintended pregnancy. The IVRs were fabricated using state-of-the-art Continuous Liquid Interface Production (CLIP™) 3D printing technology using a biocompatible silicone-urethane based resin. Anti-HIV drug (Dapivirine, DPV), anti-herpes drug (Pritelivir, PTV) and a contraceptive drug (Levonorgestrel, LNG) were loaded in a macaque size IVR (25 mm outer diameter, OD; 6.0 mm cross-section, CS) allometrically scaled from the human size (54 mm OD; 7.6 mm CS) IVR analogue. All three active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) were loaded in the IVR using a single-step drug loading process driven by absorption. DPV, PTV, and LNG elicited zero-order release kinetics in vitro in simulated vaginal fluid (SVF) at pH 4 and pH 8 relevant to human and macaque vaginal pH respectively. CLIP 3D printed MPT IVRs remained stable after 6 months of storage at 4 °C with no change in physical, dimensional, or mechanical properties and no change in drug concentration and absence of drug degradation byproducts. The MPT IVRs elicited sustained release of all three APIs in macaques for 28 days with median plasma concentrations of 138 pg/mL (DPV), 18,700 pg/mL (PTV), and 335 pg/mL (LNG). Safety studies demonstrated that the MPT IVRs were safe and well tolerated in the macaques with no observed change or abnormalities in vaginal pH and no significant changes in any of the 22 mucosal cytokines and chemokines tested including pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17, IL-18) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10, IL-12) cytokines while the MPT IVR was in place or after its removal. Additionally, MPT IVRs elicited no observed alterations in systemic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells during the entire study. Collectively, the proposed MPT IVR has potential to expand preventative choices for young women and girls against unintended pregnancy and two highly prevalent sexually transmitted infections (STIs). [Display omitted] • DPV/PTV/LNG were loaded into the IVR in a single step using a controlled solvent-mediated loading process. • DPV/PTV/LNG IVRs exhibited sustained release for 35 days in vitro. • DPV IVRs exhibited sustained release in macaques for 28 days above the PK benchmark. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Genital herpes is a common sexually transmitted disease among young adults in the United States. We conducted a cross-sectional survey to evaluate herpes simplex virus knowledge among university students. Participants: 612 full-time undergraduate students. Methods: We gathered data on demographics, sexual activity, knowledge about the herpes simplex virus, attitudes toward it, and preferences for testing and treatment. Results: Of 612 full-time undergraduate students, 71.4% (437/612) reported being sexually active. Of them, 54.2% (237/437) reported ever being tested for a sexually transmitted infection. On a standardized knowledge assessment of genital herpes, 22.7% (139/612) of participants scored ≥80% correct. Over half of participants, 57.2% (350/612), reported that they could not cope with a genital herpes outbreak. Being sexually active and tested for sexually transmitted infections was associated with higher scores on the genital herpes knowledge assessment. Conclusion: University students have low knowledge regarding genital herpes. Genital herpes education is needed to improve sexual health and wellness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are the most often reported infectious disorders in the world. Sexual intercourse with an infected partner is the most significant risk factor for STIs.1Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a major global health concern, with serious co-morbidities and mortality rates. Objectives: 1. To identify the aetiology of ulcerative STIs among hospital patients. 2. To study the HIV and GUD co-infection 3. To study the prevalence of contacts and partners 4. To Identify different factors influencing genital ulcer diseases Material & Methods: Study Design: Hospital-based, cross-sectional study. Study area: The study was conducted in the Department of OBG & Microbiology of a Medical College, in Kolkata. Study period: 1st July 2023 to 30th June 2024. Study tools and Data collection procedure: The project was evaluated and approved by the ethics committee, of the institution. Written, informed consent was obtained from each participant at the time of enrolment in the study, and sociodemographic characteristics were recorded. Detailed sexual exposure history was taken of each individual including sexual partners, sexual behavior, and sexual practices. Only strongly suspected cases of ulcers of STD origin were studied after thorough clinical examination. Results: Out of 51 cases who used condoms, in 22 cases (18.3%) aetiology was identified. Whereas out of 69 cases who did not use condoms, in 62 cases (51.6%) aetiology was diagnosed. So, in condom used cases, the incidence of GUD was 43% whereas in condom not used cases, the incidence of GUD was 89.8%. This shows the impact of condom use in preventing genital ulcers. The present study included 4 cases from the high-risk group, Men having sex with men (MSM) 3 cases and female sex workers (FSW) 1 cases. These patients presented with genital ulcers and were diagnosed. Conclusion: This study concluded that eliminating bacterial GUDs caused an increase in cases of Viral GUDs (Genital Herpes). The presence of GUD increases HIV susceptibility, hence proper and regular use of latex condoms is required to avoid the transfer of STIs. Laboratory tests detected GUDs with numerous etiologies that had previously gone undetected clinically. This aids in the identification of cases and allows patients to obtain proper and appropriate care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) is associated with a reduction in quality of life and adverse outcomes. The aim of this study is to assess the interest and expectations for a therapeutic HSV vaccine among individuals diagnosed with genital herpes in Italy. A retrospective survey was conducted at the Infectious Diseases Unit of the IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. The study collected data on demographics, clinical history and interest in HSV vaccination. The results showed that 87.5% of participants were interested in a therapeutic vaccine, with interest higher among younger people and those with frequent genital herpes recurrences. Participants most expected the vaccine to reduce the pain associated with outbreaks, followed by a reduction in the frequency and duration of recurrences. These findings underscore the strong demand for a therapeutic HSV vaccine, especially among those who experience recurrent outbreaks, and highlight the importance of considering patient expectations when developing preventive and therapeutic strategies for genital herpes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viral outbreaks are common in the sport community. Data regarding the prevalence of plantar warts, genital warts, herpes simplex type 1 (herpes labialis), herpes zoster, and genital herpes in competitive swimmers are lacking in the literature. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of those viral infections among young competitive swimmers participating in Greek swimming clubs. Swimmers' parents and adult swimmers were asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire. In total, 1047 swimmers enrolled in this study. The measured parameters included gender, age, times of infections, and seasons when athletes may be more susceptible to infections. Practicing information such as type of swimming facility, number of training years, average hours of daily training, behaviors in swimming practice, and sunlight exposure was also recorded. All infections showed a significant difference in relation to "age" and "years of training". The gender significance was observed in herpes labialis (p = 0.016) and plantar warts (p = 0.05). The prevalence of all infections in swimmers who use outdoor facilities was higher. Certain behaviors such as walking barefoot on a pool deck and sharing swimming equipment correlate with herpes simplex and plantar warts. Virus infections can affect swimmers of all ages. In our study, plantar warts and herpes labialis are more common in swimmers. Herpes zoster and sexually transmitted viruses are rarer and affect adult swimmers. The impact of cutaneous infections on swimmers can affect performance and well-being. Effective prevention and management are essential to avoid complications. Proper hygiene, medical guidance, and treatment reduce swimmers' exposure to skin viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Men who have Sex with Men (MSM) are at highrisk for acquiring Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs). The high prevalence of STIs, such as syphilis, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), genital herpes, genital warts, gonorrhea, and hepatitis B, necessitates regular screening in the MSM group. Furthermore, the presence of these STIs increases the transmission of HIV. Unfortunately, limited data are available regarding STI prevalence among MSM in India. Understanding the prevalence in this high-risk group aids in rapid diagnosis and effective control of infections, thereby reducing their transmission. Aim: To analyse the prevalence of STIs in the MSM group in Venereology Outpatient Department (OPD) in a Tertiary care centre, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Materials and Methods: A record-based cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care centre in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India over a period of one year (January 2023 - December 2023). The study included 110 men who were brought in by voluntary organisations or who walked in directly to the Venereology department and identified themselves as homosexuals. Their socio-demographic data, detailed contact history, chief complaints, relevant investigations, and treatments provided were recorded and analysed. All data were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Results: Out of the 110 men enrolled in this study, most were in the 18 to 29 years age group, and a predominant 58 (52.72%) reported engaging in unprotected sexual practices. Specifically, 67 (60.91%) of the men identified themselves as strictly homosexuals, while 43 (39.1%) identified as bisexuals. Further inquiry about their partners revealed that 24 (21.82%) had contact with known partners, while 86 (78.18%) had contact with unknown partners, primarily through dating apps and social media platforms. Among the 42 patients diagnosed with STIs, syphilis was the most common, affecting 15 (13.63%) individuals. The second most common STI was HIV, seen in 10 (9.09%) of which 4 had co-infection with syphilis. The next most common STIs diagnosed were genital herpes in 7 (6.36%), gonorrhea in 6 (5.45%), genital warts in 3 (2.73%), hepatitis B in 3 (2.73%), and genital scabies in 2 (1.81%). Conclusion: The prevalence of STIs in this study was found to be 38.18%. This study underscores the importance of understanding the prevalence of STIs, which may aid in targeted interventions to address STI transmission, particularly among young adults and MSM populations. Efforts should focus on promoting safer sexual practices, increasing access to testing and treatment, and providing education and support to both individuals and their partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a sexually transmitted virus, the cause of genital herpes, and its infection can increase the risk of HIV-1 infection. After initial infection, HSV-2 can establish lifelong latency within the nervous system, which is likely associated with the virus-mediated immune evasion. In this study, we found that HSV-2 UL24 significantly inhibited the activation of the IFN-β promoter and the production of IFN-β at both mRNA and protein levels. Of importance, the inhibitory effect of HSV-2 on IFN-β production was significantly impaired in the context of HSV-2 infection when UL24 was knocked down. Additional studies revealed that, although the full-length HSV-2 UL24 affected cell cycle and viability to some extent, its N-terminal 1–202AA domain showed no obvious cytotoxicity while its C-terminal 201–281 AA domain had a minimal impact on cell viability. Further studies showed that the N-terminal 1–202 AA domain of HSV-2 UL24 (HSV-2 UL24-N) was the main functional region responsible for the inhibition of IFN-β production mediated by HSV-2 UL24. This domain significantly suppressed the activity of RIG-IN, MAVS, TBK-1, IKK-ε, or the IRF-3/5D-activated IFN-β promoter. Mechanistically, HSV-2 UL24-N suppressed IRF-3 phosphorylation, resulting in the inhibition of IFN-β production. The findings of this study highlight the significance of HSV-2 UL24 in inhibiting IFN-β production, revealing two potential roles of UL24 during HSV-2 infection: facilitating immune evasion and inducing cell cycle arrest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 can produce mucocutaneous lesions and Central Nervous System (CNS) infections, some of which may be life-threatening. There are no known animal vectors for HSV, and although experimental animals are easily infected, humans appear to be the only natural reservoir. Herpes infection is the predominant cause of genital ulcers worldwide. An increase in Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) usage for HSV detection and an increase in HSV-2 reactivation frequency among HSV/Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-co-infected persons can be attributed to this. Aim: To detect HSV infection by light microscopy, Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA), PCR in clinically suspected cases and to assess the utility value of PCR over ELISA and light microscopy. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 84 samples collected from clinically suspected cases of herpes simplex infections at the Department of Dermatology and Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) Clinic. The collected samples were processed in the Department of Microbiology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India during the period from November 2018 to May 2020. Swabs collected from the patients were processed for investigations including light microscopy, HSV-1, HSV&2 PCR. Blood samples were collected from those patients for HSV1+2 IgM ELISA. Descriptive statistics such as mean and Standard Deviation (SD) for continuous variables, and frequencies and percentages for categorical variables were calculated. Results: Total of 84 cases of HSV were included 68 (81%) were with suspected cases of herpes genitalis, and 16 (19%) presented with herpes labialis. The prevalence of HSV infection was found to be 59.5%. In the case of herpes genitalis and herpes labialis, the majority were in the age group 31-40 years. Males were more affected compared to females in the case of herpes genitalis, while females were more affected in the case of herpes labialis. PCR had a sensitivity, specificity, Positive Predictive Value (PPV), and Negative Predictive Value (NPV) of 74%, 100%, 100%, and 72.3%, respectively. Conclusion: PCR can be used as a gold standard test as well as a confirmatory test when compared to IgM ELISA and Tzanck smear for HSV diagnosis.

The most commonly used animal models for evaluating the efficacy of HSV-2 candidate vaccines are mice and guinea pigs. While numerous HSV-2 vaccine candidates have been tested in these animals and were effective in reducing disease and mortality, these results did not predict the effectiveness of the vaccines in human trials. Infection of rhesus macaques rarely results in lesions or HSV-2 specific antibody responses. In seeking an animal model that better recapitulates human disease and that might be more predictive of the efficacy of prophylactic vaccines than mice and guinea pigs, we evaluated Cebus apella (C. apella), a New World primate, in an HSV-2 genital infection model. Infectious HSV-2 was cultured from vaginal swabs from all 4 animals for 9–14 days after intravaginal inoculation of HSV-2 seronegative monkeys. Two of 4 monkeys had vesicular lesions in the vagina or vulva. No neurological symptoms were noted. Recurrent lesions and HSV-2 DNA shedding after acute disease resolved was infrequent. UV irradiation of the genital area did not induce recurrent genital lesions or virus shedding. All 4 monkeys developed HSV-2 neutralizing antibodies as well as virus-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses. Reinfection of animals 15 to 19 months after primary infection did not result in lesions; animals had reduced virus shedding and a shorter duration of shedding compared with that during primary infection, suggesting that primary infection induced protective immunity. Primary fibroblasts from C. apella monkeys supported the growth of HSV-2 in vitro; in contrast, HSV-2 did not replicate above the titer of the input inoculum in fibroblasts from rhesus macaques. These observations suggest that the C. apella monkey has potential to serve as a model for evaluating the efficacy of prophylactic vaccines, antivirals, or monoclonal antibodies to HSV-2. Author summary: Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) is a cause of genital herpes, neonatal herpes, and herpes encephalitis. The virus persists in the nervous system for life and periodically reactivates resulting in recurrent genital lesions and can be transmitted to susceptible individuals. Currently there is no cure for the disease and no licensed vaccine to prevent infection. Numerous HSV-2 vaccine candidates have been tested in animal models, mostly in mice and guinea pigs, and vaccine efficacy observed in these animals has been poorly predictive for effectiveness of HSV-2 vaccines in humans. Thus, there is a need for an animal model that better recapitulates human disease and is more predictive for the efficacy of prophylactic vaccines. We evaluated an HSV-2 genital infection model using Cebus apella, a New World primate. Infectious HSV-2 was cultured from vaginal swabs from all 4 animals for 9–14 days after intravaginal inoculation. The animals developed symptoms similar to most humans with genital vesicular lesions and no neurological signs. They also developed antibody and T cell responses to HSV-2. Prior infection generally reduced reinfection. These observations suggest that Cebus apella monkeys have the potential to serve as a good model for evaluating the efficacy of prophylactic HSV-2 vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a sexually transmitted pathogen that causes a persistent infection in sensory ganglia. The infection manifests itself as genital herpes but in rare cases it can cause meningitis. In this study, we used a murine model of HSV-2 meningitis to show that Fas and FasL are induced within the CNS upon HSV-2 infection, both on resident microglia and astrocytes and on infiltrating monocytes and lymphocytes. Mice lacking Fas or FasL had a more severe disease development with significantly higher morbidity, mortality, and an overall higher CNS viral load. In parallel, these Fas/FasL-deficient mice showed a severely impaired infection-induced CNS inflammatory response with lower levels of infiltrating CD4+ T-cells, lower levels of Th1 cytokines and chemokines, and a shift in the balance between M1 and M2 microglia/monocytes. In vitro, we confirmed that Fas and FasL is required for the induction of leucocyte apoptosis, but also show that the Fas/FasL pathway is required for adequate cytokine and chemokine production by glial cells. In summary, our data show that the Fas/FasL cell death receptor pathway is an important defense mechanism in the spinal cord as it down-regulates HSV-2-induced inflammation while at the same time promoting adequate anti-viral immune responses against infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alphaherpesviruses, including herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), and varicella-zoster virus (VZV), infect a diverse array of hosts, spanning both humans and animals. Alphaherpesviruses have developed a well-adapted relationship with their hosts through long-term evolution. Some alphaherpesviruses exhibit a typical neurotropic characteristic, which has garnered widespread attention and in-depth research. Virus latency involves the retention of viral genomes without producing infectious viruses. However, under stress, this can be reversed, resulting in lytic infection. Such reactivation events can lead to recurrent infections, manifesting as diseases like herpes labialis, genital herpes, and herpes zoster. Reactivation is a complex process influenced by both viral and host factors, and identifying how latency and reactivation work is vital to developing new antiviral therapies. Recent research highlights a complex interaction among the virus, neurons, and the immune system in regulating alphaherpesvirus latency and reactivation. Neurotropic alphaherpesviruses can breach host barriers to infect neurons, proliferate extensively within their cell bodies, and establish latent infections or spread further. Whether infecting neurons or spreading further, the virus undergoes transmission along axons or dendrites, making this process an indispensable part of the viral life cycle and a critical factor influencing the virus's invasion of the nervous system. Research on the transmission process of neurotropic alphaherpesviruses within neurons can not only deepen our understanding of the virus but can also facilitate the targeted development of corresponding vaccines. This review concentrates on the relationship between the transmission, latency, and activation of alphaherpesviruses within neurons, summarizes recent advancements in the field, and discusses how these findings can inform the design of live virus vaccines for alphaherpesviruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe treatment of recurrent genital herpes typically involves daily doses of acyclovir for extended periods. Additive manufacturing is an intriguing technique for creating personalised drug delivery systems, which can enhance the effectiveness of treatments for various diseases. The vaginal route offers a viable alternative for the systemic administration of drugs with low oral bioavailability. In this study, we produced different grades of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) filaments through hot-melt extrusion, with acyclovir concentrations of 0%, 10%, and 20% by weight. We used fused filament fabrication to manufacture matrix-based devices, including intrauterine devices and intravaginal rings. Our results, obtained through SEM, FTIR, and DSC analyses, confirm the successful incorporation of acyclovir into the matrix. Thermal analysis reveals that the manufacturing process alters the organization of the TPU chains, resulting in a slight reduction in crystallinity. In our in-vitro tests, we observed an initial burst release on the first day, followed by sustained release at reduced rates for up to 145 days, demonstrating their potential for long-term applications. Additionally, cytotoxicity analysis suggests the excellent biocompatibility of the printed devices, and biological assays show a remarkable 99% reduction in HSV-1 replication. In summary, TPU printed devices offer a promising alternative for long-term genital herpes treatment, with the results obtained potentially contributing to the advancement of pharmaceutical manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Famciclovir, the drug of choice for cold sores and recurrent genital herpes, has poor oral bioavailability and is associated with numerous side effects. The study aimed to explore the possibility of transdermal application of famciclovir through a transferosome-loaded gelling system to localize the drug at the site of application with improved penetrability, therapeutic effects, and comfort. Materials and Methods: Transferosomes of famciclovir were prepared using tween 80, phospholipid, and cholesterol. To optimize drug entrapment and the vesicular size of the transferosomes, a central composite design was employed. The optimized formulation was evaluated for physicochemical characteristics, surface morphology, and degree of deformability. The optimized product was included in the Carbopol 940 gelling system. The gel was evaluated for ex vivo permeation, skin irritation, drug deposition at various skin layers, and histopathological analysis. Results: The design optimization yielded an optimized product (FAMOPT) of nanosized (339 nm) stable vesicles of the transferosome of famciclovir. The surface morphology analysis revealed the formation of nanovesicles without aggregation. Compatibility between the drug and excipients was established. The elasticity of the vesicles demonstrated resistance to leakage. The permeation of the drug was enhanced by 2.8 times. The gel was found to be non-irritating and non-sensitizing to the animal skin. The drug deposition at various skin layers was remarkably improved, indicating effective drug penetration. The histopathological examination further demonstrated the penetration of nano-vesiculate drugs through deeper layers of the skin. Conclusion: Hence, nano-vesicular famciclovir delivery is a promising alternative to conventional famciclovir delivery with enhanced local and systemic action for herpes treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the accuracy of HSV1and HSV2 antibody testing in identifying genital herpes infection. Methods: A cohort of 299 patients previously diagnosed with recurrent genital herpes, confirmed via PCR, were tested using ELISA for HSV1 and HSV2 IgM and IgG antibodies. The study compared the accuracy of HSV1 and HSV2 antibody tests in diagnosing genital herpes. Results: Among 299 patients, 14 tested positives for HSV1 DNA. Of these, 9 had HSV1 IgG antibodies, but none had HSV2 IgG antibody. Among 278 patients with HSV2 DNA, 149 had HSV1 IgG, 9 had HSV2 IgG, and 97 had both. Seven patients had both HSV1 and HSV2 DNA; 3 had HSV1 IgG, 1 had HSV2 IgG, and 3 had both. The accuracy of HSV1 IgG for HSV1 infection was 64.2%, and for HSV1 and HSV2 co-infection, 85.7%. The accuracy of HSV2 IgG for HSV2 infection was 38.1%, and for HSV1 and HSV2 co-infection, 57.1%. The combined antibody positivity accuracy was 34.9%. Conclusion: Genital herpes is primarily caused by HSV2 (92.98%). A smaller percentage is HSV1 (4.67%) or co-infection (2.34%). Despite relatively low diagnostic accuracy (34.9– 85.7%) for antibody detection, combined antibody testing is necessary. Herpes DNA testing is recommended for accurate diagnosis. Absence of antibodies does not rule out genital herpes and clinical assessment is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Globally, herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 and -1 infections contribute to a large disease burden, but their full economic consequences remain unclear. This study aims to estimate the global economic impact of genital HSV-2 and HSV-1 infection and its consequences for people with genital ulcer disease, neonatal herpes, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection attributable to HSV-2. Methods: Using a societal perspective, the economic burden was calculated at the country level and presented by World Health Organization (WHO) regions and World-Bank income levels. The disease burden was obtained from previously published global disease burden studies in 2016 and disaggregated for 194 countries. Estimates of healthcare resource utilisation were sourced from a literature review, and online interviews were conducted with 20 experts from all 6 WHO regions. Relevant costs were obtained from the literature and estimated in 2016 international dollars (I$). Results: Both genital HSV-2 (I$31·2 billion) and HSV-1 (I$4·0 billion) infections and their consequences were estimated to cost I$35·3 billion globally in 2016. The major economic burden was from the Americas and Western Pacific regions combined, accounting for almost two-thirds of the global burden (I$20·8 billion). High- and upper-middle-income countries bore a large proportion of the economic burden (76·6% or I$27·0 billion). Costs were driven by the large number of HSV-2 recurrences; however, even assuming conservatively that people with symptomatic herpes have on average only one episode a year, global costs were estimated at I$16·5 billion. Conclusions: The global costs of genital HSV infection and its consequences are substantial. HSV prevention interventions have the potential to avert a large economic burden in addition to disease burden; thus, efforts to accelerate HSV vaccine development are crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Herpes simplex type 2 is a common infection worldwide. This disease is common in both developed and developing countries. Early detection of infection is very important to reduce the risk of infection. Real-time reliable PCR is a very sensitive and specific method that can be used as the best marker in determining the therapeutic effect by identifying a viral genome in an individual. The prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 in women with genital herpes was evaluated by Real time PCR method. Methods: From January 1999 to March 2010, 45 samples of vaginal swabs and cervix of women with genital herpes were examined for HSV virus DNA detection using Real Time PCR. Results: The mean age of the patients was 35.9 + 5.9. The percentage of positive cases of herpes simplex virus type 2 in the studied women was 22.2% and the history of infection with hpv was 33.3% vs. 12.5%. = 0.094 which was significant. Conclusion: Clinical specimens of vaginal swabs from genital herpes caused by herpes simplex virus 2 can be quantitatively analyzed instead of nucleic acid extraction and amplification by PCR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) are two of the most prevalent human viruses worldwide. They are known to cause a variety of diseases including genital herpes, meningitis, encephalitis, cold sores and herpes stromal keratitis. The seropositive rate for HSV-1 is around 90%, whereas for HSV-2 it remains around 20–25% for the general adult population. The infections caused by these viruses remain difficult to study because a large proportion of infected individuals are asymptomatic. Furthermore, given the neurotropic characteristics of the virus, studies aimed at understanding the complex pathogenesis in humans is difficult. As a result, animal models have been developed to understand several characteristics of HSV biology, pathogenesis, disease and host responses to infection. These models are also commonly used as the first evaluation of new drugs and vaccines. There are several well-established animal models to study infection with HSV, including mice, guinea pigs and rabbits. Variables within the animal models depend on the species of animal, route of infection, viral strain, dosage, etc. This review aims at summarizing the most commonly used animal models to study HSV pathogenesis and therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From established latency, human herpes virus type 2 (HSV-2) frequently reactivates into the genital tract, resulting in symptomatic ulcers or subclinical shedding. Tissue-resident memory (TRM) CD8+ T cells that accumulate and persist in the genital skin at the local site of recrudescence are the "first responders" to viral reactivation, performing immunosurveillance and containment and aborting the ability of the virus to induce clinical lesions. This review describes the unique spatiotemporal characteristics, transcriptional signatures, and noncatalytic effector functions of TRM CD8+ T cells in the tissue context of human HSV-2 infection. We highlight recent insights into the intricate overlaps between intrinsic resistance, innate defense, and adaptive immunity in the tissue microenvironment and discuss how rapid virus–host dynamics at the skin and mucosal level influence clinical outcomes of genital herpes diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) continue to pose significant public health challenges in Korea, with syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, Mycoplasma genitalium, and herpes simplex virus (HSV) being the most prevalent. This review provides an updated overview of the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of these significant STIs in Korea, highlighting recent trends and concerns. Syphilis incidence rates have fluctuated due to changes in surveillance systems. Starting in 2024, syphilis will be reclassified as a nationally notifiable infectious disease (category 2). Gonorrhea remains a concern due to increasing antibiotic resistance, including the emergence of extensively drug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae strains, underscoring the need for vigilant antimicrobial stewardship. Chlamydia continues to be the most commonly reported STI, although its incidence has declined during the COVID-19 pandemic. M. genitalium has gained attention as a significant STI with rising antibiotic resistance issues, necessitating updated treatment guidelines and consideration of resistance testing. HSV-2 remains a common cause of genital herpes, with steady incidence rates reported. Updated diagnostic methods, including nucleic acid amplification tests, and revised treatment guidelines are presented to effectively address these infections. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other STIs within Korea remains unclear, necessitating further research. Changes in treatment guidelines, such as the recommendation of doxycycline as first-line therapy for chlamydia, reflect evolving evidence and resistance patterns. The importance of updated diagnostic tools, including resistance testing for M. genitalium, is emphasized to improve treatment outcomes. Continued efforts in education, prevention, and research are essential to manage and mitigate the impact of STIs on public health in Korea.

The article discusses the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and stromal vascular fraction (SVF) as regenerative strategies for treating lichen sclerosus (LS), a chronic inflammatory dermatosis primarily affecting the genital area. The study conducted at a tertiary referral center included 46 patients, mostly women, with LS. PRP and SVF treatments showed significant benefits in managing LS symptoms and signs, with minimal adverse effects. However, the study's limitations, such as its retrospective design and small sample size, highlight the need for further research to assess the long-term effectiveness and safety of these interventions. [Extracted from the article]

Synopsis: Valacyclovir use in 10% of pregnancies with cytomegalovirus infection in this US cohort was likely for genital herpes treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herpes simplex viruses type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) are widespread human pathogens that establish chronic latent infections leading to recurrent episodes. Current treatments are limited, necessitating the development of novel antiviral strategies. This study aimed to assess the antiviral efficacy of novel topical formulations containing interferon alpha-2b (IFN α-2b) against HSV-1 and HSV-2. The formulations, Oftalmoferon® forte (eye drops) and Interferon Vaginal Tablets, demonstrated potent antiviral effects against HSV-1 and HSV-2 in Vero cells, respectively, with concentration-dependent inhibition of viral replication. Subsequently, their efficacy was tested in animal models: HSV-1 keratitis in the rabbit eye model and HSV-2 genital herpes in mice. Oftalmoferon® forte effectively treated HSV-1 keratitis, reducing clinical symptoms and ulcerations compared to virus control. Interferon Vaginal Tablets showed promising results in controlling HSV-2 genital herpes in mice, improving survival rates, reducing clinical signs, weight loss and viral replication. The novel IFN α-2b formulations exhibited significant antiviral activity against HSV infections in cell culture and animal models. These findings suggest the potential of these formulations as alternative treatments for HSV infections, particularly in cases resistant to current therapies. Further studies are warranted to optimize treatment regimens and assess clinical efficacy in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a 73-year-old woman transferred to the hospital due to a worsening rash, following rectal pain and abnormal laboratory findings. It discusses her initial evaluation, treatment, and subsequent development of an erosive rash, highlighting the diagnostic and management challenges in such cases.

Genital herpes is caused by infection with herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and currently has no cure. The disease is the second-most common sexually transmitted infection in the United States, with an estimated 18.6 million prevalent genital infections caused by HSV-2 alone. Genital herpes diagnostics and treatments are not optimal, and no vaccine is currently available. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases convened a workshop entitled "CDC/NIAID Joint Workshop on Genital Herpes." This report summarizes 8 sessions on the epidemiology of genital herpes, neonatal HSV, HSV diagnostics, vaccines, treatments, cures, prevention, and patient advocacy perspective intended to identify opportunities in herpes research and foster the development of strategies to diagnose, treat, cure, and prevent genital herpes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ribonuclease P (RNase P) complexed with an external guide sequence (EGS) represents a promising nucleic acid-based gene targeting approach for gene expression knock-down and modulation. The RNase P-EGS strategy is unique as an EGS can be designed to basepair any mRNA sequence and recruit intracellular RNase P for hydrolysis of the target mRNA. In this study, we provide the first direct evidence that the RNase P-based approach effectively blocks the gene expression and replication of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), the causative agent of genital herpes. We constructed EGSs to target the mRNA encoding HSV-2 single-stranded DNA binding protein ICP8, which is essential for viral DNA genome replication and growth. In HSV-2 infected cells expressing a functional EGS, ICP8 levels were reduced by 85%, and viral growth decreased by 3000 folds. On the contrary, ICP8 expression and viral growth exhibited no substantial differences between cells expressing no EGS and those expressing a disabled EGS with mutations precluding RNase P recognition. The anti-ICP8 EGS is specific in targeting ICP8 because it only affects ICP8 expression but does not affect the expression of the other viral immediate-early and early genes examined. This study shows the effective and specific anti-HSV-2 activity of the RNase P-EGS approach and demonstrates the potential of EGS RNAs for anti-HSV-2 applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following acute herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection, the virus undergoes an asymptomatic latent infection of sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Chemical and physical stress cause intermittent virus reactivation from latently infected DRG and recurrent virus shedding in the genital mucosal epithelium causing genital herpes in symptomatic patients. While T cells appear to play a role in controlling virus reactivation from DRG and reducing the severity of recurrent genital herpes, the mechanisms for recruiting these T cells into DRG and the vaginal mucosa (VM) remain to be fully elucidated. The present study investigates the effect of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 T-cell-attracting chemokines on the frequency and function of DRG- and VM-resident CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and its effect on the frequency and severity of recurrent genital herpes in the recurrent herpes guinea pig model. HSV-2 latent-infected guinea pigs were immunized intramuscularly with the HSV-2 ribonucleotide reductase 2 (RR2) protein (Prime) and subsequently treated intravaginally with the neurotropic adeno-associated virus type 8 expressing CXCL9, CXCL10, or CXCL11 chemokines to recruit CD4+ and CD8+ T cells into the infected DRG and VM (Pull). Compared to the RR2 therapeutic vaccine alone, the RR2/CXCL11 prime/pull therapeutic vaccine significantly increased the frequencies of functional tissue-resident and effector memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in both DRG and VM tissues. This was associated with less virus in the healed genital mucosal epithelium and reduced frequency and severity of recurrent genital herpes. These findings confirm the role of local DRG- and VM-resident CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in reducing virus shedding at the vaginal site of infection and the severity of recurrent genital herpes and propose the novel prime-pull vaccine strategy to protect against recurrent genital herpes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pubic hair grooming involves the partial or complete removal of pubic hair, and it is a common practice among men and women. Grooming is more prevalent in women, who employ various methods such as shaving, waxing and laser removal. However, it is associated with variable rates of post-grooming adverse outcomes including lacerations and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systematic review and meta-analysis comparing women's sexual health outcomes between those who groom and those who don't. Methods: We followed the MOOSE guidelines and conducted a computerized-based search using (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Ovid Medline), till June 20th, 2022, for eligible studies using the relevant keywords; (pubic hair grooming) OR (pubic hair removal OR Genital hairless OR Bikini hair removal OR pubic hair depilation). Cross-sectional studies included which compared grooming practices among women in terms of motivation and health outcomes. Women's satisfaction and incidence of STIs were pooled as standardized mean difference (SMD) and odds ratio (OR) respectively. Results: Twenty-Two cross-sectional studies were included in our review with 73,091 participant.The odds of having gram-negative gonorrheal and chlamydial infection in Pubic hair groomers were found to be statistically significant (OR = 1.55, 95% CI [1.31, 1.84], P < 0.001) (OR = 1.56, 95% CI [1.32, 1.85], P < 0.001] respectively. There was no difference between groomer and non-groomer women regarding viral infections such as genital herpes (OR = 1.40, 95% CI [0.56, 3.50], P = 0.47) and Condyloma acuminata (OR = 1.75, 95% CI [0.51, 6.01], P = 0.37). The most common grooming side effect is genital itching (prevalence = 26.9%, P < 0.001). Non-electrical razor (prevalence = 69.3%, P < 0.001) is the most common grooming method. White women (prevalence = 80.2%, P < 0.001) remove pubic hair more frequently compared to black women (prevalence = 12.2%, P < 0.001). Women practice complete grooming (50.3%, P < 0.001) of the pubic hair more frequently than partial grooming (33.1%, P < 0.001). There are no differences in women's satisfaction between the two groups (SMD = 0.12, 95% CI [-0.16, 0.40], P = 0.39). Conclusion: This review aligns with previous observational studies regarding sexual health outcomes of pubic hair grooming. There is a need to raise awareness among women regarding the safe practice of pubic hair grooming, emphasizing the clarification of hazards and benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the global burden of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is fundamental to being able to address and control these infections and the health harms they cause. The World Health Organization has renewed its global health sector strategy for the prevention and control of STIs. Reducing STIs remains an integral part of HIV prevention and of sexual and reproductive health programs. Data to measure and describe the global burden continue to improve, with systematic reviews and modeling providing global and regional data for the major STIs. Although substantial gaps remain, as many countries have limited data, the measures available demonstrate the scale of the problem for the main curable STIs, gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, and trichomoniasis; the most common viral STIs, human papillomavirus and genital herpes; the interrelation between STIs and HIV; and the substantially unequal burden of these infections globally and among key populations. Regional and global trends in these infections are affected by population changes; the impact and availability of interventions, such as vaccination; changing behaviors that alter the dynamics of STI transmission; and the role of international travel in promulgating STIs in an increasingly interconnected world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Genital dermatoses can interfere with sexual functioning and self-image. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are among the top 10 diseases in India. Objectives: This study aimed to document the burden, clinico-etiological, and demographic profile of patients presenting with genital lesions, determine the proportions of the pediatric and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive patients, and identify contributory factors. Methods: This was a hospital-based cross-sectional observational study conducted at a tertiary hospital in Pune, India, in the Department of Dermatology and Pediatrics over a period of 2 months (July-August 2022). Patients presenting with genital lesions were enrolled after obtaining written informed consent. Relevant information was recorded using a predesigned proforma. Results: A total of 83 patients comprised 77 adults, 3 (3.6%) pediatric patients and adolescents each, and 15 (18.1%) HIV-seropositive individuals. The adult male-to-female ratio was 1.2: 1. The mean age of adults was 37.01 ± 14.57 years. The most common STI and non-STI lesions were herpes genitalis and tinea cruris, respectively, with a similar trend in the HIV-seropositive group. All three pediatric cases had non-STI lesions; however, 66.7% of adolescents had STIs (vulvovaginal candidiasis and genital warts). Overall, there was a slightly higher preponderance of non-STI lesions (53.75%), and the majority of patients had lesions of infectious nature (86.25%). The most common identifiable risk factor was lack of circumcision (51.25%), followed by unprotected intercourse (22.5%). The presence of risk factors was significantly associated with male gender (P = 0.0001). Conclusions: This study emphasizes that besides STIs, non-STIs contribute substantially to genital diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the complex interplay among genital infections, antibiotic usage, and preterm birth. This study aims to identify common genital pathogens associated with preterm births, assess the impact of various antibiotic treatments on pregnancy outcomes, and understand antibiotic resistance patterns among these pathogens. This study included 71 pregnant women who experienced preterm birth and 94 women with genital infections who delivered at term. Various maternal characteristics, medical history, signs and symptoms, gestational weight, gestational age, type of birth, vaginal pH, Nugent scores, and vaginal flora were analyzed. Antibiotic resistance patterns of isolated microorganisms were also examined. The prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and genital herpes was significantly higher in the preterm group. Preterm births were associated with fever, pelvic pain, vaginal spotting, and fatigue. Vaginal pH levels and Nugent scores were significantly higher in the preterm group, indicating disturbed vaginal flora. The presence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) was a particularly strong risk factor, increasing by more than four times the odds of preterm birth (OR = 4.45, p = 0.001). Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) presence was another critical factor, with a four-fold increase in the odds of preterm birth (OR = 4.01, p = 0.034). The overall presence of Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) organisms significantly increased the odds of preterm birth (OR = 3.73, p = 0.001). Specific pathogens like Chlamydia trachomatis (OR = 3.12, p = 0.020) and Mycoplasma hominis (OR = 3.64, p = 0.006) were also identified as significant risk factors. Ureaplasma urealyticum also showed a significantly higher risk of preterm birth (OR = 2.76, p = 0.009). This study highlights the importance of screening for and treating genital infections during pregnancy, especially STDs and genital herpes, as they can significantly increase the risk of preterm birth. Additionally, the presence of specific microorganisms and antibiotic resistance patterns plays an essential role in preterm birth risk. Early detection and targeted antibiotic treatment may help mitigate this risk and improve pregnancy outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a chronic painful bladder condition characterized by pelvic pain and urinary symptoms without another identifiable cause. Cystoscopy as primary initial investigation for IC/BPS has not been accepted yet and needs more studies to definitely conclude. Aims and objectives: We aimed to assess cystoscopy findings in patients of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome and to prove role of cystoscopy as primary initial investigation for interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. Materials and methods: Our prospective observational study included 35 female patients aged 18–69 years presenting to the Urology OPD at SMS Hospital with suprapubic or pelvic pain for 6 months, bladder pain that worsens with bladder filling and reduced with voiding, dysuria, urinary frequency and urgency, nocturia, dyspareunia. Those with history of bladder capacity more than 350 ml, duration of symptoms less than 6 months, day time frequency less than eight times per day, diagnosis of bacterial cystitis or prostatitis, bladder or ureteral calculi, active genital herpes, any existing urological malignancy, radiation cystitis were excluded from the study. They were then subject to cystoscopy and the findings of the cystoscopy were analyzed. Results: Out of the 35 patients, 11 (31.43%) had a normal cystoscopy. Of the 24 patients (68.57%) who had a positive cystoscopy, cystoscopy in seven patients (20.0%) revealed an ulcer. All these seven patients underwent fulguration. In the remaining 17 patients the abnormal findings were petechiae, large submucosal bleed. The sensitivity of cystoscopy in detecting the ulcerative type of Interstitial cystitis was found to be 20.0%. Conclusion: Our study found that Cystoscopy, if employed in initial investigation can help early detection of ulcerative variety of IC/BPS and can act as therapeutic modality by using fulguration plus hydrodistension. Larger comparative studies are needed for diagnostic/Therapeutic value of cystoscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are one of the most widespread causes of human viral infections. In Croatia, only two published studies have analyzed the seroprevalence of HSV infections in childbearing-aged and pregnant women (2005–2010), while more recent data are lacking. This study aimed to analyze the prevalence and risk factors for HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections among pregnant women in Croatia in the period from 2011 to 2021. Materials and Methods: This study included 667 pregnant women aged 16–45 years submitted for HSV-1 and HSV-2 serology testing. Serum samples were initially screened for HSV-1 and HSV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies using a commercial ELISA test with a confirmation of HSV-2-positive samples using an immunoblot assay. Results: The overall IgG seroprevalence rates were 69.9% for HSV-1 and 3.8% for HSV-2. A significant gradual increase in the HSV-2 seroprevalence with age was observed from 0.5% in participants under 30 years to 8.3% in participants above 40 years. The HSV-1 seroprevalence was stable up to 40 years (70.0 and 68.3%, respectively), with an increase to 86.1%, but this difference did not reach statistical significance. Area of residence (urban or suburban/rural), geographic region (continental or coastal), and obstetric history (normal pregnancy or unfavorable obstetric history) were not associated with HSV-1 and HSV-2 seroprevalence. Older age was found to be a significant risk factor for HSV-2 seropositivity in both univariate and multivariate risk analysis. Conclusions: HSV-1 infection is widely prevalent among pregnant women with a stable trend over time. However, a declining trend in the HSV-2 seroprevalence was observed compared to 2005–2010. Serological screening in pregnant women is important in identifying seronegative women who are susceptible to HSV infection as well as seropositive women who are at risk for genital herpes recurrence during delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]