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Foreigners' rights have become, especially in developed countries, a privileged instrument for managing migratory flows, but it has failed to cope satisfactorily with their increase. Always subject to the principle of sovereignty, in practice it only offers legal guarantees to a limited number of people. Moreover, it fails to avoid humanitarian disasters when migrants try to gain access to the territory of developed states at all costs. The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration adopted on December 11, 2018 and the Global Compact on Refugees adopted on December 17, 2018 strive to place the law in a more comprehensive approach with the objective of global governance of migration. This should strive to mobilize all international, public and private actors and develop original means of action based on cooperation and partnership but also on the financial and operational commitments of stakeholders and the exchange of good practice. If the two Pacts have provided incentive instruments for implementation, this remains uncertain due to the lack of binding mechanisms for States and developments in international migration law., Le droit des étrangers est devenu, notamment dans les pays développés, un instrument privilégié de gestion des flux migratoires mais il ne parvient pas à faire face de manière satisfaisante à leur augmentation. Toujours soumis au principe de souveraineté, il n’offre en pratique des garanties juridiques qu’à un nombre limité de personnes. Par ailleurs, il ne parvient pas à éviter les catastrophes humanitaires, lorsque les migrants tentent d’accéder coûte que coûte au territoire des États développés. Le Pacte mondial pour des migrations, sûres, ordonnées et régulières adopté le 11 décembre 2018 et le Pacte Mondial sur les réfugiés adopté le 17 décembre 2018 s’efforcent de situer le droit dans une approche plus globale avec pour objectif la gouvernance mondiale des migrations. Celle-ci devra s’efforcer de mobiliser tous les acteurs internationaux, publics et privés et de développer des moyens d’action originaux fondés sur la coopération et le partenariat mais également sur les engagements financiers et opérationnels des parties prenantes et l’échange de bonnes pratiques. Si les deux Pactes ont prévu des instruments incitatifs de mise en œuvre, celle-ci reste cependant aléatoire faute de mécanismes contraignants pour les États et d’évolution du droit international des migrations.

In recent years, Turkey has been host to more than two million Syrians seeking refuge. Initially concentrated in the southeastern regions, these refugees now reside throughout the country. There are many questions from policy makers regarding the impact of the population of Syrians Under Temporary Protection on the host community. This paper examines the impact of migrants on regional host communities from a poverty perspective. The paper does not find any negative impacts on poverty for the host community from the increasing population of Syrians Under Temporary Protection as of 2013, despite the high poverty rates experienced among the recent migrants.

Turkey now hosts the largest refugee population in the world. The Government of Turkey (GoT) estimates the total number of registered Syrians under Temporary Protection (SuTPs) at 2,225,147. The objective of this policy brief is to collate existing publically available material on the situation of SuTPs in Turkey and to summarize: (i) the strategy and principles of Turkey’s unique response to its displacement crisis; (ii) the challenges in managing the socioeconomic dimensions of displacement; and (iii) remaining critical policy issues and the road ahead for Turkey, as well as implications for other countries’ refugee response efforts.

Most reports on refugees deal with the immediate needs of displaced people. This paper seeks to go beyond the emergency phase and explore the challenges surrounding protracted refugee situations. The paper examines the refugee situation in Sub-Saharan Africa from a long-term angle, from the perspective of refugees own agency as well as from the perspective of the host community. The paper aims to shed light on the economic lives of refugees in their host communities. Starting with an overview of the situation of refugees in Sub-Saharan Africa, the paper draws on findings from the literature to debunk some entrenched beliefs about refugees. The discussion of refugee crises in Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda draws some lessons. The decision to return is discussed and it is argued that the decision depends on the socioeconomic condition in the host country versus the country of refuge, integration versus return policies in place, the individual set of skills of each refugee, and his or her subjective perception of the political climate in both countries.

Civil war in Syria has resulted in more than four million refugees fleeing the country, of which 1.8 million have found refuge in Turkey, making it the largest refugee-hosting country worldwide. This paper combines newly available data on the 2014 distribution of Syrian refugees across subregions of Turkey with the Turkish Labour Force Survey, to assess the impact on Turkish labor market conditions. Using a novel instrument, the analysis finds that the refugees, who overwhelmingly do not have work permits, result in the large-scale displacement of informal, low-educated, female Turkish workers, especially in agriculture. While there is net displacement, the inflow of refugees also creates higher-wage formal jobs, allowing for occupational upgrading of Turkish workers. Average Turkish wages have increased primarily as the composition of the employed has changed because of the inflow of refugees.

Sex ratios at birth rose sharply in the South Caucasus countries after 1991, but recent data indicate that this trend is turning. What caused this rise, and what can be done to accelerate its normalization? Traditional kinship systems in the region are similar to those of other settings with sex-selection: structured for collaboration among male kin and dependence only on sons, not daughters. Yet it is anomalous to find sex-selection in a region that under the Soviet Union has for long been substantially urbanized and gender-equitable in public life — factors associated with declines in sex-selection elsewhere. Sex-selection manifested itself only after the sudden economic and governance meltdown following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Jobs, basic services, and social protection mechanisms unraveled. People scrambled for coping mechanisms, and sons offer the traditional form of support under uncertainty. Basic services, pensions, and safety nets have been rebuilt, but the process involved years of policy changes. Strengthening these institutions, and maintaining credible continuity of expectations in them, is critical to accelerating normalization of sex ratios.

In mid-2014, the Government of Ukraine (GoU) requested technical assistance and financial support from the inter¬national community to assess and plan priority recovery and peacebuilding efforts in the conflict-affected regions of eastern Ukraine. Following these requests, and within the framework of the 2008 Joint Declaration on Post-Crisis Assessments and Recovery Planning, the EU, UN, and WBG agreed to support the government in undertaking a Recovery and Peacebuilding Assessment (RPA). This assessment follows the Post-Conflict Needs Assessment (PCNA) methodology. In view of the continuing conflict in eastern Ukraine, it was decided to undertake an initial rapid assess¬ment as a first phase of activity, which would provide an analytical and programmatic baseline for recovery efforts to inform urgent interventions and provide a basis for scaling up recovery plan¬ning and responses as the situation and needs evolve on the ground. This report summarizes the findings and recommendations of the first phase of the RPA, which was undertaken in the period November 2014 to February 2015. In light of the dynamic and fluid nature of the situation in eastern Ukraine, these findings should be considered as a snapshot in time. In particular, the assessment of infrastructure damage is limited to the damage that occurred on or before November 2014. Furthermore, the number of registered internally displaced persons (IDPs), utilized as a reference to estimate the needs of this affected population, corresponds to the official government estimates as of February 2015.

This report presents to the Government of Georgia (GoG) an analysis of the implications of potential policy changes to internally displaced person (IDP) assistance. A pressing question for policy makers in Georgia is the sustainability of status-based IDP assistance and what efforts can be made to tailor this assistance to favor the poor and vulnerable. Elimination of the IDP benefit has been subject to debate among policymakers. The World Bank has worked with the government to support improvements to the socioeconomic situation of IDPs in Georgia since 2008. The IDP Community Development Project, implemented between 2009-2012 improved service delivery, infrastructure, and livelihoods in over 40 IDP communities. Evidence on the socio-economic needs of IDPs has been collected by both government and donors; yet no comprehensive research has been conducted to critically compare their situation to that of the overall population. The objective of this research is to generate more evidence on the significance of the IDP benefit, and consequences that may be expected if this benefit is removed, in order to inform future policy decisions of the GoG in this regard. The report examines: (i) the policy and institutional framework and considerations that may support or obstruct a shift in IDP assistance; (ii) quantitative evidence on the socio-economic situation of IDPs as compared to non-IDPs in Georgia; and (iii) qualitative evidence on the significance of the IDP benefit, attitudes towards the benefit program, and vulnerabilities that may arise from its potential elimination. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for mitigating negative poverty and social impacts, should the government pursue a decision to remove the IDP benefit program.

Land and property rights, migration, and citizenship are complex issues that cut across all social, economic, and political spheres of West Africa. This paper provides an overarching scoping of the most pressing contemporary issues related to land, migration, and citizenship, including how they intersect in various contexts and locations in West Africa. The way issues are analytically framed captures structural challenges and sets them against the regional and global meta-trends of which policy makers and practitioners should be aware for conflict-sensitive planning. The paper points to some of the effective practices in managing and mitigating these issues and also raises several questions on areas for future research. Part one lays out the migratory context in West Africa. It points to the type, nature, and extent of mobility that characterizes the region. Part two sets out West Africa’s land tenure and management systems, including structural challenges, general management policies, and key issues related to land tenure and migrants. Part three frames the key land and migration meta-trends in the context of fragility. Part four concludes with an overall exploration of the paper’s results and puts forward a series of research questions that are necessary in order to discern the most effective and realistic operational approaches.

У статті йдеться про правове становище українських емігрантів (біженців) у Румунії в період між двома світовими війнами. Акцент робиться на міжнародному аспекті цієї проблеми. Проаналізовані правові акти щодо біженців, що були прийняті Лігою Націй, Міжнародним бюро праці, Верховним комісаріатом у справах біженців, урядами країн-реципієнтів. Охарактеризовані заходи представників української еміграції у справі захисту інтересів українців, визнання їх окремою національною групою серед біженців та фіксації національності у сертифікатах ідентичності («нансенівських паспортах»). В статье речь идет о правовом положении украинских эмигрантов (беженцев) в Румынии в период между двумя мировыми войнами. Акцент делается на международном аспекте этой проблемы. Проанализированы правовые акты о беженцах, принятые Лигой Наций, Международным бюро труда, Верховным комиссариатом по делам беженцев, правительствами стран-реципиентов. Охарактеризованы действия представителей украинской эмиграции по защите интересов украинцев, о признании их отдельной национальной группой среди беженцев и фиксации национальности в сертификатах идентичности (“нансеновских паспортах”). The article deals with the legal status of Ukrainian immigrants (refugees) in Romania in the period between the two World Wars. The emphasis is placed on the international aspect of the issue. Legal acts on refugees adopted by the League of Nations, International Labour Office, High Commissioner for Refugees, and the governments of recipient countries were analyzed. The actions of representatives of the Ukrainian emigration on protection of interests of Ukrainians, recognition of their ethnic group among the refugees and specification of their nationality in the certificates of identity (Nansen passports) were characterized.