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This article examines the Royal Netherlands Navy's (Koninklijke Marine, KM) use of Indonesian personnel. It considers why and how the KM employed indigenous personnel and how this usage impacted the KM's effectiveness as a military service. The article argues that the decision to use Indonesian personnel in naval forces in the Netherlands East Indies resulted in a peacetime advantage in terms of numbers of sailors on duty but ultimately a disadvantage in times of crisis when Indonesian sailors acted against the interests of the Netherlands state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Netherlands' escape from the 'hard hand of war' in 1914-1918 was explained until this century through several myths, all of which painted the country as a passive player during the war. That these myths are now discredited is not new. What has been given little attention, however, is the impact of these myths on the Netherlands' preparation for the next war, which it would not escape. The consequences of the country's faulty historical memory would have an impact well beyond its own borders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the first methodologically grounded calculation of the weight of Atlantic slave-based activities in the Dutch economy of the second half of the eighteenth century. In this period, the Dutch Republic was one of the most developed commercial societies in Europe. The import, processing and export of slave-produced goods such as sugar, coffee and tobacco played an important role in this economy. In 1770, 5.2% of the GDP of the Dutch Republic and 10.36% of the GDP of its richest province Holland was based on Atlantic slavery. In this year, 19% of Dutch imports and (re-) exports consisted of goods produced by the enslaved in the Atlantic. These high percentages were dependent on the prominent role that the Dutch Republic and the province of Holland in particular played in Atlantic slavery-based commodity chains. These chains ran from the provisioning of slave ships in the Dutch Republic, through the slave trade, to the plantations, the transport of tropical products to Europe, their processing in the Dutch Republic, to their final export to the European hinterland. As much as 40% of all the growth of the economy of Holland in the decades around 1770 can be traced back to slavery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1902 and 1913 two acclaimed educational reformers wrote several series of children's primers in the Netherlands. Jan Ligthart and Hindericus Scheepstra collaborated closely with the painter Cornelis Jetses who provided the illustrations. The series would become classics in both text and image. In this article the symbolic educational function of the places depicted on the illustrations are analysed. It shows how concrete locales inside the house, outside on the streets and in nature symbolise progressive educational ideas using existing models and metaphors of family life, schooling, and freedom and constraint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although recent studies have extensively traced the development of neoliberal ideas in international think-tanks since the late 1930s, scholars of early neoliberalism have paid far less attention to the translation of these ideas into policy. Current scholarship predominantly identifies the introduction of neoliberal policies with a paradigm shift among policymakers in the late 1970s and depicts the early neoliberal movement as an idea-centred and isolated phenomenon that was unable to put its ideas into practice. This article argues instead that early neoliberals employed an idea-centred approach to politics to establish a coalition of like-minded academics, journalists, politicians and policy officials. Focusing on the Netherlands, it demonstrates how this strategy brought neoliberals press coverage, influence within the Christian democratic parliamentary parties and acknowledgement among professional economists. On the one hand, their struggle to exert influence over policy matters contributed to the implementation of pro-market industrialization policies, which, ironically, were pursued by a coalition of social democrats and Christian democrats. On the other hand, it also compelled them to include Christian-democratic views in their political agenda, leading to a corporatist-neoliberal policy synthesis whose features exhibit remarkable similarities to German 'ordoliberal' ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The historiography of child guidance has focused primarily on the United States, where it first developed before travelling across the English-speaking world. The rapid expansion of child guidance in the interwar years was enabled by private philanthropy, which provided fellowships to foreign professionals to study in the United States. This article focuses upon the transnational transfer of child guidance, the dynamic psychology on which it was based, and the accompanying psychopathologisation of child-rearing culture to a non-English speaking country, the Netherlands. First, it discusses the development of child guidance and the reception of dynamic psychology in the United States and Britain. Next, it analyses the transfer to the Netherlands. It turns out that the Dutch did not copy the American model, but adapted it to fit their conditions and created a more diverse child guidance landscape, in which educational psychology played a less important role than child psychiatry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the diagnosing and treatment of behavioural problems in a pioneering Dutch child psychiatric clinic in the 1950s. This was headed by Theo Hart de Ruyter, the first Dutch professor of child psychiatry and a psychoanalyst. It is generally assumed that during postwar years child psychiatry was primarily influenced by Freudianism with its focus on a nurture-related aetiology of children's behavioural problems. This assumption has, however, not been tested for the clinical practice. Did nature-bound explanations – referring to a child's neurological constitution, hereditary predisposition or brain dysfunction – disappear from the consulting room and was treatment with psychotropic drugs anathema to Freudians, in the way it has been suggested? We compare Hart de Ruyter's theoretical work with the contemporary expert discourse and with the way he and his team diagnosed and treated children, using clinical records. It turns out that both theory and practice and both aetiology and treatment mixed up nature and nurture. The use of an electro-encephalogram to rule out organic causes and of medication to speed up improvement of a child's behaviour does, however, not undo the predominant adherence of the clinic's staff to updated versions of Freudianism. It also demonstrates the semi-improvisational nature of early academic child psychiatry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the polarised political culture of the 1970s, in which political differences were emphasised instead of being played down, Dutch right-wing politicians frequently accused left-wing politicians and educators of indoctrination in educational settings. In this period of economic stagnation and an ongoing Cold War, peace education – which was vulnerable to accusations of indoctrination – became an optional part of the secondary school curriculum. This article addresses the aims and strategies of the Working Group for Peace Education in implementing the peace education curriculum and relates it to politics, place and pedagogy. The study centres on the content, intentions, and methods of the Working Group's curriculum, especially with regard to topics relating to the Vietnam War and nuclear weapons. The results suggest that the members of the Working Group for Peace Education aspired to educate young people to become citizens who would be actively engaged in global problems. Sensitivity to possible accusations of indoctrination led the Working Group to present these ideals with caution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This essay explores glass engravings by Dutch authors Anna Roemers Visscher, Maria Tesselschade Roemers Visscher, and Anna Maria van Schurman. I place these engravings in their rich contemporary contexts, comparing them to other art forms that were the product of female pastime. Like embroidery, emblems, and alba amicorum , engraved glasses combined text and image, transforming each glass into an object that fulfilled key social and cultural functions. Above all, engraving glasses allowed women to forge new self-representations, specifically through their use of play to question binary oppositions and moral certainties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

World history of the Netherlands and Flanders: about the (im)possibility of an open, global, and non-nationalist history for a wider audience Following the success of the Histoire mondiale de la France, 2018 saw the publication of the World history of the Netherlands and World history of Flanders. After the French example both volumes have three goals: to bring history to a wider audience; to give a global reading to the national past; and to offer a non-nationalist and non-teleological perspective. Eminently readable, both books succeed in their first goal. The second ambition is fulfilled by the World history of the Netherlands, but in the World history of Flanders the global dimension is underdeveloped. The verdict on their third aim is double-edged. Both volumes explicitly claim to be open-ended and reject traditional nationalist tropes, but several Dutch and – to a lesser extent – Flemish chapters have a subtext of banal nationalism. The genre of public history seems to be particularly susceptible to this type of teleology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why the Netherlands did not witness a revolution in 1848 In 1848, a wave of democratic revolutions struck most of Europe, but not the Netherlands. Historians have provided only partial explanations from a range of perspectives, such as socio-economic, socio-political, and institutional. We argue that none of these are fully tenable or satisfactory by comparing the Dutch situation with countries that did experience revolutions in 1848. Also, we add a cultural perspective by studying the role of the Dutch consensus culture. After tracing its roots, we identify its key characteristics and use these as a prism to interpret several governmental sources, brochures, and newspaper articles. On this basis, we argue that it is likely that the consensus culture strongly contributed to the stability of Dutch society during the European revolutionary months of 1848. Without wanting to present this perspective as the definitive explanation, we claim that (political) culture as such deserves more attention in studies to the Netherlands during 1848. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article I examine how state formation in the revolutionary and Napoleonic period was experienced by inhabitants of the Dutch island of Ameland. I focus on chronicling and petitioning, two activities that were performed by ordinary people. The microhistorical perspective adopted in this article reveals more continuity in the way political transformations were experienced than an institutional outlook might suggest. Between 1780 and 1815 the Netherlands developed from an oligarchic confederacy of local administrative units into an autocratic and centralized monarchy. Yet the people of Ameland continued to understand political authority and political representation very much in old-regime terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the relationship between suicide as an act inspired by the devil and suicide as an act of insanity in the sixteenth- and seventeenthcentury Spanish Netherlands. It has become widely accepted that from the end of the seventeenth century on suicide became decriminalized, secularized, and medicalized, i.e., the devil disappeared from explanations for suicide and was replaced by madness, and so harsh penalties vanished. This article seeks to contribute to the complication of these notions. If one turns away from the eighteenth century as the age of change and instead focuses on the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, a broad view of coexisting and overlapping discourses about self-killings existed at an early date. By exploring the languages of demonic temptation and that of madness as judicial and discursive strategies, it is argued that both discourses competed with one another in the legal deciphering of suicide and thereby subverted any linear notion of secularization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay traces the genesis and progress of the widely believed myth that the Dutch nobleman Reinoud III of Brederode, foolishly claiming the county of Holland for himself, was condemned to death and later pardoned by the emperor Charles V. It also demonstrates that extant legal records tell a different story: Reinoud claimed the coat of arms of Holland on his familial arms as an advised and successful attempt to enhance his lineage, in order to improve his reputation and status among the nobility of the Netherlands. Charles allowed him to do so without ever officially making the Brederode family Counts of Holland. In the process, both Reinoud and the emperor displayed shrewd negotiation and awareness of their mutual dependence as patron and client, a relationship that had been developing over several generations of Burgundians and Brederodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the situation of the Netherlands during the World War I. Dutch military attitude toward Germany; Reason behind the Netherlands's escape from the Schlieffen plan; Prewar relations between Netherlands and Belgium.

This article shows that slavery was more connected to Dutch society and economy than has been previously assumed. It does so by investigating the people involved in Dutch slavery insurance in the period 1718–1734, when the Dutch slave trade was monopolized by the state-chartered West India Company (WIC) and the period 1763–1778, when the private slave trade reached its peak and slavery insurance was more common. This article analyzes a variety of primary sources that have not been studied in this light before. The analysis shows that a large and varied group was involved and that slavery insurance was not a regional institution that only affected the Dutch colonies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time-honoured friends. French influence on the formation of the princely court of Louis Bonaparte, king of Holland In 1806, at Napoleon's behest, Louis Bonaparte suddenly became the foreign king of a former republic. Confronted with the problem of finding competent and trustworthy senior court dignitaries in this alien environment, he initially resorted to appointing French friends and confidants. Louis' choice was far from unique: his crowned relatives elsewhere, by necessity, opted for the same solution. This article reconstructs the early household composed by Louis and compares it to the households in the other satellite states. The juxtaposition not only highlights Napoleon's constant interference in nominations, but also reveals some inconsistencies in the Emperor's attitude. In addition, it emphasizes the marked impact of local conditions. Contrary to the situation in the other Napoleonic kingdoms, no Frenchmen entered the government posts in Holland, yet they dominated in senior court office. The comparison also helps to explain the remarkably rapid disappearance of French court dignitaries from Holland, prompting the 'Dutchification' of the king's entourage familiar from earlier historiography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to explain changes in Dutch policies regarding the rights of homosexual immigrants. In the period 1945-1992 policies changed fundamentally. As this article will show, existing theories do not fully explain why policies regarding homosexual foreigners changed. The most striking aspect of the policy changes was the casualness with which decisions were taken, and the long time that passed before the consequences of decisions sank in. Although the number of homosexual foreigners coming to the Netherlands was never large, their migration was always highly contested: response to their claims was a key part of how the nation defined itself, both now and in the past. This article shows how discussions about the right to refugee status for homosexual foreigners evolved from debates about the right of homosexual migrants to come within the framework of labour migration or family migration (right to live with your partner). Policies changed - this article argues - because this issue was not at the heart of policy fields (labour migration, family migration, refugee migration) but rather at the points where policy fields intersected, which made foreseeing consequences more difficult. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firm, but inconspicuous. The Netherlands and the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (1973-1983) This article reconsiders the role of the Netherlands in the Conference on Security and Co-operation (CSCE) in Europe in times of both détente (1973-1979) and crisis (1980-1983). This conference was meant to channel the Cold War in a more peaceful direction, but soon turned into a clash between Western and Eastern European values. Contrary to conventional wisdom, this article argues that the Dutch were not primarily concerned with advancing human rights, but rather with maintaining Western European unity and mediating between the members of the European Community and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Moreover, the Dutch priority shifted from European Political Co-operation during détente to a greater emphasis on NATO and co-operation with the Americans in times of crisis. Pragmatic rather than idealistic, the Dutch contribution to peace in Cold War Europe consisted more in its willingness to compromise than in its principled defence of human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay surveys the iconography of street singers and musicians in sixteenth‐century Netherlandish painting. It examines the visual and social status of itinerant performers as they move between different roles in the urban marketplace: from sympathetic beggar deserving of charity to diabolical trickster and charlatan, to successful entrepreneur operating within a new market system. The representation of this marginal type extends from grotesque and comic portrayals in late medieval manuscript illuminations and the hallucinatory Hellscapes of Hieronymous Bosch and his followers, to sympathetic depictions as objects of charity in altarpieces of The Seven Works of Mercy, to more ambivalent figurations of pedlars hawking printed wares in serial paintings of biblical narratives in the marketplace by Antwerp‐based artists Pieter Aertsen and Joachim Beuckelaer. The portrait of the street singer that emerges in the highly urbanized Low Countries reflects the burgermoraal (bourgeois morality) of patrons and artists and their attitudes on the social role of the marketplace, the status of consumer capitalism versus civic charity, and most importantly the acceptance of marginal and itinerant individuals who operate outside the norms and regulations of cities and societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the eighteenth century, the use of mineral or fossil substances was relatively common in European medicine and pharmacy. However, this period also saw profound changes in ideas about the nomenclature, chemistry, and curative properties of minerals. Jonathan Simon has recently argued that an increasing orientation towards the mineral kingdom and the chemical transformation of minerals, and a rise in the number of mineral preparations demanded of the pharmacist, were characteristic for eighteenth-century chemistry within pharmacy. Yet in the Netherlands, and to a certain extent in England, another pattern is visible: although there certainly was an interest in the mineral kingdom and the chemical transformation of nonorganic materials, nothing suggests that this resulted in a strong increase in the demand for mineral-based pharmaceutical preparations - rather the contrary. Unlike English and French eighteenth-century pharmacy, Dutch pharmacy and its relation to academic medicine and chemistry have hardly received attention from historians of science thus far. This paper aims to fill that gap and argues that Herman Boerhaave’s (1668-1738) view on mineral medicine was crucial in the development of a certain wariness of “mineral medicine” in the eighteenth-century Netherlands and England, especially among apothecaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the confrontations between Justus Lipsius and Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert, and the `Politica' by Lipsius, which highlighted their different agendas. What led to differences between the two; What they had in common; Impact of their differences on contemporary developments in the Netherlands; Examination of the ideologies of both men as related to the state.

Focuses on the writings of Johannes Uytenbogaert, an Arminian minister, and Jacob Trigland, a Calvinist minister, in the aftermath of the Arminian-Calvinist dispute in Holland, during the seventeenth century. Similarities between the writings; What the writings reflected; What led to the dispute between Arminians and Calvinists.

The article focuses on works of capitalist Wilhelm Von Dem Bongart in the Thirty Years' War. His various qualities that are discussed include his organizational talent, his military expertise and his leadership qualities. Various topics discussed include Netherlands in 17th century, state archives on Netherlandish literature and history sources on his military works.

Research on route-network stability is rare. In time, due to cultural and/or natural causes, settlement locations and route orientation shift. The nature of these spatial changes sheds light on the complex interaction between settlements and surrounding natural landscape conditions. This study investigates the stability of route networks in the Netherlands during the past two millennia by determining their persistence through time. Environmental, archaeological and historical data are used to reconstruct and compare route networks. By using network friction, archaeological data on settlement patterns and route networks in combination with historical data (e.g. old maps), we were able to model route-network persistence (not necessarily continuity) from the Roman to early medieval periods (AD 100-800) and from the Early Middle Ages to the Early Modern Times (AD 800-1600). Results show that around 67.6% of the modelled early-medieval routes in the Netherlands are persistent with routes in the Roman period. Covering a much larger surface area of the Netherlands, 24.5% of the early-modern routes show a clear persistence with their early-medieval counterparts. Besides the differences in surface area, this downfall can largely be explained by cultural dynamics, with 71.4% of the early-modern route network following modelled movement corridors already in existence during the Early Middle Ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical fiction is a powerful way of transmitting national history to later generations. It emerged in the nineteenth century as a means of building identity and fostering solidarity. However, in the 1960s and 1970s, former representations of history were deconstructed. Instead of glorifying the nation, social evils were exposed. As a consequence of this, western European histories of children’s literature claim a shift in children’s books from an emphasis on political to social history. Historical heroes and triumphs were replaced by accounts of the lives of common people and how they were touched by great events. This article investigates the influence of this changed perception and representation of history on images of nationality in Dutch historical children’s books. Two groups are identified: a group of books that are critical of historical practices and events, focus on the lives of common people, and project emancipatory ideals on historical characters; and a group of books that transmit a conventional image of the past which was introduced in former periods, in which nation-building and the formulation of a national character reigned. However, images of nationality transgress these categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study takes crisis coverage as the dependent variable. Focusing on the Netherlands, we investigate how print media framed the economic crisis (2007-2013) and to what extent temporal and outlet factors account for variation in the use of frames. Relying on an in-depth qualitative content analysis followed up by a quantitative analysis, five major frames are identified that journalists use when discussing the crisis. Our findings, based on variance analyses, show that frame variation is mainly due to temporal factors. While the specific appearance of frames might differ across outlets, we found a remarkable similarity in over-time frame prominence. These results raise doubts about the availability of varied media content to the public in the context of an all-encompassing crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This article investigates the causes of the remarkable growth in and specialization of elderly care institutions in the Netherlands during the early modern period, and relates these developments to a number of major changes in the household formation process, which had both a direct and an indirect impact on the need for elderly care in general and on the relationships between the elderly and next of kin (partners, children, and other family members). Some specific features of the specialization in care, such as the care provisions for couples, point towards an underlying change in these relationships, which may have resulted from a combination of factors such as neolocality, high marriage ages for both men and women, and, related to this, the small spousal age gap and large numbers of singles. In the typical nuclear household society of early modern Holland, even when children lived close enough and were financially capable to provide help, parents often still relied on extra‐familial elderly care provisions. This article also argues that this practice was embedded in a persistent moral culture accentuating independence, agency, self‐help, investment in the younger generation, and community, instead of putting family responsibilities first. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The article discusses the role played by rumour and gossip in denouncing the act of sodomy and in trying to prosecute sodomites in the early modern Southern Low Countries. Although sodomy was considered an ‘unmentionable vice' in the early modern period, this article argues that sodomy was a popular subject among urban slanderers in the region. Consequently, denunciation was a common way of identifying sodomites, and early modern authorities were often forced to take action because of local gossip. Using trial records and bailiff accounts dating from 1400 to 1700, this article analyses the different ways in which rumours about sodomy were disseminated in early modern urban society. In doing so, this essay aims to nuance the idea that the political elites were the main engine behind the persecution of sodomites and reveals the important role urban gossip and sexual slander played in early modern sodomy trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generic fascism scholarship, which has turned strongly towards cultural political history in recent years, has focused heavily on themes of rebirth in fascist culture, but rebirth's counterpart of decline remains under-researched. After emphasizing the existence of several distinct and even mutually exclusive ideological strands in the NSB, this article shows how ideological difference was marked by narratives of decline. But they were equally used to generate a coherent political message about the contemporary state of the Netherlands. Central to their functionality as a unifying tool was party newspaper Volk en Vaderland, which served to promote a patriotic, news-focused, and peculiarly Dutch narrative of decline that overarched ideological difference. Yet more than just tying ends together, one narrative in particular served as a crucial ideological constant in the Movement, namely the Leider Anton Mussert's narrative of decline since the early modern Golden Age of the Dutch Republic, which tied traditional liberal patriotic themes into fascist discourse. Where other historians have emphasized Mussert's lack of moral and ideological leadership, the article impresses how narratives of decline functioned as moral support, and rallied NSB loyalists throughout the German occupation of the Netherlands, until Mussert's own death. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this article, the role of Johannes Hudde as material instigator of the blossoming microscopic culture in the late seventeenth-century Netherlands is examined. The simple ball lens microscopes that Hudde developed in the late 1650s saw widespread adoption, yet surprisingly little is known about their origin. After reflecting on the contemporary literature on Hudde's lenses, their optical properties are discussed and compared with those of thin, ground lenses. Next, an account is given of a reconstruction experiment, performed in the Corning Museum of Glass (NY), where the manufacturing processes for both Hudde's flameworked lenses and for common ground lenses were put to test. It is explained how this gave insight in the unique advantages of Hudde's lens making innovation. Taking this further, the significance of glass melting techniques for the broader historiography of the microscope and its lens production is evaluated. Finally, it is argued how shifting demands in the c. 1700 microscope market meant that Hudde's, otherwise very successful, lenses were gradually abandoned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the seventeenth century, Dutch charitable institutions were the subject of international praise and the object of civic pride, and their public façades communicated a message of central importance to its citizens. In this essay, I examine the iconography of seventeenth-century "gates of charity," focusing on the almoner's orphanage in Gouda and the Holy Ghost orphanage in Leiden. I relate them to other orphanages in the Dutch Republic to show developments in their iconography. The façade decorations demonstrate the responsibilities of the city as benefactor, the expectations of its citizens and the supposed effects of charity upon the community. At the gates, the worlds of the rich and the poor collided. Here, charity could flourish making the community a mirror image of the heavenly realm. The gate portrays the perfect society as one that assists its poor and strengthens its communal ties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews a number of recent publications on Kaiser Wilhelm II in the Netherlands in order to reflect on the place of Wilhelm II in this country's history. With the flight of Wilhelm II to the Netherlands on 10 November 1918 an 'involuntary relationship' began, which necessarily reflected the Dutch perception of the Great War but also of Germany inself. Huis Doorn, the residence Wilhelm II used for the greater part of the twenty-three years ne spent in the Netherlands, thus turned into an unlikely place of memory, the meaning of w+nich has recently been renegotiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dutch revolution has been a particularly appealing subject for local historians. Since the last quarter of the nineteenth century, historians have produced numerous studies dealing with the Patriot era (c. 1780-87), the Batavian revolution (c. 1795-1801), or the wider revolutionary era, largely from a local perspective. In this contribution I identify key works, overarching themes, and historiographical trends. I have tried also to consider non-professional historical studies, often written in the context of local history societies and published in local history journals, that rarely attract the interest of academic scholarship. As professional historians have established in smaller-scale comparative studies, the revolution meant different things in different localities, but we lack a coherent picture of what the revolutionary map of the Netherlands looked like and why. The non-professional tradition of local history-writing can help to answer these questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]