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Public health concerns about recent viral epidemics have motivated researchers to seek novel ways to understand pathogen infection in native, wildlife hosts. With its deep history of tools and perspectives for understanding the abundance and distribution of organisms, ecology can shed new light on viral infection dynamics. However, datasets allowing deep explorations of viral communities from an ecological perspective are lacking. We sampled 1086 bats from two, adjacent Puerto Rican caves and tested them for infection by herpesviruses, resulting in 3131 short, viral sequences. Using percent identity of nucleotides and a machine learning algorithm (affinity propagation), we categorized herpesviruses into 43 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) to be used in place of species in subsequent ecological analyses. Herpesvirus metacommunities demonstrated long-tailed rank frequency distributions at all analyzed levels of host organization (i.e., individual, population, and community). Although 13 herpesvirus OTUs were detected in more than one host species, OTUs generally exhibited host specificity by infecting a single core host species at a significantly higher prevalence than in all satellite species combined. We describe the natural history of herpesvirus metacommunities in Puerto Rican bats and suggest that viruses follow the general law that communities comprise few common and many rare species. To guide future efforts in the field of viral ecology, hypotheses are presented regarding mechanisms that contribute to these patterns.

The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) genome consists of an approximately 140-kb unique coding region flanked by 30-40 copies of a 0.8-kb terminal repeat (TR) sequence. A gene enhancer recruits transcription-related enzymes by having arrays of transcription factor binding sites. Here, we show that KSHV TR possesses transcription regulatory function with latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA). Cleavage under targets and release using nuclease demonstrated that TR fragments were occupied by LANA-interacting histone-modifying enzymes in naturally infected cells. The TR was enriched with histone H3K27 acetylation (H3K27Ac) and H3K4 tri-methylation (H3K4me3) modifications and also expressed nascent RNAs. The sites of H3K27Ac and H3K4me3 modifications were also conserved in the KSHV unique region among naturally infected primary effusion lymphoma cells. KSHV origin of lytic replication (Ori-Lyt) showed similar protein and histone modification occupancies with that of TR. In the Ori-Lyt region, the LANA and LANA-interacting proteins colocalized with an H3K27Ac-modified nucleosome along with paused RNA polymerase II. The KSHV transactivator KSHV replication and transcription activator (K-Rta) recruitment sites franked the LANA-bound nucleosome, and reactivation evicted the LANA-bound nucleosome. Including TR fragments in reporter plasmid enhanced inducible viral gene promoter activities independent of the orientations. In the presence of TR in reporter plasmids, K-Rta transactivation was drastically increased, while LANA acquired the promoter repression function. KSHV TR, therefore, functions as an enhancer for KSHV inducible genes. However, in contrast to cellular enhancers bound by multiple transcription factors, perhaps the KSHV enhancer is predominantly regulated by the LANA nuclear body.IMPORTANCEEnhancers are a crucial regulator of differential gene expression programs. Enhancers are the cis-regulatory sequences determining target genes' spatiotemporal and quantitative expression. Here, we show that Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) terminal repeats fulfill the enhancer definition for KSHV inducible gene promoters. The KSHV enhancer is occupied by latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) and its interacting proteins, such as CHD4. Neighboring terminal repeat (TR) fragments to lytic gene promoters drastically enhanced KSHV replication and transcription activator and LANA transcription regulatory functions. This study, thus, proposes a new latency-lytic switch model in which TR accessibility to the KSHV gene promoters regulates viral inducible gene expression.

Herpesviruses represent common and significant infectious complications after allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). In the last decade, major advances in the prevention and treatment of these infections were accomplished. The aim of this paper is to review the recent advances in the prophylaxis and treatment of herpesvirus infections after allogeneic HCT, to assess the persisting challenges, and to offer future directions for the prevention and management of these infections. We searched PubMed for relevant literature regarding specific herpesviruses complicating allogeneic HCT through March 2024. The largest advances in this past decade were witnessed for cytomegalovirus (CMV) with the advent of letermovir for primary prophylaxis and the development of maribavir as an option for refractory and/or resistant CMV infections in transplant recipients. For varicella zoster virus, prevention of reactivation with the recombinant zoster vaccine offers an additional prophylactic intervention. Pritelivir is being explored for the treatment of drug-resistant or refractory Herpes simplex virus infections. Although rituximab is now an established option for preemptive therapy for Epstein-Barr virus, Human Herpesvirus-6 remains the most elusive virus of the herpesvirus family, with a lack of evidence supporting the benefit of any agent for prophylaxis or for optimal preemptive therapy. Although considerable advances have been achieved for the treatment and prevention of herpes virus infections, most notably with CMV, the coming years should hold additional opportunities to tame the beast in these herpesviruses postallogeneic HCT, with the advent of new antivirals, cell-mediated immunity testing, and cytotoxic T lymphocytes infusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1), a member of the Herpesviridae family, is one of the most important pathogens that causes upper respiratory tract disease in felines. Following infection, FHV-1 can spread retrogradely to the trigeminal ganglia, establishing a life-long latency. Although vaccines are available for routine feline vaccination, FHV-1 is still an agent that poses a serious threat to feline health. There are currently no specific drugs for the treatment of FHV-1. To facilitate the screening of antiviral drugs, we constructed a reporter FHV-1 virus, which expresses a secreted Gaussia luciferase (GLuc) and a bright green fluorescent protein, mNeonGreen. The reporter virus shows slower growth than does the wild-type FHV-1. The expression of the two reporter genes, Gluc and mNeonGreen, was consistent with viral propagation and remained stable during continuous passage in CRFK cells, even after twenty rounds. In addition, the known inhibitor ganciclovir was used to confirm the characteristics of the reporter virus for drug screening. We found that the reporter FHV-1 is suitable for antiviral screening assays. Overall, our work provides a useful tool for screening drugs to combat FHV-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) hominis virus, belonging to the Herpesviridae family, is widespread in all societies around the world, and in developing countries, most people encounter CMV in early childhood. It is second place after HIV in developing countries. Anthroponosis is a disease. The source of the disease is those who carry the virus or are sick with one or another form of the disease. Agents are found in blood, saliva, cervical, vaginal secretions, eye drops, sperm, amniotic and cerebrospinal fluid, breast milk, feces. Infection occurs with these specified biological materials and secretions, as well as with transplants. The main infection mechanism is aspiration, it is transmitted by airborne droplets. There is a 25 % chance of transmission from mother to fetus through sexual contact. Seasonality is not characteristic of the disease. The immunoresistance of CMV is striking. So, despite the presence of antibodies against it, CMVs can circulate in the human body and pass to other people and to the fetus in pregnant women. Persistence and multiplication of viruses in the body without showing symptoms causes the infected person to remain a virus carrier throughout his life. Cellular immunity plays a key role in the pathogenesis of CMV infection. Therefore, this infection is considered an indicator of cellular immunity deficiency. It should be noted that latent CMV infection in pregnant women does not always lead to fetal infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To address a gap in our understanding of viral infections in epidemiologically important rat species, we aimed to detect DNA viruses from the tissues of free-ranging rat populations in Hungary. DNA viruses were identified from the parenchymal organs of 230 Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus, using family-specific pan-PCR assays followed by sequencing of the PCR products. Adeno-, herpes-, circo-, and polyomaviruses were detected, while irido-, pox-, and dependoparvoviruses were not. Adenovirus DNA was present in 6.5% of the samples, herpesvirus and polyomavirus DNA in 12.2%, and circovirus DNA in 1.7%. All detected herpesviruses belonged to the β and γ subfamilies, with a majority being β herpesviruses. Some adenovirus and herpesvirus sequences were novel, while only the known Rattus norvegicus polyomavirus 1 was detected for polyomaviruses. The rare circovirus-positive samples revealed the presence of both rodent and bird circoviruses, indicating the ability of circoviruses to cross species barriers. Our findings show that rats host a variety of DNA viruses, many of which were previously uncharacterized, highlighting the need for further diagnostic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many biological markers of normal and disease states can be detected in saliva. The benefits of saliva collection for research include being non-invasive, ease of frequent sample collection, saving time, and being cost-effective. A small volume (≈1 mL) of saliva is enough for these analyses that can be collected in just a few minutes. For "dry" saliva paper matrices, additional drying times (about 30 min) may be needed, but this can be performed at room temperature without the need for freezers and specialized equipment. Together, these make saliva an ideal choice of body fluid for many clinical studies from diagnosis to monitoring measurable biological substances in hospital settings, remote, and other general locations including disaster areas. For these reasons, we have been using saliva (dry as well as wet) from astronauts participating in short- and long-duration space missions for over two decades to conduct viral, stress, and immunological studies. We have also extended the use of saliva to space analogs including bed rest, Antarctica, and closed-chamber studies. Saliva is a biomarker-rich and easily accessible body fluid that could enable larger and faster public health screenings, earlier disease detection, and improved patient outcomes. This review summarizes our lessons learned from utilizing saliva in spaceflight research and highlights the advantages and disadvantages of saliva in clinical diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monocytes are crucial players in innate immunity. The human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection has significant impacts on monocyte effector functions and gene expression. CMV, a β-herpesvirus, disrupts key monocyte roles, including phagocytosis, antigen presentation, cytokine production, and migration, impairing their ability to combat pathogens and activate adaptive immune responses. CMV modulates monocyte gene expression, decreasing their capacity for antigen presentation and phagocytosis while increasing pro-inflammatory cytokine production, which can contribute to tissue damage and chronic inflammation. CMV also alters monocyte migration to sites of infection while promoting trans-endothelial migration, thus aiding viral dissemination. Additionally, the virus affects reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, thereby contributing to end-organ disease associated with CMV infection. Overall, these changes enhance viral persistence during acute infection and facilitate immune evasion during latency. We highlight the clinical significance of these disruptions, particularly in immunocompromised patients such as transplant recipients, where the modulation of monocyte function by CMV exacerbates risks for infection, inflammation, and graft rejection. An understanding of these mechanisms will inform therapeutic strategies to mitigate CMV-related complications in vulnerable populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite evidence linking viruses and oral microbiome to rheumatoid arthritis (RA), limited whole genome sequencing research has been conducted on the oral virome (a viral component of the microbiome) of untreated RA patients. This pilot research seeks to address this knowledge gap by comparing the oral virome of untreated rheumatoid arthritis patients (RAs) and healthy individuals (HCs). Method: Whole genome DNA sequence of saliva samples from 45 participants including 21 RAs and 24 age and gender matched HCs was obtained from the BioProject: PRJEB6997. Metaphlan3 pipeline and LEfSe analysis were used for the viral signature detection. Wilcoxon pairwise test and ROC analysis were used to validate and predict signatures. Results: RA exhibits higher alpha diversity compared to HCs. Callitrichine gammaherpesvirus 3, Human gammaherpesvirus 4 (EBV), Murid betaherpesvirus 8, and Suid alphaherpesvirus 1 were enriched in RAs, while Aotine betaherpesvirus 1 from the Cytomegalovirus genus was enriched in HCs. In addition, Saccharomyces cerevisiae killer virus M1 (ScV-M1) was found to be enriched in RAs, whereas bacteriophage Hk97virus (Siphoviridae) and Cd119virus (Myoviridae) were enriched in HCs. Conclusion: This study identifies significant DNA oral viral signatures at species level as potential biomarkers for the early detection and diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to impact the immune response of the host has been recognized as essential for the success of a virus during infection. A few groups of viruses can combine these immunomodulatory mechanisms with specific patterns of their own transcriptional and replication regulation to achieve persistence within the host long term. The Herpesvirales order is one of those groups and the resultant state is known as latency. Throughout the years, latency has been studied in many host‐herpesvirus models to attempt to understand the complex and profound effects of this state on the host's systems, and in the hopes of deciphering a way to eliminate the latent state from survivors of the primary infection. Most studies of herpesvirus latency have been conducted on mammalian host species, but this review summarizes the data available regarding herpesviruses in fish species and their latent state. As the field of aquatic animal health research continues to advance, the elucidation of these complex mechanisms will be crucial for disease control, prevention, and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKis) are the preferred treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Despite their therapeutic benefits, these targeted agents have been associated with an increased risk of invasive infections. We describe a 68-year-old male who developed multiple bacterial, fungal and viral infections while on treatment with acalabrutinib. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of concomitant CNS infections with Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus fumigatus, along with cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) pneumonia while on acalabrutinib. This case adds to the scarce literature of fungal and bacterial infections associated with acalabrutinib, raising the suspicion that infection risk is a medication class effect for BTKis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, limited information is available on herpesviruses in bats from the Caribbean region. We report here high detection rates (24.24%, n = 66) of herpesviruses in oral samples from apparently healthy bats (Ardops nichollsi (75%, 9/12) and Molossus molossus (28%, 7/25)) on the Lesser Antillean Island of St. Kitts. Based on analysis of partial DNA polymerase (DPOL) sequences (~225 amino acid (aa) residues), we identified two distinct groups of herpesviruses (BO-I and -II) that were unique to A. nichollsi and M. molossus, respectively. Within the subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, the BO-I DPOL sequences shared low deduced aa identities (<70%) with other herpesviruses, and phylogenetically, they formed a distinct cluster, representing a putative novel betaherpesvirus. The BO-II DPOL sequences were closely related to a putative novel betaherpesvirus from a M. molossus in Lesser Antillean Island of Martinique, indicating possible transmission of herpesviruses by bat movement between the Caribbean Islands. Phylogenetically, the BO-I and -II betaherpesviruses exhibited species-specific (A. nichollsi and M. molossus, respectively) as well as family-specific (Phyllostomidae and Molossidae, respectively) clustering patterns, corroborating the hypothesis on host specificity of betaherpesviruses. Interestingly, a single M. molossus betaherpesvirus strain clustered with the A. nichollsi betaherpesviruses, indicating possible interspecies transmission of herpesviruses between Phyllostomidae and Molossidae. To our knowledge, this is the first report on detection of herpesviruses from Antillean tree bats (A. nichollsi), expanding the host range of betaherpesviruses. Taken together, the present study identified putative novel betaherpesviruses that might be unique to chiropteran species (A. nichollsi and M. molossus), indicating virus–host coevolution, and provided evidence for interspecies transmission of betaherpesviruses between chiropteran families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infectious retinitis, though rare, poses a significant threat to vision, often leading to severe and irreversible damage. Various pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, tick-borne agents, parasites, and fungi, can cause this condition. Among these, necrotizing herpetic retinitis represents a critical spectrum of retinal infections primarily caused by herpes viruses such as varicella-zoster virus (VZV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV). This review underscores the retina's susceptibility to viral infections, focusing on the molecular mechanisms through which herpetic viruses invade and damage retinal tissue, supported by clinical and preclinical evidence. We also identify existing knowledge gaps and propose future research directions to deepen our understanding and improve therapeutic outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viruses with broad tissue distribution and cell tropism successfully replicate in various nutrient environments in the body. Several viruses reprogram metabolism for viral replication. However, many studies focus on metabolic reprogramming in nutrient-rich conditions that do not recapitulate physiological environments in the body. Here, we investigated how viruses may replicate when a metabolite thought to be essential for replication is limited. We use human cytomegalovirus infection in glucose-free conditions as a model to determine how glucose supports virus replication and how physiologically relevant nutrients contribute to glucose-independent virus production. We find that glucose supports viral genome synthesis, viral protein production and glycosylation, and infectious virus production. Notably, supplement of glucose-free cultures with uridine, ribose, or UDP-GlcNAc—metabolites that feed upper glycolytic branches like the pentose phosphate pathway—results in partially restored virus replication, including low levels of infectious virus production. Supplementing lower glycolysis in glucose-free cultures using pyruvate fails to restore virus replication. These results indicate that nutrients can compensate for glucose via feeding upper glycolytic branches to sustain low levels of virus production. More broadly, our findings suggest that viruses may successfully replicate in diverse metabolic niches, including those in the body with low glucose levels, through alternative nutrient usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pangolins have been found to carry severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2)‐related coronaviruses. In light of this discovery, interest has been piqued in viromes of these heavily trafficked wild animals. In this study, we performed viral metagenomic sequencing to explore viromes of both confiscated dead pangolins and captive healthy pangolins. Sequence reads of vertebrate‐associated viruses in Herpesviridae, Retroviridae, Iridoviridae, Reoviridae, Arenaviridae, and Flaviviridae were detected in confiscated dead pangolins. A novel rotavirus (RV) (Reoviridae), showing a high degree of genetic similarity to the RV species D (RVD) that was previously unreported in mammals, was further confirmed by using reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and Sanger sequencing. Three out of 18 samples from the confiscated dead pangolins were positive for genomic sequences of the novel RV. Importantly, sequence alignments and phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that these RV strains genetically belonged to the RVD. Nevertheless, these novel RVD strains were divergent from known RVD strains that have been found only in Avian. They formed a separate genetic cluster. Five serial passages were attempted to isolate the RV, but no live virus was obtained. In addition, fecal samples were collected from healthy pangolins (n = 41) in our institution and screened for RVs by viral metagenomic sequencing and RT‐PCR. In these fecal samples, neither species D nor previously identified species A RVs were detected. This study reported RVDs in pangolin samples for the first time to our knowledge. Identifiability disagreements between wild and captive pangolins highlight the need for further exploration into pangolin viruses to better understand their emergence and transmission potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are classified into the gammaherpesvirus subfamily of Herpesviridae, which stands out from its alpha- and betaherpesvirus relatives due to the tumorigenicity of its members. Although structures of human alpha- and betaherpesviruses by cryogenic electron tomography (cryoET) have been reported, reconstructions of intact human gammaherpesvirus virions remain elusive. Here, we structurally characterize extracellular virions of EBV and KSHV by deep learning-enhanced cryoET, resolving both previously known monomorphic capsid structures and previously unknown pleomorphic features beyond the capsid. Through subtomogram averaging and subsequent tomogram-guided sub-particle reconstruction, we determined the orientation of KSHV nucleocapsids from mature virions with respect to the portal to provide spatial context for the tegument within the virion. Both EBV and KSHV have an eccentric capsid position and polarized distribution of tegument. Tegument species span from the capsid to the envelope and may serve as scaffolds for tegumentation and envelopment. The envelopes of EBV and KSHV are less densely populated with glycoproteins than those of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), representative members of alpha- and betaherpesviruses, respectively. Also, we observed fusion protein gB trimers exist within triplet arrangements in addition to standalone complexes, which is relevant to understanding dynamic processes such as fusion pore formation. Taken together, this study reveals nuanced yet important differences in the tegument and envelope architectures among human herpesviruses and provides insights into their varied cell tropism and infection. IMPORTANCE Discovered in 1964, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the first identified human oncogenic virus and the founding member of the gammaherpesvirus subfamily. In 1994, another cancer-causing virus was discovered in lesions of AIDS patients and later named Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), the second human gammaherpesvirus. Despite the historical importance of EBV and KSHV, technical difficulties with isolating large quantities of these viruses and the pleiomorphic nature of their envelope and tegument layers have limited structural characterization of their virions. In this study, we employed the latest technologies in cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM) and tomography (cryoET) supplemented with an artificial intelligence-powered data processing software package to reconstruct 3D structures of the EBV and KSHV virions. We uncovered unique properties of the envelope glycoproteins and tegument layers of both EBV and KSHV. Comparison of these features with their non-tumorigenic counterparts provides insights into their relevance during infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the prevalence of herpesviruses among the Yanomami indigenous population and their association with Heck's disease. Topics include the detection of various herpesviruses (such as HSV-1, EBV, and HHV-6) in saliva, the clinical presentation of Heck's disease, and the demographic factors influencing viral excretion and disease manifestation.

Cervical cancer remains a significant global health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. While persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) is essential for cervical cancer development, it is not sufficient on its own, suggesting the involvement of additional cofactors. The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a widespread β-herpesvirus known for its ability to establish lifelong latency and reactivate under certain conditions, often contributing to chronic inflammation and immune modulation. Emerging evidence suggests that HCMV may play a role in various cancers, including cervical cancer, through its potential to influence oncogenic pathways and disrupt host immune responses. This review explores clinical evidence regarding the co-presence of HR-HPV and HCMV in premalignant lesions and cervical cancer. The literature reviewed indicates that HCMV is frequently detected in cervical lesions, particularly in those co-infected with HPV, suggesting a potential synergistic interaction that could enhance HPV's oncogenic effects, thereby facilitating the progression from low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) to high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) and invasive cancer. Although the precise molecular mechanisms were not thoroughly investigated in this review, the clinical evidence suggests the importance of considering HCMV alongside HPV in the management of cervical lesions. A better understanding of the interaction between HR-HPV and HCMV may lead to improved diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive strategies for cervical cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a highly effective molecular diagnostic technique, particularly advantageous for point-of-care (POC) settings. In recent years, LAMP has expanded to include various adaptations such as DARQ-LAMP, QUASR, FLOS-LAMP, displacement probes and molecular beacons. These methods enable multiplex detection of multiple targets in a single reaction, enhancing cost-effectiveness and diagnostic efficiency. Consequently, LAMP has gained significant traction in diagnosing diverse viruses, notably during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, its application for detecting Herpesviridae remains relatively unexplored. This group of viruses is of particular interest due to their latency and potential reactivation, crucial for immunocompromised patients, including organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. This review highlights recent advancements in LAMP for virus diagnosis and explores current research trends and future prospects, emphasizing the detection challenges posed by Herpesviridae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is associated with lymphoproliferative disorders, including primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman disease. KSHV expresses viral proteins that aid in the evasion of antiviral immune responses and manipulate host factors and signaling to promote cell survival. By altering the cell environment, KSHV contributes to lymphomagenesis. Approximately 15–20% of cancers are caused by viruses. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), is an oncogenic virus that is the etiologic agent of not only Kaposi sarcoma but also the lymphoproliferative disorders, primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and multicentric Castleman disease (MCD). KSHV can infect a broad tropism of cells, including B lymphocytes, wherein KSHV encodes specific viral proteins that can transform the cell. KSHV infection precedes the progression of PEL and MCD. KSHV establishes lifelong infection and has two phases of its lifecycle: latent and lytic. During the latent phase, viral genomes are maintained episomally with limited gene expression. Upon sporadic reactivation, the virus enters its replicative lytic phase to produce infectious virions. KSHV relies on its viral products to modulate host factors to evade immune detection or to co-opt their function for KSHV persistence. These manipulations dysregulate normal cell pathways to ensure cell survival and inhibit antiviral immune responses, which in turn, contribute to KSHV-associated malignancies. Here, we highlight the known molecular mechanisms of KSHV that promote lymphomagenesis and how these findings identify potential therapeutic targets for KSHV-associated lymphomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black women have disproportionately alarming HSV-2 infection rates yet receive little attention in sexual health literature. Using a strengths-based resilience framework, this study sought to determine culturally relevant protective predictors of self-esteem for Black women who are justice-involved and have HSV-2. The authors conducted secondary data analysis on data from the "Black Women in the Study of Epidemics (B-WISE) Project," a longitudinal prospective study investigating health disparities and health services utilization among Black women with justice involvement. At baseline, N = 151 Black women with HSV-2 who were incarcerated or on probation completed survey measures assessing self-esteem, ethnic identity affirmation and belonging, perceived social support, and John Henryism Active Coping. Hierarchical linear regression analyses revealed ethnic identity affirmation and belonging and John Henryism Active Coping were significant predictors of self-esteem at 6-month follow-up. Implications are provided for current health professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the epidemiology characteristics of Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in children from January 2018 to December 2023, in Nanjing, China. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 21,210, 49,494 and 32,457 outpatients and inpatients aged 1 day to 17 years who were subjected to the three herpesviruses (HSV-2, EBV, and CMV) nucleic acid testing from January 2018 to December 2023, respectively. Demographic information, laboratory findings, etc. were collected and analyzed. HSV-2, EBV and CMV nucleic acid testing were performed by real-time PCR. Results: The total rate of detection of the three herpesviruses for all specimens was 0.32% (67/21,210), 14.99% (7419/49,494), and 8.88% (2881/32,457), respectively. A declining trend in the incidence of viral infections over the years was observed for the three herpesviruses (all P<0.05). The detection rate for HSV-2, EBV, and CMV was highest among patients aged 1-3 years, 3-7 years, and 28 days to 1 year, respectively (all P<0.05). The presence of HSV-2 and CMV infection did not exhibit a discernible seasonal pattern, whereas EBV typically demonstrated an elevation during the summer and autumn. Conclusion: EBV and CMV were both prevalent among children in China, except for HSV-2. The annual prevalence of the three herpesviruses show decreasing trend from 2018 to 2023, and no difference in gender (except for EBV). EBV infections usually occur in the summer and autumn, whereas HSV-2 and CMV do not exhibit significant seasonality. The positivity rate of HSV-2 is highest in 1-3 years, EBV is highest in 3-7 years, and that of CMV is highest in 28 days to 1 year. Positive detection rates are higher in outpatients than in inpatients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human myxovirus resistance 2 (MX2) can restrict HIV-1 and herpesviruses at a post-entry step through a process requiring an interaction between MX2 and the viral capsids. The involvement of other host cell factors, however, remains poorly understood. Here, we mapped the proximity interactome of MX2, revealing strong enrichment of phenylalanine-glycine (FG)-rich proteins related to the nuclear pore complex as well as proteins that are part of cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granules. MX2 interacted with these proteins to form multiprotein cytoplasmic biomolecular condensates that were essential for its anti-HIV-1 and anti-herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) activity. MX2 condensate formation required the disordered N-terminal region and MX2 dimerization. Incoming HIV-1 and HSV-1 capsids associated with MX2 at these dynamic cytoplasmic biomolecular condensates, preventing nuclear entry of their viral genomes. Thus, MX2 forms cytoplasmic condensates that likely act as nuclear pore decoys, trapping capsids and inducing premature viral genome release to interfere with nuclear targeting of HIV-1 and HSV-1. [Display omitted] • Interferon-induced antiviral protein MX2 forms cytoplasmic condensates with FG Nups • MX2's N-terminal domain and dimerization are required for condensate formation • Restriction of HIV-1 and HSV-1 by MX2 requires condensate formation • MX2 condensates trap HIV-1 capsids and cause premature release of HSV-1 genomes MX2 restricts HIV-1 and herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) through a poorly understood mechanism. Moschonas et al. reveal that MX2 assembles FG nucleoporins into cytoplasmic biomolecular condensates that interact with incoming capsids to trap them or induce premature viral genome release. MX2's N-terminal domain controls condensate formation, which is essential for HIV-1 and HSV-1 restriction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We report the impact of HIV infection within a household on oral Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) shedding. Methods: We enrolled 469 individuals from 90 households. Mouthwash rinse samples collected at three monthly visits were analyzed for KSHV DNA using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Generalized linear mixed effects logistic models were applied to analyze factors associated with KSHV ever shedding, and among shedders, always versus intermittent shedding. Linear mixed effects models were applied to models of KSHV viral loads. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to assess the contribution of household-level factors to variations in shedding probabilities. Hotspot analyses of geospatial feature clusters were calculated using Getis-Ord Gi* statistic and visualized using inverse distance weighted interpolation. Results: Analyses included 340 KSHV seropositive individuals, aged 3 + years, with qPCR results from 89 households. Forty households had 1 + persons living with HIV (PLWH), while 49 had none. Among participants, 149(44%) were KSHV ever shedders. Of 140 who shed KSHV at two or more visits, 34(24%) were always shedders. Increasing number of KSHV seropositive household members was significantly associated with ever shedding [Odds ratio(OR) (95% Confidence Interval(95%CI)):1.14(1.03,1.26);p = 0.013]. Among KSHV shedders, a statistically significant age-related trend was identified with 10–19 years being more likely to be always shedders (type III test p = 0.039) and to have higher viral loads (type III test p = 0.027). In addition, higher viral loads were significantly associated with increasing number of household members [coefficient(95%CI):0.06(0.01,0.12);p = 0.042], increasing number of KSHV seropositive members [coefficient(95%CI):0.08(0.01,0.15);p = 0.021], and living in households with 1 + PLWH [coefficient(95%CI):0.51(0.04,0.98);p = 0.033]. Always shedders exhibited higher viral loads than intermittent shedders [coefficient(95%CI):1.62(1.19,2.05);p < 0.001], and viral loads increased with the number of visits where KSHV DNA was detected in saliva (type III test p < 0.001). Household-level factors attributed for 19% of the variability in KSHV shedding (ICC:0.191;p = 0.010). Geospatial analysis indicated overlapping hotspots of households with more KSHV seropositive individuals and KSHV shedders, distinct from areas where PLWH were clustered. Discussion: KSHV oral shedding is influenced by multiple factors at the individual, household, and regional levels. To mitigate ongoing KSHV transmission a comprehensive understanding of factors contributing to oral KSHV reactivation and transmission within households is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) and herpesviruses are detected in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). We sought to analyze the prevalence of HPV's 16 and 18, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA in peripheral blood, ovarian, and fallopian tube (FT) tissue samples collected from 97 EOC patients, including 71 cases of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC), and from 60 women with other tumors or non-neoplastic gynecological diseases. DNA isolates were analyzed by PCR methods, including droplet digital PCR. The results demonstrate that (1) HPV16 DNA has been detected in one-third of the FT and tumor samples from EOCs; (2) the prevalence and quantity of HPV16 DNA were significantly higher in FT samples from HGSOCs, non-HGSOCs, and ovarian metastases than in those from non-neoplastic diseases; (3) CMV and EBV have been detected in approximately one-seventh of EOC samples. The results suggest that HPV16 might be a potential risk factor for EOC development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Emerging evidence suggests that viral infections may contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) onset and/or progression. However, the extent of their involvement and the mechanisms through which specific viruses increase AD susceptibility risk remain elusive. Methods We used an integrative systems bioinformatics approach to identify viral-mediated pathogenic mechanisms, by which Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1), Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus (KSHV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), Influenza A Virus (IAV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) could facilitate AD pathogenesis via virus-host protein-protein interactions (PPIs). We also explored potential synergistic pathogenic effects resulting from herpesvirus reactivation (HSV-1, HCMV, and EBV) during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, potentially increasing AD susceptibility. Results Herpesviridae members (HSV-1, EBV, KSHV, HCMV) impact AD-related processes like amyloid-β (Aβ) formation, neuronal death, and autophagy. Hepatitis viruses (HBV, HCV) influence processes crucial for cellular homeostasis and dysfunction, they also affect microglia activation via virus-host PPIs. Reactivation of HCMV during SARS-CoV-2 infection could potentially foster a lethal interplay of neurodegeneration, via synergistic pathogenic effects on AD-related processes like response to unfolded protein, regulation of autophagy, response to oxidative stress, and Aβ formation. Conclusions These findings underscore the complex link between viral infections and AD development. Viruses impact AD-related processes through shared and distinct mechanisms, potentially influencing variations in AD susceptibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides information on the potential connection between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and multiple sclerosis (MS). It explains that while the exact cause of MS is unknown, a combination of genetic factors and environmental triggers, including EBV infection, may play a role. The document discusses epidemiological evidence linking EBV to MS, as well as potential mechanisms by which EBV could contribute to the development of the disease. However, it emphasizes the need for further research and cautions against drawing definitive conclusions based on current studies. The document also includes a list of references that library patrons can use for further research on the topic. [Extracted from the article]

The herpesvirus UL51 protein is a multifunctional tegument protein involved in the regulation of multiple aspects of the viral life cycle. This article reviews the biological characteristics of the UL51 protein and its functions in herpesviruses, including participating in the maintenance of the viral assembly complex (cVAC) during viral assembly, affecting the production of mature viral particles and promoting primary and secondary envelopment, as well as its positive impact on viral cell-to-cell spread (CCS) through interactions with multiple viral proteins and its key role in the proliferation and pathogenicity of the virus in the later stage of infection. This paper discusses how the UL51 protein participates in the life cycle of herpesviruses and provides new ideas for further research on UL51 protein function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is an alpha herpesvirus that infects a majority of the world population. The mechanisms and cellular host factors involved in the intracellular transport and exocytosis of HSV-1 particles are not fully understood. To elucidate these late steps in the replication cycle, we developed a live-cell fluorescence microscopy assay of HSV-1 virion intracellular trafficking and exocytosis. This method allows us to track individual virus particles and identify the precise moment and location of particle exocytosis using a pH-sensitive reporter. We show that HSV-1 uses the host cell’s post-Golgi secretory pathway during egress. The small GTPase, Rab6, binds to nascent secretory vesicles at the trans-Golgi network and plays important, but non-essential, roles in vesicle traffic and exocytosis at the plasma membrane, therefore making it a useful marker of the Golgi and post-Golgi secretory pathway. We show that HSV-1 particles colocalize with Rab6a in the region of the Golgi, cotraffic with Rab6a to the cell periphery, and undergo exocytosis from Rab6a vesicles. Consistent with previous reports, we find that HSV-1 particles accumulate at preferential egress sites in infected cells. The secretory pathway mediates this preferential/polarized egress, since Rab6a vesicles accumulate near the plasma membrane similarly in uninfected cells. These data suggest that, following particle envelopment, HSV-1 egress follows a pre-existing cellular secretory pathway to exit infected cells rather than novel, virus-induced mechanisms. IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infects a majority of people. It establishes a life-long latent infection and occasionally reactivates, typically causing characteristic oral or genital lesions. Rarely in healthy natural hosts, but more commonly in zoonotic infections and in elderly, newborn, or immunocompromised patients, HSV-1 can cause severe herpes encephalitis. The precise cellular mechanisms used by HSV-1 remain an important area of research. In particular, the egress pathways that newly assembled virus particles use to exit from infected cells are unclear. In this study, we used fluorescence microscopy to visualize individual virus particles exiting from cells and found that HSV-1 particles use the pre-existing cellular secretory pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viruses utilize host cells at all stages of their life cycle, from the transcription of genes and translation of viral proteins to the release of viral copies. The human immune system counteracts viruses through a variety of complex mechanisms, including both innate and adaptive components. Viruses have an ability to evade different components of the immune system and affect them, leading to disruption. This review covers contemporary knowledge about the virus-induced complex interplay of molecular interactions, including regulation of transcription and translation in host cells resulting in the modulation of immune system functions. Thorough investigation of molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that are involved in modulating of host immune response to viral infections can help to develop novel approaches for antiviral therapy. In this review, we consider new therapeutic approaches for antiviral treatment. Modern therapeutic strategies for the treatment and cure of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are considered in detail because HIV is a unique example of a virus that leads to host T lymphocyte deregulation and significant modulation of the host immune response. Furthermore, peculiarities of some promising novel agents for the treatment of various viral infections are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) is a major public health concern in India as the aetiology remains unknown in the majority of cases with the current testing algorithm. We aimed to study the incidence of Japanese encephalitis (JE) and determine the aetiology of non‐JE AES cases to develop an evidence‐based testing algorithm. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were tested for Japanese encephalitis virus by ELISA and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Multiplex real‐time PCR was done for Dengue, Chikungunya, West Nile, Zika, Enterovirus, Epstein Barr Virus, Herpes Simplex Virus, Adenovirus, Cytomegalovirus, Herpesvirus 6, Parechovirus, Parvovirus B19, Varicella Zoster Virus, Scrub typhus, Rickettsia species, Leptospira, Salmonella species, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Plasmodium species and by ELISA for Mumps and Measles virus. Of the 3173 CSF samples, 461 (14.5%) were positive for JE. Of the 334 non‐JE AES cases, 66.2% viz. Scrub typhus (25.7%), Mumps (19.5%), Measles (4.2%), Parvovirus B19 (3.9%) Plasmodium (2.7%), HSV 1 and 2 (2.4%), EBV and Streptococcus pneumoniae (2.1% each), Salmonella and HHV 6 (1.2% each) were predominant. Hence, an improved surveillance system and our suggested expanded testing algorithm can improve the diagnosis of potentially treatable infectious agents of AES in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited research suggests that certain viruses reactivate in severe‐acute‐respiratory‐syndrome‐coronavirus 2 infection, contributing to the development of postacute sequelae of COVID‐19 (PASC). We examined 1083 infected individuals from a population‐based cohort, and assessed differences in plasma immunoglobulin (Ig)G and immunoglobulin A levels against Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus, varicella zoster virus (VZV), BK polyomavirus, KI polyomavirus, WU polyomavirus (WUPyV), respiratory syncytial virus, and Adv‐36 according to the severity of previous COVID‐19 and PASC history. Individuals who had experienced severe COVID‐19 had higher antibody responses to latent viruses. Ever PASC, active persistent PASC, and PASC with neuropsychiatric symptoms were associated with higher immnoglobulin G to EBV early antigen‐diffuse, VZV, and WUPyV even among individuals without previous severe COVID‐19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Herpesviridae family contains several human-related viruses, which are able to establish colonizing and latency in the human body, posing a significant threat to the prognosis of patients. Pulmonary infections represent one of the predominant infectious diseases globally, characterized by diverse and multifaceted clinical manifestations that have consistently attracted clinician's concern. However, the relationship of herpesviruses on the prognosis of pulmonary infections and the respiratory microbiota remains poorly understood. Methods: Here, we retrospectively analyzed respiratory samples from 100 patients with pulmonary infection detected by metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS). Results: Employing mNGS, five herpesvirus species were detected: Human alphaherpesvirus 1 (HSV-1), Human gammaherpesvirus 4 (EBV), Human betaherpesvirus 5 (CMV), Human betaherpesvirus 7 (HHV-7), and Human betaherpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B). Regression analysis showed that the age and positivity of herpesviruses in patients were independently correlated with ICU admission rates. In addition, positivity of herpesvirus was related with increased ICU days and total hospital stay. The herpesvirus-positive group demonstrated markedly higher incidences of co-infections and fungi-positive, predominantly involving Pneumocystis jirovecii and Aspergillus fumigatus. Analysis of respiratory microbiota revealed a substantially altered community composition within the herpesvirus-positive group, and herpesviruses were significantly positively correlated with the diverse respiratory opportunistic pathogens. Conclusion: Overall results substantiate that the active herpesviruses in patients with pulmonary infections were significantly associated with high ICU admission rate. Moreover, the herpesviruses promotes the dysbiosis of the respiratory microbiota and an increased proportion of co-infections. These insights could contribute to unraveling the underlying mechanisms connecting active herpesviruses to the progression of severe illnesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acipenserid herpesvirus 2 (AciHV-2) is a large double-stranded DNA virus in the family Alloherpesviridae that causes catastrophic outbreaks in young naive white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) populations, with mortalities of up to 80%. Survivors of these infections are suspected to remain latently infected. The grampositive zoonotic bacterium Streptococcus iniae is another important sturgeon pathogen that causes severe myositis and up to 50% mortality during natural outbreaks. Throughout the last decade, co-infections of AciHV-2 and S. iniae have been reported in cultured white sturgeon in California resulting in severe presentations of piscine streptococcosis. This phenomenon of herpesvirus and streptococcus co-infection appears to span multiple taxa since in humans, it is recognized that a Human herpesvirus 3 infection (VZV) is a negative prognostic indicator for pediatric Invasive Group A Streptococcal infections (IGASI). While a decrease in humoral immunity caused by VZV has been hypothesized as a potentially important factor in IGASI cases, no natural animal model exists to study this process. Moreover, no studies have investigated these reported coinfections in white sturgeon. Therefore, the goal of this study was to investigate the effects of a recent AciHV-2 infection on the outcome of a subsequent S. iniae challenge in white sturgeon fingerlings. When fish were infected with 108 colony forming units (CFU) of S. iniae intramuscularly (IM), a statistically significant decrease in survival of 41% was detected in the co-infection group compared to the S. iniae group (p-value < 0.001). This difference was not observed when fish were infected with 106 CFU of S. iniae IM. At this lower infection dose, however, a statistically significant downregulation of tnfα was observed in the spleen of fish in the co-infection group compared to the S. iniae group (p-value = 0.0098). Analysis of serum from survivors revealed a statistically significant reduction in anti-S. iniae serum IgM and serum serotransferrin in fish from the co-infection group compared to the S. iniae group (p-value = 0.0134 and p-value = 0.0183, respectively). Further studies are indicated to determine what interactions lead to the decreased production of pathogen-specific IgM, serotransferrin, and TNFα in the host. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A female narrow-ridged finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis) stranded on a beach on Jeju Island showed epithelial proliferative skin lesions on its body. Two false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens), caught using nets near Gangneung and Samcheok, respectively, had multiple plaques on their penile epidermis. Histological examination of the epidermis revealed that all the lesions had common features, including accentuated rete pegs, ballooning changes, and eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion (INI) bodies. Based on the histopathological results, herpesvirus infection was suspected, and thus further analysis was conducted using herpesvirus-specific primers. Based on nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests using the herpesvirus-detectable primers, the PCR products demonstrated two fragments: a 222-base-pair (bp) sequence of the DNA polymerase gene, SNUABM_CeHV01, showing 96.4% identity with a bottlenose dolphin herpesvirus from the Jeju narrow-ridged finless porpoise; and a 222 bp sequence of the DNA polymerase gene, SNUABM_CeHV02, showing 95.95% identity with the same bottlenose dolphin herpesvirus from the Gangneung and Samcheok false killer whales. The significance of this study lies in its ability to demonstrate the existence of novel cetacean herpesviruses in South Korean seawater, representing an important step forward in studying potentially harmful pathogens that affect endangered whale and dolphin populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a highly contagious virus that manifests as a painful lesion and recurrences can be distressing to patients. The purpose of this pilot study was to determine if the use of a 70% ethanol alcohol hand sanitizer alters the duration, size of the lesion, level of pain upon administering treatment, and overall daily discomfort during outbreak. Methods This study was a double-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT) using 70% ethanol alcohol hand sanitizer for the experiment and medical grade mineral oil for the control group. The treatment and the control were dispensed in lip gloss applicators for applying medicament. Data was collected through the initial examination, a daily journal, photographs, and a reexamination day. Descriptive statistics and the independent sample t-test were used to analyze data (p=0.05). Results A total of 20 individuals completed the research study: ten in the experimental group and ten in the control group. The mean duration of HSV-1 lesions for the control group was 10.3 days while the mean duration of the HSV-1 lesions for the experimental group was 7.6 days. The mean size of lesions for the control group was 4.87 mm; the mean size for the experimental group was 4.25 mm. The mean pain score for the control group was 1.08 and the mean pain score for the experimental group was 2.74. The mean discomfort score for the control group was 1.33 while the mean discomfort score for the experimental group was 1.72. There was no statistically significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of duration, size of lesions, pain, and discomfort. Conclusion Based on the results of this pilot study, 70% ethanol alcohol hand sanitizer did not demonstrate statistical significance in the treatment and management of HSV-1 lesions. Additional research is needed with a larger sample size to determine if statistical differences can be measured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe a case of an immunocompetent adult male patient originally from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), who was referred to our unit for a several-day history of fever and a pruritic, vesicular rash. There was initial concern in the Emergency Department for Mpox (formerly known as "monkeypox") given the current epidemiology versus other viral etiologies. Primary varicella zoster virus (pVZV) infection was ultimately diagnosed by PCR from a swabbed, unroofed lesion, and he recovered completely with supportive management and without antiviral therapy. We herein describe how common viral exanthems may best be differentiated in an emergency or outpatient setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immune-mediated gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, including achalasia, celiac disease, and inflammatory bowel diseases, pose significant challenges in diagnosis and management due to their complex etiology and diverse clinical manifestations. While genetic predispositions and environmental factors have been extensively studied in the context of these conditions, the role of viral infections and virome dysbiosis remains a subject of growing interest. This review aims to elucidate the involvement of viral infections in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated GI diseases, focusing on achalasia and celiac disease, as well as the virome dysbiosis in IBD. Recent evidence suggests that viral pathogens, ranging from common respiratory viruses to enteroviruses and herpesviruses, may trigger or exacerbate achalasia and celiac disease by disrupting immune homeostasis in the GI tract. Furthermore, alterations in the microbiota and, specifically, in the virome composition and viral–host interactions have been implicated in perpetuating chronic intestinal inflammation in IBD. By synthesizing current knowledge on viral contributions to immune-mediated GI diseases, this review aims to provide insights into the complex interplay between viral infections, host genetics, and virome dysbiosis, shedding light on novel therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating the burden of these debilitating conditions on patients' health and quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Sinonasal lymphoma (SL) is a rare lymphatic neoplasm of the nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx. Whereas some risk factors for SL subtypes have been identified, their aetiology is unknown. Along with other predisposing factors, the viral association of lymphomas, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Burkitt and Hodgkin lymphomas, is well-established. Modern molecular biology techniques have enabled the discovery of novel human viruses, exemplified by the protoparvovirus cutavirus (CuV), associated with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. These findings, and the anatomical location of the sinonasal tract with its rich microbiome and infectious agents, justify in-depth studies among SL. Methods: We analysed the presence of 20 viruses of Orthoherpesviridae, Parvoviridae, and Polyomaviridae by qPCR in 24 SL tumours. We performed RNAscope in situ hybridisation (RISH) to localize the viruses. Parvovirus-specific IgG was analysed by enzyme immunoassay and targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) was applied to detect CuV in plasma. Results: We detected viral DNA in 15/24 (63%) tumours; nine of EBV, six of human herpesvirus (HHV) -7, four each of HHV-6B and parvovirus B19, two of cytomegalovirus, and one each of CuV and Merkel-cell polyomavirus. We found tumours with up to four viruses per tumour, and localized CuV and EBV DNAs by RISH. Two of the ten plasma samples exhibited CuV IgG, and one plasma sample demonstrated CuV viremia by NGS. Conclusion: Viruses were frequent findings in SL. The EBV detection rate was high in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and co-detections with other viruses were prevalent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this issue, we established rapid, cost‐effective, and simple detection methods including recombines polymerase amplification with lateral flow dipstick (RPA‐LFD) and real‐time RPA for cyprinid herpesvirus 3(CyHV‐3), and evaluated their sensitivity, specificity, and applicability, the real‐time RPA method could achieve sensitive diagnosis of CyHV‐3 within 1.3 copies per reaction, respectively. The real‐time RPA method is 10‐fold more sensitive than RPA‐LFD method. The exact number of CyHV‐3 can be calculated in each sample by real‐time RPA. The sera from koi also can be tested in these methods. In addition, no cross‐reaction was observed with other related pathogens, including carp oedema virus (CEV), spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV), cyprinid herpesvirus 1(CyHV‐1), cyprinid herpesvirus 2(CyHV‐2), type I grass carp reovirus (GCRV‐I), type II GCRV (GCRV‐II), type III GCRV (GCRV‐III), and Aeromonas hydrophila. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acquired human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a noteworthy disease in infants. This case study will highlight the influence of early diagnosis of CMV retinitis (CMVR) on avoid visual impairment. Clinical Findings: We describe a preterm female infant with a birth weight of 2060 gr that was admitted for tracheostomy placement due to hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. There were no signs of CMV infection or sepsis in laboratory results upon admission such as serology (IgG, IgM antibodies), Toxoplasma gondii, Rubella virus, Herpes simplex virus, CMVR and urine polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Primary Diagnosis: Incidentally, upon screening for retinopathy of prematurity, diffuse occlusive vasculitis was detected in the retinal image on the 112th day of life. Intervention: Intravenous and intraocular ganciclovir were administered for 4 weeks. Outcomes: In the follow-up visit 6 weeks after discharge from the hospital, visual impairment was detected on both sides. Practice Recommendations: This is a report of a case of acquired CMVR, a silent finding, as an uncommon complication in preterm neonates during the hospital stay. This diagnosis should be taken into consideration in preterm infants, since early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to avoid visual impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: to propose a step­by­step treatment regimen for betaherpetic keratitis with a method for monitoring the dynamics of the disease.Patients and methods. The study group included 40 patients (40 eyes). Each patient had a history of diagnosed unilateral recurrent acute or subacute keratitis, the etiology of the betaherpetic process was confirmed by laboratory diagnostic methods, confocal microscopy, based on the detection of specific “owl eye” cells. All subjects had previously received specific therapy with acyclovir. All patients underwent an ophthalmological examination, and then a two­stage treatment regimen for keratitis was proposed. The main way to assess the dynamics of the disease, the presence of viral load and the need to intensify antiviral therapy was confocal microscopy data. The condition was assessed 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after the start of therapy. Results. As a result of the observation of a group of patients of 40 people, after 12 months, 33 patients achieved stable remission, 4 patients developed neurotrophic keratitis, and 3 patients had a relapse of betaherpetic keratitis. Recurrence of keratitis in 3 patients was detected within 2 to 4 months from the start of observation. Neurotrophic keratitis developed in 4 patients within 3 to 6 months from the start of observation.Conclusion. 1) The method of in vivo confocal microscopy can be used to monitor the dynamics of betaherpetic keratitis, based on the state of specific cells. 2) Therapy of betaherpetic keratitis requires the use of specific antiviral drugs with mandatory repeated preventive courses. 3) A history of herpesvirus infection requires assessment of the development of neurotrophic keratitis.

Plant polyphenols possess diverse bioactivities, including antiviral activity against a broad spectrum of viruses. Here, we investigated the virucidal properties of an Kalanchoe daigremontiana extract using an in vitro model of human herpesvirus type 1 (HHV-1) infection. Chromatographic analysis indicated that the extract of Kalanchoe daigremontiana is rich in various compounds, among which are polyphenols with virucidal activity confirmed in the literature. We found that Kalanchoe daigremontiana extract shows an ability to prevent HHV-1 infection by direct inhibition of the virus attachment, penetration, and blocking of infection when used in pretreatment or post-entry treatment. Our results indicate that Kalanchoe daigremontiana extract may be a good candidate drug against HHV-1, both as a substance to prevent infection and to treat an already ongoing infection. Our findings illustrate that Kalanchoe daigremontiana could be a potential new candidate for clinical consideration in the treatment of HHV-1 infection alone or in combination with other therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The appearance of antiviral therapy has led to a change in the prognosis and clinical manifestations of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infections and Kaposi's sarcoma. However, there are still countries in which access is inadequate and the disease progresses toward disseminated forms with an unfavorable outcome. We present two patients who presented with skin lesions that progressed for a month, compatible with disseminated Kaposi's sarcoma in the context of HIV. One month after starting treatment, they were admitted for multi-organ failure associated with an Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and eventually died. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]