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Abstract Background Migraine, a widespread neurological condition, substantially affects the quality of life, particularly for adolescents and young adults. While its impact is significant, there remains a paucity of comprehensive global research on the burden of migraine in younger demographics. Our study sought to elucidate the global prevalence, incidence, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) associated with migraine in the 15–39 age group from 1990 to 2021, utilizing data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study. Methods Our comprehensive study analyzed migraine data from the GBD 2021 report, examining the prevalence, incidence, and DALYs across 204 countries and territories over a 32-year span. We stratified the information by age, sex, year, geographical region, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI). To evaluate temporal trends in these metrics, we employed the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) calculation. Results Between 1990 and 2021, the worldwide prevalence of migraine among 15–39 year-olds increased substantially. By 2021, an estimated 593.8 million cases were reported, representing a 39.52% rise from 425.6 million cases in 1990. Global trends showed increases in age-standardized prevalence rate, incidence rate, and DALY rate for migraine during this period. The EAPC were positive for all three metrics: 0.09 for ASPR, 0.03 for ASIR, and 0.09 for DALY rate. Regions with medium SDI reported the highest absolute numbers of prevalent cases, incident cases, and DALYs in 2021. However, high SDI regions demonstrated the most elevated rates overall. Across the globe, migraine prevalence peaked in the 35–39 age group. Notably, female rates consistently exceeded male rates across all age categories. Conclusion The global impact of migraine on youths and young adults has grown considerably from 1990 to 2021, revealing notable variations across SDI regions, countries, age groups, and sexes. This escalating burden necessitates targeted interventions and public health initiatives, especially in areas and populations disproportionately affected by migraine.

Abstract Background To explore the feasibility and effectiveness of a segmented sodium citrate solution anticoagulation strategy in patients receiving CRRT. Methods A prospective, randomized controlled study was conducted. Results According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 80 patients were included and randomly divided into two groups. Moreover, coagulation indices, liver function indices, renal function indices, and SOFA and APACHE II scores did not significantly differ between the two groups (P > 0.05). The coagulation grade of the venous ports in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group and the two groups of filters, but the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.337). Both sodium citrate solution infusion methods maintained a low blood calcium concentration (0.25–0.45 mmol/L) in the peripheral circulation pathway, and no patient developed hypocalcaemia (

Abstract Palm leaf manuscripts, which are crucial carriers of historical, religious, scientific, and artistic information in East and Southeast Asia, specifically encapsulate significant aspects of Buddhist culture and thus require comprehensive research and preservation efforts. The base material of palm leaf manuscripts is processed palm leaves, which are hygroscopic and profoundly affected by environmental humidity. Currently, there is a research gap regarding the impact of traditional processing crafts and natural aging on the hygroscopicity of palm leaf manuscripts. Utilizing dynamic water vapor sorption (DVS), the hygroscopic properties of palm leaves from various years were assessed before and after traditional processing in Yunnan Province, China. The results show that traditional processing slightly increases the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) in environments with 0 to 60% relative humidity (RH), but significantly lowers EMC in high humidity environments, with reductions up to 19.01%. Additionally, hysteresis doubled post-processing, indicating enhanced stability under fluctuating humidity conditions. Sorption models suggest that traditional processing increases the number of adsorption sites while reducing physical adsorption or capillary condensation. FT-IR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) analysis indicates that the relative contents of cellulose and hemicellulose were reduced by 39.90% and 3.97%, respectively. Degradation occurring in both the crystalline and amorphous regions of cellulose. After natural aging, the hygroscopicity of processed palm leaves improved across the entire humidity range of 0 to 95%, and there was a slight increase in hysteresis. This is due to the increase in both adsorption sites and physical adsorption capabilities. FT-IR results also indicate that the relative contents of cellulose and hemicellulose were decreased by 57.52% and 19.83% after nature aging, respectively. These findings confirm that traditional processing improves the writability and humidity resilience of the leaves, while natural aging enhances their overall hygroscopic properties. This research contributes to our understanding of how humidity damages palm leaf manuscripts. aids in determining optimal RH ranges for storage, and assesses the effectiveness of consolidation treatments in their long–term preservation.

Selenium-enriched edible fungi are rich in selenium polysaccharides, selenoproteins, selenium polypeptides and other bioactive components. However, the selenium forms and organic selenium transformation rate of selenium-enriched edible fungi are affected by several factors, such as species, selenium biotransformation methods and cultivation techniques. Subsequently, edible fungi show different biological activities and mechanisms of action. Therefore, it is particularly important to study the forms, distribution, absorption and transformation of selenium in edible fungi. The paper reviews the proportion of different forms of selenium in total selenium, the process of absorption and transformation of different selenium forms, the threshold of total selenium, the present selenium-enriched technology and the industrial problems of representative selenium-enriched edible fungi. The immunological activity, antitumor activity and antioxidant activity of different selenium forms in selenium-enriched edible fungi are also discussed in this paper. This review is expected to provide a reference basis for the precise selenium enrichment of edible fungi, to serve as a scientific support for the development of highly active different forms of selenium, and to propose directions for the development of selenium-enriched edible fungi.

Abstract Breast cancer remains a significant global health challenge, and its mechanisms of progression and metastasis are still not fully understood. In this study, analysis of TCGA and GEO datasets revealed a significant increase in CCT2 expression in breast cancer tissues, which was associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. Functional analysis revealed that CCT2 promoted breast cancer growth and metastasis through activation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Additionally, the E3 ubiquitin ligase Trim21 facilitated CCT2 ubiquitination and degradation, significantly reversing the protumor effects of CCT2. Most interestingly, we discovered that exosomal CCT2 derived from breast cancer cells suppressed the activation and proinflammatory cytokine secretion of CD4+ T cell. Mechanistically, exosomal CCT2 constrained Ca2+-NFAT1 signaling, thereby reducing CD40L expression on CD4+ T cell. These findings highlight CCT2 upregulation as a potential driver of breast cancer progression and immune evasion. Our study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying breast cancer progression, suggesting that CCT2 is a promising therapeutic target and prognostic predictor for breast cancer.

Abstract Background The growing prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in younger populations, particularly those of working age (15–64 years), has become a public health concern. Being diagnosed at a younger age implies a greater likelihood of accruing disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) later in life due to potential progression to conditions such as cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. This study aims to analyze NAFLD prevalence trends over three decades globally, regionally, and nationally, with a focus on age, period, and birth cohort associations. Methods Global, regional, and country time trends in the prevalence of NAFLD among working-age people from 1990 to 2019: Age-period-cohort analysis based on Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 estimates and 95% uncertainty interval (UI) of NAFLD prevalence in the working age population was extracted from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study 2019. Age-period-cohort models were used to estimate the prevalence within each age group from 1990 to 2019 (local drift, % per year), fitted longitudinal age-specific rates adjusted for period bias (age effect), and period/cohort relative risk (period/cohort effect). Results The global age-standardized prevalence (ASPR) of NAFLD increased significantly from 1990 (14,477.6 per 100 000) to 2019 (19,837.6 per 100 000). In the Western Pacific, there were 42,903.8 NAFLD cases in 2019, 54.15% higher than in 1990. The ASPR also increased significantly in the region over the past three decades. At the national level, Palau had the highest ASPR while Brunei Darussalam had the lowest. Age-period-cohort analysis showed that in the Western Pacific, unlike globally, the risk of NAFLD declined after age 60–64 years. Relative to 1980–1989, incidence and DALY risks decreased but prevalence increased in subsequent birth cohorts. Future predictions indicate an upward trend in NAFLD burden, especially among women and medium (SDI) regions like China. Conclusion Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease imparts an immense health burden that continues to grow globally and in the Asia Pacific region. Our work highlights working age adults as an at-risk group and calls attention to socioeconomic gradients within Western Pacific countries. Upward future projections demonstrate that NAFLD prevention is an urgent priority.

Background: The level of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer (BC) is positively correlated with pathological complete response. Aims: To investigate the relationship between ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features and the level of CD8-positive TILs (CD8+-TILs) in patients with HER2-positive BC. Study Design: Retrospective cohort study. Methods: This retrospective study included 155 consecutive women with HER2-positive BC. Patients were divided into two groups: CD8+-TILlow (< 35%) and CD8+-TILhigh (≥ 35%) groups. US and MRI features were evaluated using the BI-RADS lexicon, and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value was calculated using RadiAnt software. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed the optimal US and MRI features for predicting CD8+-TIL levels. Receiver operating characteristic analysis and the Delong test were used to compare the diagnostic performance of US and MRI features. Furthermore, implementing a nomogram will increase clinical utility. Results: Univariate analysis of US features showed significant differences in shape, orientation, and posterior echo between the two groups; however, there were no significant differences in margins, internal echo, and microcalcification. Multifactorial analysis revealed that shape, orientation, and posterior echo were independent risk factors, with odds ratios of 11.62, 2.70, and 0.16, respectively. In terms of MRI features, ADC was an independent predictor of CD8+-TIL levels. These three US features and the ADC performed well, with area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.802 and 0.705, respectively. The combination of US and ADC values had higher predictive efficacy (AUC = 0.888) than either US or ADC alone (p = 0.009, US_ADC vs. US; p

Abstract The insufficient abundance and weak activity of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are two important reasons for the poor efficacy of PD-1 inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment. The combined administration of tanshinone IIA (TSA) and astragaloside IV (As) can up-regulate the abundance and activity of TILs by normalising tumour blood vessels and reducing the levels of immunosuppressive factors respectively. For enhancing the efficacy of PD-1 antibody, a magnetic metal–organic framework (MOF) with a homologous tumour cell membrane (Hm) coating (Hm@TSA/As-MOF) is established to co-deliver TSA&As into the HCC microenvironment. Hm@TSA/As-MOF is a spherical nanoparticle and has a high total drug-loading capacity of 16.13 wt%. The Hm coating and magnetic responsiveness of Hm@TSA/As-MOF provide a homologous-magnetic dual-targeting, which enable Hm@TSA/As-MOF to counteract the interference posed by ascites tumour cells and enhance the precision of targeting solid tumours. Hm coating also enable Hm@TSA/As-MOF to evade immune clearance by macrophages. The release of TSA&As from Hm@TSA/As-MOF can be accelerated by HCC microenvironment, thereby up-regulating the abundance and activity of TILs to synergistic PD-1 antibody against HCC. This study presents a nanoplatform to improve the efficacy of PD-1 inhibitors in HCC, providing a novel approach for anti-tumour immunotherapy in clinical practice.

Abstract Scientific analysis of excavated pottery reveals critical archaeological insights, yet data on Han Dynasty pottery remains limited. This study focuses on pottery artifacts excavated from the Daqu burial site in Beijing, renowned for their polychrome decorations and size. Utilizing optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), this study examined five substrate samples sourced from fragments of pottery towers and ellipse-shaped dishes. All samples exhibited similar inclusions and the same firing atmosphere. The mineralogical analysis indicated that quartz and feldspar are predominant components, with minor constituents like chlorite and kaolinite observed in the coarse pottery of the ellipse-shaped dish. Minor mineral variations suggest differences in firing temperatures. The resemblance between low-value pottery cups and delicate polychrome towers suggests they were crafted locally. These findings advance our understanding of ceramic materials and techniques in late Eastern Han Dynasty Beijing, providing crucial insights for future studies on ancient Chinese economy and society.

Abstract Background Due to rising costs, water shortages, and labour shortages, farmers across the globe now prefer a direct seeding approach. However, submergence stress remains a major bottleneck limiting the success of this approach in rice cultivation. The merger of accumulated rice genetic resources provides an opportunity to detect key genomic loci and candidate genes that influence the flooding tolerance of rice. Results In the present study, a whole-genome meta-analysis was conducted on 120 quantitative trait loci (QTL) obtained from 16 independent QTL studies reported from 2004 to 2023. These QTL were confined to 18 meta-QTL (MQTL), and ten MQTL were successfully validated by independent genome-wide association studies from diverse natural populations. The mean confidence interval (CI) of the identified MQTL was 3.44 times narrower than the mean CI of the initial QTL. Moreover, four core MQTL loci with genetic distance less than 2 cM were obtained. By combining differentially expressed genes (DEG) from two transcriptome datasets with 858 candidate genes identified in the core MQTL regions, we found 38 common differentially expressed candidate genes (DECGs). In silico expression analysis of these DECGs led to the identification of 21 genes with high expression in embryo and coleoptile under submerged conditions. These DECGs encode proteins with known functions involved in submergence tolerance including WRKY, F-box, zinc fingers, glycosyltransferase, protein kinase, cytochrome P450, PP2C, hypoxia-responsive family, and DUF domain. By haplotype analysis, the 21 DECGs demonstrated distinct genetic differentiation and substantial genetic distance mainly between indica and japonica subspecies. Further, the MQTL7.1 was successfully validated using flanked marker S2329 on a set of genotypes with phenotypic variation. Conclusion This study provides a new perspective on understanding the genetic basis of submergence tolerance in rice. The identified MQTL and novel candidate genes lay the foundation for marker-assisted breeding/engineering of flooding-tolerant cultivars conducive to direct seeding.

To enhance flow stability and reduce hydrodynamic noise caused by fluctuating pressure, a quasi-periodic elastic support skin composed of flexible walls and elastic support elements is proposed for fluid noise reduction. The arrangement of the elastic support element is determined by the equivalent periodic distance and quasi-periodic coefficient. In this paper, a dynamic model of skin in a fluid environment is established. The influence of equivalent periodic distance and quasi-periodic coefficient on flow stability is investigated. The results suggest that arranging the elastic support elements in accordance with the quasi-periodic law can effectively enhance flow stability. Meanwhile, the hydrodynamic noise calculation results demonstrate that the skin exhibits excellent noise reduction performance, with reductions of 10 dB in the streamwise direction, 11 dB in the spanwise direction, and 10 dB in the normal direction. The results also demonstrate that the stability analysis method can serve as a diagnostic tool for flow fields and guide the design of noise reduction structures.

Objective: Metformin as a common antidiabetic drug, has recently found to exert its anti-cancer and immunomodulatory effect in numerous preclinical studies. This study aims to clarify the prognostic impact of metformin use in solid cancer patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs).Methods: A retrospective cohort enrolling 516 solid cancer patients who received ICI-based therapy between 2018 and 2023 at three hospitals was analyzed. The primary endpoints included overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). In addition, a bioinformatics analysis based on TCGA and GSE cohort was performed to investigate the prognostic significance of metformin target genes (MTGs) and their correlation with immune infiltration in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients.Results: In the entire cohort, a total of 76 patients received metformin before and/or during ICI therapy. The global analysis demonstrated that metformin use was unrelated with the OS (p = 0.064) and PFS (p = 0.059) of ICI-treated cancer patients, which was confirmed in the subgroups of esophagus, hepatobiliary or pancreatic cancer (all p > 0.05). However, metformin use was significantly correlated with better OS (p = 0.012) and PFS (p = 0.005) in ICI-treated lung cancer patients. Metformin use was also identified as an independent favorable prognostic factor for these patients. The bioinformatics analysis identified five favorable prognostic MTGs (RPS6KA5, RORA, SH3BP5, NUPR1, and CD40LG) for NSCLC patients, all of which was downregulated in lung cancer tissues as compared with normal tissues. The expressions of five MTGs not only could effectively stratify the OS of NSCLC patients, but also was correlated with infiltration of immune cells such as CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.Conclusion: Metformin use was significantly correlated with better OS and PFS in ICI-treated lung cancer patients. MTGs has the potential to serve as novel clinical biomarkers or druggable targets for cancer immunotherapy. Considering study limitations, the actual impact of metformin use on ICI therapy needs to be clarified by more clinical trials.

Summary: Oxygen therapy is widely used in clinical practice; however, prolonged hyperoxia exposure may result in hyperoxic acute lung injury (HALI). In this study, we investigated the role of FAM134B in hyperoxia-induced apoptosis, cell proliferation, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) using RLE-6TN cells and rat lungs. We also studied the effect of CeO2-NPs on RLE-6TN cells and lungs following hyperoxia exposure. FAM134B was inhibited in RLE-6TN cells and rat lungs following hyperoxia exposure. Overexpressing FAM134B promoted cell proliferation, and reduced EMT and apoptosis following hyperoxia exposure. FAM134B activation increased ER-phagy, decreased apoptosis, improved lung structure damage, and decreased collagen fiber deposition to limit lung injury. These effects could be reversed by PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitor LY294002. Additionally, CeO2-NPs protected RLE-6TN cells and lung damage following hyperoxia exposure by ameliorating impaired ER-phagy. Therefore, FAM134B restoration is a potential therapeutic target for the HALI. Moreover, CeO2-NPs can be used for the treatment of HALI.

Summary: Advancing biomagnetic measurement capabilities requires a nuanced understanding of sensor performance beyond traditional metrics. This study introduces Biomagnetism Evaluation via Simulated Testing (BEST), a novel methodology combining a current dipole model simulating cardiac biomagnetic fields with a convolutional neural network. Our investigation reveals that optimal sensor array performance is achieved when sensors are in close proximity to the magnetic source, with a shorter effective domain. Contrary to common assumptions, the bottom edge length of the sensor has a negligible impact on array performance. BEST provides a versatile framework for exploring the influence of diverse technical indicators on biomagnetic sensor performance, offering valuable insights for sensor development and selection.

ObjectiveTo investigate the association between dietary and some other environmental factors and the risk of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) in Chinese population.Materials and methodsA multicenter case-control study was conducted involving 11 hospitals across China. A total of 1,230 subjects were enrolled consecutively, and diet and environmental factor questionnaires were collected. IBD patients were matched with healthy controls (HC) using propensity-score matching (PSM) at a 1:1 ratio with a caliper value of 0.02. Multivariate conditional logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the associations between diet, environmental factors, and IBD.ResultsModerate alcohol and milk consumption, as well as daily intake of fresh fruit, were protective factors for both Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Conversely, the consumption of eggs and chocolate increased the risk of IBD. Outdoor time for more than 25% of the day was a protective factor only for CD. In eastern regions of China, CD patients had higher egg consumption and less outdoor time, while UC patients consumed more chocolate. IBD patients from urban areas or with higher per capita monthly income consumed more fruit, eggs, and chocolate.ConclusionsThis study reveals an association between specific foods, outdoor time, and the emergence of IBD in the Chinese population. The findings emphasize the importance of a balanced diet, sufficient outdoor time and activities, and tailored prevention strategies considering regional variations.

Spatiotemporal fusion is a method of fusing high spatial resolution low temporal resolution remote sensing images and low spatial resolution high temporal resolution in order to obtain high spatiotemporal resolution remote sensing images, which can provide data support for temporal observation of fine objects, and plays an important role in the fields of Earth sciences, environmental monitoring, and so on. This article reveals an issue that is often overlooked in the field of deep learning-based spatiotemporal fusion: the discontinuity between image blocks and image blocks. This discontinuity may have an impact on the visualization of remote sensing images and subsequent applications. In this regard, this article proposes a spatially seamless stitching approach to optimize the spatiotemporal fusion model based on deep learning. By using this method, we successfully obtain high-quality fused remote sensing images with smoother transitions. The spatiotemporal fusion model used in the experiment is a generative adversarial network-based spatiotemporal fusion model (GAN-STFM) and the data are from the Beijing Gaofen-6 dataset (BJGF6). After our splicing method, the ratio of root-mean-square error (RMSE) at the splicing seam to the overall RMSE is reduced from 1.28 to 0.99, which effectively improves the continuity of the image. This new image splicing method has the potential to improve the utility of deep learning-based spatiotemporal fusion algorithms, which has application value for generating large-scale long time series remote sensing datasets with high temporal and high spatial resolution.

Abstract Objective To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the clinical efficacy of acupuncture combined with active exercise training in improving pain and function of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) individuals. Data sources PubMed, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wan Fang Data, Technology Periodical Database and China Biology Medicine were searched from their inceptions to April 5, 2023. Review methods We analyzed trials of acupuncture combined with active exercise training for KOA. The included studies were of high quality (Jadad ≥ 4) and RCTs. Study selection, data extraction, risk of bias and quality assessment were independently performed by two reviewers. We performed systematic analyses based on different outcome measures, including total efficiency rate, visual analogue scale (VAS), the Western Ontario and Mcmaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), the Lysholm Knee Scale (LKS) and range of motion (ROM). We used Review Manager 5.3 and Stata/MP 14.0 to analyze the data. And it was verified by trial sequence analysis (TSA). If I 2 > 50% and p

Abstract The Vajrasana pagoda is the only stone overturned-bowl pagoda among the 12 existing Vajrasana pagodas built during the Ming Dynasty in the Guandu District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China. The location of the Vajrasana pagoda is in an earthquake-active zone with high rainfall. The small towers on the upper side were damaged by an earthquake in 1696 AD. All the stone statues representing religious figures have blistered and may peel further due to external factors, such as sunshine and rainfall. To assess the structural stability of the blistering, we employed 3D laser scanning to record the building’s geometry over time. Subsequently, X-ray diffraction, thin section identification, and uniaxial compressive strength tests were conducted on the pagoda stone to reveal physical–mechanical properties. Finally, a finite element model was constructed to analyze stress and displacement in various scenarios. The results revealed: (1) Blistering on the pagoda stone is secure under self-gravity and heavy rainfall. (2) In an earthquake, the upper blistering near the junction of two sides may break. (3) A 3D color deviation model of blistering over 8 months showed peeling and bursting within the finite element simulation's predicted range. This research offers a fresh approach to stone tower preservation, shifting from reactive measures to proactive prevention and prediction. These methods and concepts hold relevance for stone towers in similar high-rainfall and earthquake-prone regions.

Objectives: To conduct a meta-analysis of the association between postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), baseline characteristics of patients with herpes zoster (HZ), and early interventions. Methods: Literature searches were conducted in seven databases, in June 2021 and updated in June 2022. Two investigators independently conducted literature screening and data extraction, and the studies were evaluated according to the Newcastle–Ottawa scale. Results: A total of 53 cohort studies were included. The meta-analyses identified skin lesions, timing of initial treatment (≥3 days), and comorbidities as potential risk factors for PHN. In contrast, female sex (odds ratio [OR] = 1.13, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.99-1.29), cervical herpes (OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.21-2.99), lumbar herpes (OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 0.61-2.74), and immunosuppressive therapy (OR = 1.96, 95% CI: 0.22-17.12), were not significantly associated with PHN. In addition, glucocorticoid use (OR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.22-1.70) may be a protective factor for the development of PHN; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: A series of baseline characteristics were identified among populations at high risk of developing PHN from HZ. Additionally, the timing of initial treatment is associated with PHN occurrence. The preventive effect of glucocorticoids warrants further validation.

Summary: Background: Ischemic stroke remains a major contributor to global mortality and morbidity. This study aims to provide an updated assessment of rates in ischemic stroke prevalence, incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) from 1990 to 2021, specifically focusing on including prevalence investigation alongside other measures. The analysis is stratified by sex, age, and socio-demographic index (SDI) at global, regional, and national levels. Methods: Data for this study was obtained from the 2021 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). To quantify temporal patterns and assess trends in age-standardized rates of ischemic stroke prevalence (ASPR), incidence (ASIR), mortality (ASDR), and DALYs, estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) were computed over the study period. The analyses were disaggregated by gender, 20 age categories, 21 GBD regions, 204 nations/territories, and 5 SDI quintiles. R statistical package V 4.4.2 was performed for statistical analyses and plot illustrations. Findings: In 2021, the global burden of ischemic stroke remained substantial, with a total of 69,944,884.8 cases with an ASPR of 819.5 cases per 100,000 individuals (95% UI: 760.3–878.7). The ASIR was 92.4 per 100,000 people (95% UI: 79.8–105.8), while the ASDR was 44.2 per 100,000 persons (95% UI: 39.3–47.8). Additionally, the age-standardized DALY rate was 837.4 per 100,000 individuals (95% UI: 763.7–905). Regionally, areas with high-middle SDI exhibited the greatest ASPR, ASIR, ASDR, and age-standardized DALY rates, whereas high SDI regions had the lowest rates. Geospatially, Southern Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest ASPR, while Eastern Europe showed the highest ASIR. The greatest ASDR and age-standardized DALY rates were observed in Eastern Europe, Central Asia, as well as North Africa, and the Middle East. Among countries, Ghana had the highest ASPR, and North Macedonia had both the highest ASIR and ASDR. Furthermore, North Macedonia also exhibited the highest age-standardized DALY rate. Interpretation: Regions with high-middle and middle SDI continued to experience elevated ASPR, ASIR, ASDR and age-standardized DALY rates. The highest ischemic stroke burden was observed in Southern Sub-Saharan Africa, Central Asia, Eastern Europe, and the Middle East. Funding: None.

The Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck is an ancient wooden ship in the Southern Song Dynasty. Currently, serious challenges of microbial diseases exist on the hull wood. This study aimed to obtain microbial samples from the ship hull in December 2021 and analyze the microbial diseases through scanning electron microscopy and high-throughput sequencing to preserve the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck. The biodegradation mechanism of diseased microorganisms was explored through whole genome sequencing and the detection of enzyme activity and gene expression levels of diseased microorganisms under different conditions. The results showed that there was obvious fungal colonization on the surface of the hull wood and Fusarium solani NK-NH1 was the dominant disease fungus on the surface. NK-NH1 has strong cellulose and lignin degradation ability. Its whole genome size is 52,389,955 bp, and it contains 17,402 genes. It has a variety of key enzyme genes involved in cellulose and lignin degradation. The NK-NH1 dominant degrading enzyme lignin peroxidase has the highest enzyme activity at pH = 4, NaCl concentration of 30%, and FeSO4 concentration of 50 mg/L, while laccase has the highest enzyme activity at pH = 4, NaCl concentration of 10%, and FeSO4 concentration of 100 mg/L. The above research results prove that NK-NH1 is a key fungus to the biodegradation of ship hull wood when it is exposed to air, low pH, high salt, and rich in sulfur iron compounds. This study provides a theoretical basis for the preservation of the Nanhai No. 1 shipwreck.

ObjectiveObservational studies suggest that the frailty index (FI) is closely related to delirium, but the relationship between them is still uncertain due to the influence of various confounding factors. Therefore, two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) was used to explore the causal relationship between the FI and delirium risk.MethodsThis study obtained pooled statistics for the FI and delirium from two of the most extensive genome-wide association studies. To make the results more robust and reliable, supplementary analyses were performed using several robust analytical methods (inverse-variance weighting, MR-Egger regression, and weighted median). In addition, this study used the MR-Egger intercept test, Cochran’s Q test, funnel plots and the leave-one-out method to evaluate the pleiotropy and heterogeneity among the abovementioned genetic variation instrumental variables.ResultsFrailty might increase the relative risk of delirium, as shown by IVW (OR = 1.849, 95% CI 0.027∼2.067, P = 0.044), weighted median (OR = 1.726, 95% CI −0.178∼2.664, P = 0.083), MR-Egger regression (OR = 1.768, 95% CI −3.08∼6.171, P = 0.525) and leave-one-out sensitivity analysis (P = 0.058). Although the WME method and MR–Egger regression analysis showed no statistically significant causal relationship between the FI and the risk of delirium, the direction of the causal effect was consistent with the IVW method.ConclusionThere is a notable correlation between a higher FI and an elevated risk of delirium. This indicates that healthcare providers should take proactive measures to prevent delirium in hospitalized patients with a higher FI.

BackgroundAsthma has become one of the most common chronic conditions worldwide, especially among children. Recent findings show that the prevalence of childhood asthma has increased by 12.6% over the past 30 years, with >262 million people currently affected globally. The reasons for the growing asthma epidemic remain complex and multifactorial. ObjectiveThis study aims to provide an up-to-date analysis of the changing global and regional asthma prevalence, mortality, disability, and risk factors among children aged

Abstract Mitochondrial function is vital for energy metabolism in thermogenic adipocytes. Impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics in brown adipocytes are linked to disrupted thermogenesis and energy balance in obesity and aging. Phospholipid cardiolipin (CL) and phosphatidic acid (PA) jointly regulate mitochondrial membrane architecture and dynamics, with mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAMs) serving as the platform for phospholipid biosynthesis and metabolism. However, little is known about the regulators of MAM phospholipid metabolism and their connection to mitochondrial function. We discover that LCN2 is a PA binding protein recruited to the MAM during inflammation and metabolic stimulation. Lcn2 deficiency disrupts mitochondrial fusion-fission balance and alters the acyl-chain composition of mitochondrial phospholipids in brown adipose tissue (BAT) of male mice. Lcn2 KO male mice exhibit an increase in the levels of CLs containing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), a decrease in CLs containing monounsaturated fatty acids, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction. This dysfunction triggers compensatory activation of peroxisomal function and the biosynthesis of LC-PUFA-containing plasmalogens in BAT. Additionally, Lcn2 deficiency alters PA production, correlating with changes in PA-regulated phospholipid-metabolizing enzymes and the mTOR signaling pathway. In conclusion, LCN2 plays a critical role in the acyl-chain remodeling of phospholipids and mitochondrial bioenergetics by regulating PA production and its function in activating signaling pathways.

Abstract In 2013, several tombs were discovered and excavated in Southeastern Beijing, China, yielding various burial products. Among these were pottery towers, a representative artifact of the Han Dynasty rarely found in the area. Many studies on architectural aspects, such as construction type and construction situation, have been conducted based on the excavated pottery towers, but only a few have examined their raw materials or pigments. In this study, black, white, and red pigments were identified as carbon black, calcite, and cinnabar, respectively, through a multi-analysis approach. The manufacturing method of the pigment was established based on the crystal form and particle size of the pigment, by factoring in the pigment characteristics, which cannot be distinguished by component analysis and crystal structure analysis. We recommend that a continuous database be prepared and used in the future, not only for an interpretation of ancient pigments but also to identify the factors to be considered (physical characteristics, such as pigment particle size among others) when estimating the manufacturing process and conservation treatment.

Abstract Aim To explore the status quo of self‐management among young adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the determinants of self‐management under the guidance of social cognitive theory. Design A cross‐sectional study. Methods In total, 227 young adults (18–44 years old) with T2DM at two hospitals in Beijing completed the questionnaires. The Summary of Diabetes Self‐care Activities (SDSCA) was used, along with additional questionnaires about diabetes self‐efficacy, attitude, diabetes distress, diabetes knowledge, coping styles and social support. Univariate analysis and multiple linear regression were used to explore the related factors of self‐management among the young patients. Results The scores for the SDSCA in diet, exercise, blood‐glucose testing, foot care and medication taking were (4.16 ± 1.51), (3.46 ± 2.50), (2.28 ± 2.24), (1.08 ± 1.84) and (6.09 ± 1.88), respectively. Stepwise multiple linear regression showed that fasting blood‐glucose value was significantly associated with self‐management behaviours of diet, exercise, blood‐glucose testing and medication taking. Self‐efficacy was significantly associated with self‐management behaviours of diet, exercise and foot care. Diabetes distress, diabetes‐related social activity, confrontation, education, duration of T2DM, treatment modalities and diabetes knowledge were associated with the one or two dimensions of SDSCA in the young adults with T2DM.

(1) Background: Small objects in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) images are often scattered throughout various regions of the image, such as the corners, and may be blocked by larger objects, as well as susceptible to image noise. Moreover, due to their small size, these objects occupy a limited area in the image, resulting in a scarcity of effective features for detection. (2) Methods: To address the detection of small objects in UAV imagery, we introduce a novel algorithm called High-Resolution Feature Pyramid Network Mamba-Based YOLO (HRMamba-YOLO). This algorithm leverages the strengths of a High-Resolution Network (HRNet), EfficientVMamba, and YOLOv8, integrating a Double Spatial Pyramid Pooling (Double SPP) module, an Efficient Mamba Module (EMM), and a Fusion Mamba Module (FMM) to enhance feature extraction and capture contextual information. Additionally, a new Multi-Scale Feature Fusion Network, High-Resolution Feature Pyramid Network (HRFPN), and FMM improved feature interactions and enhanced the performance of small object detection. (3) Results: For the VisDroneDET dataset, the proposed algorithm achieved a 4.4% higher Mean Average Precision (mAP) compared to YOLOv8-m. The experimental results showed that HRMamba achieved a mAP of 37.1%, surpassing YOLOv8-m by 3.8% (Dota1.5 dataset). For the UCAS_AOD dataset and the DIOR dataset, our model had a mAP 1.5% and 0.3% higher than the YOLOv8-m model, respectively. To be fair, all the models were trained without a pre-trained model. (4) Conclusions: This study not only highlights the exceptional performance and efficiency of HRMamba-YOLO in small object detection tasks but also provides innovative solutions and valuable insights for future research.

ObjectiveIncreasing studies have highlighted the potential utility of non-invasive prognostic biomarkers in advanced lung cancer patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) based anti-cancer therapies. Here, a novel prognostic predictor named as C-PLAN integrating C-reactive protein (CRP), Performance status (PS), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Albumin (ALB), and derived Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (dNLR) was identified and validated in a single-center retrospective cohort.MethodsThe clinical data of 192 ICI-treated lung cancer patients was retrospectively analyzed. The pretreatment levels of CRP, PS, LDH, ALB and dNLR were scored respectively and then their scores were added up to form C-PLAN index. The correlation of C-PLAN index with the progression-free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS) was analyzed by a Kaplan–Meier model. The multivariate analysis was used to identify whether C-PLAN index was an independent prognostic predictor.ResultsA total of 88 and 104 patients were included in the low and high C-PLAN index group respectively. High C-PLAN index was significantly correlated with worse PFS and OS in ICI-treated lung cancer patients (both p

BackgroundTo systematically review and perform a meta-analysis on the predictive value of the primary Gleason grade (PGG) at the positive surgical margin (PSM), length of PSM, number of PSMs, and pathological stage of the primary tumor on biochemical recurrence (BCR) in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) after radical prostatectomy (RP).MethodsA systematic literature search was performed using electronic databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science, from January 1, 2005, to October 1, 2023. The protocol was pre-registered in PROSPERO. Subgroup analyses were performed according to the different treatments and study outcomes. Pooled hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals were extracted from multivariate analyses, and a fixed or random effect model was used to pool the estimates. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore the reasons for the heterogeneity.ResultsThirty-one studies that included 50,028 patients with PCa were eligible for this meta-analysis. The results showed that, compared to PGG3, PGG4/5 was associated with a significantly increased risk of BCR. Compared with PSM ≤3 mm, PSM ≥3 mm was associated with a significantly increased risk of BCR. Compared with unifocal PSM, multifocal PSM (mF-PSM) was associated with a significantly increased risk of BCR. In addition, pT >2 was associated with a significantly increased risk of BCR compared to pT2. Notably, the findings were found to be reliable based on the sensitivity and subgroup analyses.ConclusionsPGG at the PSM, length of PSM, number of PSMs, and pathological stage of the primary tumor in patients with PCa were found to be associated with a significantly increased risk of BCR. Thus, patients with these factors should be treated differently in terms of receiving adjunct treatment and more frequent monitoring. Large-scale, well-designed prospective studies with longer follow-up periods are needed to validate the efficacy of these risk factors and their effects on patient responses to adjuvant and salvage therapies and other oncological outcomes.

Drug addiction can cause severe damage to the human brain, leading to significant problems in cognitive processing, such as irritability, speech distortions, and exaggeration of negative stimuli. Speech plays a fundamental role in social interaction, including both the production and perception. The ability to perceive communicative functions conveyed through speech is crucial for successful interpersonal communication and the maintaining good social relationships. However, due to the limited number of previous studies, it remains unclear whether the cognitive disorder caused by drug addiction affects the perception of communicative function conveyed in Mandarin speech. To address this question, we conducted a perception experiment involving sixty male participants, including 25 heroin addicts and 35 healthy controls. The experiment aimed to examine the perception of three communicative functions (i.e., statement, interrogative, and imperative) under three background noise conditions (i.e., no noise, SNR [Signal to Noise Ratio] = 10, and SNR = 0). Eight target sentences were first recorded by two native Mandarin speakers for each of the three communicative functions. Each half was then combined with Gaussian White Noise under two background noise conditions (i.e., SNR = 10 and SNR = 0). Finally, 48 speech stimuli were included in the experiment with four options provided for perceptual judgment. The results showed that, under the three noise conditions, the average perceptual accuracies of the three communicative functions were 80.66% and 38% for the control group and the heroin addicts, respectively. Significant differences were found in the perception of the three communicative functions between the control group and the heroin addicts under the three noise conditions, except for the recognition of imperative under strong noise condition (i.e., SNR = 0). Moreover, heroin addicts showed good accuracy (around 50%) in recognizing imperative and poor accuracy (i.e., lower than the chance level) in recognizing interrogative. This paper not only fills the research gap in the perception of communicative functions in Mandarin speech among drug addicts but also enhances the understanding of the effects of drugs on speech perception and provides a foundation for the speech rehabilitation of drug addicts.

ObjectivesTo determine whether the age at menarche (AAM) and the age at menopause (ANM) are causally related to the development of sepsis.MethodsWe performed a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis by utilizing summary statistics from genome-wide association study (GWAS) datasets for both the exposure and outcome variables. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that exhibited significant associations with AAM and ANM were chosen as instrumental variables to estimate the causal effects on sepsis. Our study employed a variety of methods, including MR-Egger regression, weighted median estimation, inverse variance weighting, a simple model, and a weighted model. Odds ratios (ORs) along with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used as the primary indicators for assessing causality. Furthermore, we conducted sensitivity analyses to explore the presence of genetic heterogeneity and validate the robustness of the tools employed.ResultOur analysis revealed a significant negative causal relationship between AAM and the risk of sepsis (IVW: OR = 0.870, 95% CI = 0.793-0.955, P = 0.003). However, our Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis did not yield sufficient evidence to support a causal link between ANM and sepsis (IVW: OR = 0.987, 95% CI = 0.971-1.004, P = 0.129).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that an earlier AAM may be associated with an increased risk of sepsis. However, we did not find sufficient evidence to support a causal relationship between ANM and sepsis.

Tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) is the most commonly used silicon-based reinforcement agent for conserving art relics due to its cost-effectiveness and commercial maturity. However, the resulting silica gel phase is prone to developing cracks as the gel shrinks during the sol–gel process, potentially causing severe damage to the objects being treated. In this study, dodecyltrimethoxysilane (DTMS) was introduced into TEOS to minimize this shrinkage by adding elastic long chains to weaken the capillary forces. The gel formed from the DTMS/TEOS hybrid material was transparent and crack-free, featuring a dense microstructure without mesopores or micropores. It exhibited excellent thermal stability, with a glass transition temperature of up to 109.64 °C. Evaluation experiments were conducted on artificially aged, handmade bamboo paper. The TEOS-based hybrid material effectively combined with the paper fibers through the sol–gel process, polymerizing into a network structure that enveloped the paper surface or penetrated between the fibers. The surface of the treated paper displayed excellent hydrophobic properties, with no significant changes in appearance, color, or air permeability. The mechanical properties of the treated bamboo paper improved significantly, with longitudinal and transverse tensile strengths increasing by up to 36.63% and 44.25%, respectively. These research findings demonstrate the promising potential for the application of DTMS/TEOS hybrid materials in reinforcing paper relics.

As a thermal interface material, diamond/GaInSn composites have wide-ranging application prospects in the thermal management of chips. However, studies on systematic reliability that can guide the practical application of diamond/GaInSn in the high-temperature, high-temperature impact, or high-humidity service environments that are faced by chips remain lacking. In this study, the performance evolution of diamond/GaInSn was studied under high-temperature storage (150 °C), high- and low-temperature cycling (−50 °C to 125 °C), and high temperature and high humidity (85 °C and 85% humidity). The experimental results reveal the failure mechanism of semi-solid composites during high temperature oxidation. It is revealed that core oxidation is the key to the degradation of liquid metal composites’ properties under high-temperature storage and high- and low-temperature cycling conditions. Under the conditions of high temperature and high humidity, the failure of Ga-based liquid metal and its composite materials is significant. Therefore, the material should avoid high-temperature and high-humidity environments.

Abstract Background As populations age, cancer burden becomes increasingly conspicuous. This study quantified the cancer burden of the elderly (≥ 60 years) in China, based on the China Cancer Registry Annual Report to provide epidemiological evidence for cancer prevention and control. Methods Data on cancer cases and deaths among the elderly aged ≥ 60 years were collected from the China Cancer Registry Annual Report, 2008–2019. Potential years of life lost (PYLL) and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) were calculated to analyze fatalities and the non-fatal burden. The time trend was analyzed using the Joinpoint model. Results From 2005 to 2016, the PYLL rate of cancer in the elderly was stable between 45.34‰ and 47.62‰, but the DALY rate for cancer decreased at an average annual rate of 1.18% (95% CI: 0.84–1.52%). The non-fatal cancer burden in the rural elderly was higher than that of the urban elderly. Lung, gastric, liver, esophageal, and colorectal cancers were the main cancers causing the cancer burden in the elderly, and accounted for 74.3% of DALYs. The DALY rate of lung cancer in females in the 60–64 age group increased (annual percentage change [APC] = 1.14%, 95% CI: 0.10–1.82%). Female breast cancer was one of the top five cancers in the 60–64 age group, with DALY rates that also increased (APC = 2.17%, 95% CI: 1.35–3.01%). With increasing age, the burden of liver cancer decreased, while that of colorectal cancer rose. Conclusions From 2005 to 2016, the cancer burden in the elderly in China decreased, mainly reflected in the non-fatal burden. Female breast and liver cancer were a more serious burden in the younger elderly, while colorectal cancer burden was mainly observed in the older elderly.

For high-performance metal matrix composites, maintaining the uniform distribution of the small-sized reinforcement phase in the matrix is the key to fully exploiting the advantages of the reinforcement phase, but it is also a technical difficulty. In this work, a new type of reinforcement phase—SiO2 aerogel particles, was selected to be added into the Cu matrix. Utilizing the characteristics of easy dispersion of the nanoporous structure in its original state and then densification under a high temperature load, its uniform distribution in the Cu matrix can be achieved by a simple powder metallurgy method. The composites have excellent electrical conductivity and high strength, which is mainly attributed to the unique distribution of silica aerogel particles: larger particles are distributed on the grain boundary, and smaller particles are distributed in the grain, which can greatly refine the grain. Quantifying the contribution of various strengthening mechanisms to yield strength increases, the results revealed that the grain refinement strengthening mechanism plays a leading role. Moreover, this work provides a new strategy for preparing high-performance copper matrix composites.

Abstract Solar photoelectrochemical reactions have been considered one of the most promising paths for sustainable energy production. To date, however, there has been no demonstration of semiconductor photoelectrodes with long-term stable operation in a two-electrode configuration, which is required for any practical application. Herein, we demonstrate the stable operation of a photocathode comprising Si and GaN, the two most produced semiconductors in the world, for 3,000 hrs without any performance degradation in two-electrode configurations. Measurements in both three- and two-electrode configurations suggest that surfaces of the GaN nanowires on Si photocathode transform in situ into Ga-O-N that drastically enhances hydrogen evolution and remains stable for 3,000 hrs. First principles calculations further revealed that the in-situ Ga-O-N species exhibit atomic-scale surface metallization. This study overcomes the conventional dilemma between efficiency and stability imposed by extrinsic cocatalysts, offering a path for practical application of photoelectrochemical devices and systems for clean energy.

Abstract Craquelure is the most common defect on ancient polychrome paintings, which may deteriorate further to paint loss. Previous image processing methods, which can accurately recognize paint loss, have limited precision and efficiency in segmenting craquelure. This paper proposes a semantic segmentation method, Res-UNet, for the recognition of craquelure and paint loss in the Palace Museum, Beijing. The residual structure of ResNet-50 enables the avoidance of network degradation, and image features can be fully extracted. Using the unique skip connection module of U-Net, features of different levels are fused to improve segmentation accuracy and provide smoother craquelure edges. Three loss functions are combined to accelerate stable convergence. The model was tested on a newly built dataset based on 600 images. Experimental results supported by statistical tests show that Res-UNet is a capable method of craquelure recognition, with an accuracy rate of 98.19%, and F1-score of 93.42%. Hence, the proposed hybrid approach is a promising tool to support the preservation and restoration of valuable traditional Chinese polychrome architectural paintings.

Abstract Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD) offers the specific advantage of sharing keys remotely by the use of standard telecom components, thereby promoting cost-effective and high-performance metropolitan applications. Nevertheless, the introduction of high-rate spectrum broadening has pushed CVQKD from a single-mode to a continuous-mode region, resulting in the adoption of modern digital signal processing (DSP) technologies to recover quadrature information from continuous-mode quantum states. However, the security proof of DSP involving multi-point processing is a missing step. Here, we propose a generalized method of analyzing continuous-mode state processing by linear DSP via temporal modes theory. The construction of temporal modes is key in reducing the security proof to single-mode scenarios. The proposed practicality oriented security analysis method paves the way for building classical compatible digital CVQKD.

Methods and analysis In this study, hypoxic patients with COVID-19 with symptom onset ≤7 days will be randomised to either a bradykinin inhibitor (icatibant) or placebo. Patients and investigators will be blinded. The primary outcome will be blood oxygenation, measured by arterial blood sampling. The secondary outcome will be cardiovascular status. Retinal imaging will be performed to assess vessel size. Blood samples will be taken for measurement of inflammatory analyses including IL-6. As a separate substudy, we will also take comparator blood inflammatory samples from a COVID-19-negative cohort.Ethics and dissemination The study has received the following approvals: West Midlands–Edgbaston Research Ethics Committee. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency has issued a clinical trial authorisation. Belfast Health and Social Care Trust is the study sponsor. Results will be made available to participants upon request and findings will be presented and published.Trial registration number NCT05407597

As a frequent complication of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) was confirmed to not only aggravate the symptoms of IBD but also result in unexpected outcomes, including death. With the increasing prevalence rate of IBD and the updating of CDI diagnosis, the incidence of CDI in IBD patients is also seen rising. Although a detection method consisting of glutamate dehydrogenase immunoassay or nucleic acid amplification test and then toxin A/B enzyme immunoassay was recommended and widely adopted, the diagnosis of CDI in IBD is still a challenge because of the overlap between the symptoms of CDI in IBD and CDI itself. Vancomycin and fidaxomicin are the first-line therapy for CDI in IBD; however, the treatment has different effects due to the complexity of IBD patients’ conditions and the choice of different treatment schemes. Although the use of fecal microbial transplantation is now in the ascendant for IBD management, the prospects are still uncertain and the prevention and treatment of the recurrence of CDI in IBD remain a clinical challenge. In this paper, the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestation, prevention, and therapy of CDI in IBD were summarized and presented.

The precipitation strengthening can significantly increase the strength but inevitably sacrifices the electrical conductivity of Cu-Ni-Sn alloys. In this study, a Cu-9Ni-6Sn alloy was aged at various temperatures for different durations and then subjected to severe plastic deformation. When the alloy was aged at 400 °C for 36 h, the uniformly distributed fine precipitates totally transitioned to discontinuous precipitates. And formed nanofibers of intermetallic compounds after plastic deformation. The tensile strength and electrical conductivity of the treated alloy were 1178 ± 3 MPa and 25.0 ± 0.1 % IACS, respectively, which were close to those of Cu-Be alloys. Compared to traditional alloys, the strength and conductivity were both improved. The main strengthening mechanisms were dislocation and fiber strengthening. Considering these mechanisms, the theoretical yield strength was determined to be 1091 MPa, which was close to the experimental value. This work provides a new approach for the preparation of copper alloys with excellent comprehensive performance.

The compensation process for the state of polarization (SOP) from quantum signal plays an important role in the practical implementation of continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD). In contrast to the previous scheme using an expensive digital dynamic polarization controller, we choose a cheaper manual polarization controller interfaced with a digital algorithm based on Kalman filter to achieve compensation of the polarization loss under the condition that the SOP of the fiber is relatively stable. This paper also enumerates the details of other digital signal processing method to achieve final secret key rate. And a pilot-sequential Gaussian modulated coherent state (GMCS) continuous-variable quantum key distribution system with a local local oscillator (LLO) is experimentally implemented based on the analysis of excess noise. Finally, the experimental results show that the method of polarization loss compensation takes advantages in maintaining the stability of the final secret key rate. And a secret key rate of 110 kbps is achieved within 20 km optical fiber (with 4 dB loss) under the finite-size block of $1 \times {10^{6}}$ during a more extended time in the laboratory.

The microglia, displaying diverse phenotypes, play a significant regulatory role in the development, progression, and prognosis of Parkinson’s disease. Research has established that glycolytic reprogramming serves as a critical regulator of inflammation initiation in pro-inflammatory macrophages. Furthermore, the modulation of glycolytic reprogramming has the potential to reverse the polarized state of these macrophages. Previous studies have shown that Levistilide A (LA), a phthalide component derived from Angelica sinensis, possesses a range of pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties. In our study, we have examined the impact of LA on inflammatory cytokines and glucose metabolism in microglia induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Furthermore, we explored the effects of LA on the AMPK/mTOR pathway and assessed its neuroprotective potential both in vitro and in vivo. The findings revealed that LA notably diminished the expression of M1 pro-inflammatory factors induced by LPS in microglia, while leaving M2 anti-inflammatory factor expression unaltered. Additionally, it reduced ROS production and suppressed IκB-α phosphorylation levels as well as NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation. Notably, LA exhibited the ability to reverse microglial glucose metabolism reprogramming and modulate the phosphorylation levels of AMPK/mTOR. In vivo experiments further corroborated these findings, demonstrating that LA mitigated the death of TH-positive dopaminergic neurons and reduced microglia activation in the ventral SNpc brain region of the midbrain and the striatum. In summary, LA exhibited neuroprotective benefits by modulating the polarization state of microglia and altering glucose metabolism, highlighting its therapeutic potential.

The small-scale linear information in galaxy samples typically lost during nonlinear growth can be restored to a certain level by the density field reconstruction, which has been demonstrated for improving the precision of the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) measurements. As proposed in the literature, a joint analysis of the power spectrum before and after the reconstruction enables an efficient extraction of information carried by high-order statistics. However, the statistics of the postreconstruction density field are difficult to model. In this work, we circumvent this issue by developing an accurate emulator for the prereconstructed, postreconstructed, and cross-power spectra ( ${P}_{\mathrm{pre}}$ , P _post , P _cross ) up to k = 0.5 h Mpc ^−1 based on the Dark Quest N -body simulations. The accuracy of the emulator is at the percent level; namely, the error of the emulated monopole and quadrupole of the power spectra is less than 1% and 10% of the ground truth, respectively. A fit to an example power spectrum using the emulator shows that the constraints on cosmological parameters get largely improved using ${P}_{\mathrm{pre}}$ + P _post + P _cross with ${k}_{\max }=0.25\,h\,{\mathrm{Mpc}}^{-1}$ , compared to that derived from ${P}_{\mathrm{pre}}$ alone; namely, the constraints on (Ω _m , H _0 , σ _8 ) are tightened by ∼41%–55%, and the uncertainties of the derived BAO and RSD parameters ( α _⊥ , α _∣∣ , f σ _8 ) shrink by ∼28%–54%, respectively. This highlights the complementarity among ${P}_{\mathrm{pre}}$ , P _post , and P _cross , which demonstrates the efficiency and practicability of a joint ${P}_{\mathrm{pre}}$ , P _post , and P _cross analysis for cosmological implications.

The orthogonal basis functions (OBFs) method is a prevailing choice for the detection of undersurface magnetic anomaly targets. However, it requires the detecting platform or target to move uniformly along a straight path. To circumvent the restrictions, a new adaptive basis functions (ABFs) approach is proposed in this article. It permits the detection platform to search for a possible target at different speeds along any course. The ABFs are constructed using the real-time data of the onboard triaxial fluxgate, GPS module, and attitude gyro. Based on the pseudo-energy of an apparent target signal, the constant false alarm rate (CFAR) method is employed to judge whether a target is present. Moreover, by defining the pixel as a relative possibility for a target at a geographic location, a magnetic anomaly target imaging scheme is introduced by displaying the pixels onto the searching area. On-site experimental data are utilized to demonstrate the proposed approach. Compared with the traditional OBFs method, the present ABFs approach can substantially improve the detection possibility and reduce false alarms.

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) poses a significant disease burden on global health. To date, two vaccines that primarily induce humoral immunity to prevent HRSV infection have been approved, whereas vaccines that primarily induce T-cell immunity have not yet been well-represented. To address this gap, 25 predicted T-cell epitope peptides derived from the HRSV fusion protein with high human leukocyte antigen (HLA) binding potential were synthesized, and their ability to be recognized by PBMC from previously infected HRSV cases was assessed using an ELISpot assay. Finally, nine T-cell epitope peptides were selected, each of which was recognized by at least 20% of different donors’ PBMC as potential vaccine candidates to prevent HRSV infection. The protective efficacy of F-9PV, a combination of nine peptides along with CpG-ODN and aluminum phosphate (Al) adjuvants, was validated in both HLA-humanized mice (DR1-TCR transgenic mice, Tg mice) and wild-type (WT) mice. The results show that F-9PV significantly enhanced protection against viral challenge as evidenced by reductions in viral load and pathological lesions in mice lungs. In addition, F-9PV elicits robust Th1-biased response, thereby mitigating the potential safety risk of Th2-induced respiratory disease during HRSV infection. Compared to WT mice, the F-9PV mice exhibited superior protection and immunogenicity in Tg mice, underscoring the specificity for human HLA. Overall, our results demonstrate that T-cell epitope peptides provide protection against HRSV infection in animal models even in the absence of neutralizing antibodies, indicating the feasibility of developing an HRSV T-cell epitope peptide-based vaccine.

Ferroptosis, a form of regulated cell death, was first defined in 2012. Ferroptosis mainly involves iron-driven lipid peroxidation damage of cells. This process is regulated by iron homeostasis, redox balance, lipid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and various disease signaling pathways. Iron is one of the key mineral elements that regulate the physiological function of women and the development of ovarian tumors. Occurrence of Ferroptosis has some hidden dangers and advantages in ovary diseases. Some scholars have shown that ferroptosis of ovarian granulosa cells (GC) promotes the development of ovarian dysfunction and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Interestingly, drug-resistant ovarian cancer cells are very sensitive to ferroptosis, suggesting that pharmacological positive and negative regulation of ferroptosis has great potential in the treatment of benign ovarian diseases and ovarian cancer. This article aimed to assess how ferroptosis occurs and the factors controlling ferroptosis. Moreover, we summarize how ferroptosis can be used to predict, diagnose and target treatment ovary disease. Meanwhile, we also evaluated the different phenomena of Ferroptosis in ovarian diseases. It aims to provide new directions for the research and prevention of female reproductive diseases.

Background: Cisplatin resistance is a common clinical problem in lung cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated, highlighting the importance of searching for biological targets.Methods: Bioinformatics analysis is completed through downloaded public data (GSE21656, GSE108214, and TCGA) and specific R packages. The evaluation of cell proliferation ability is completed through CCK8 assay, colony formation, and EdU assay. The evaluation of cell invasion and migration ability is completed through transwell and wound-healing assays. In addition, we evaluated cell cisplatin sensitivity by calculating IC50.Results: Here, we found that PCDH7 may be involved in cisplatin resistance in lung cancer through public database analysis (GSE21656 and GSE108214). Then, a series of in vitro experiments was performed, which verified the cancer-promoting role of PCDH7 in NSCLC. Moreover, the results of IC50 detection showed that PCDH7 might be associated with cisplatin resistance of NSCLC. Next, we investigated the single-cell pattern, biological function, and immune analysis of PCDH7. Importantly, we noticed PCDH7 may regulate epithelial–mesenchymal transition activity, and the local infiltration of CD8+ T and activated NK cells. Furthermore, we noticed that patients with high PCDH7 expression might be more sensitive to bortezomib, docetaxel, and gemcitabine, and resistant to immunotherapy. Finally, a prognosis model based on three PCDH7-derived genes (GPX8, BCAR3, and TNS4) was constructed through a machine learning algorithm, which has good prediction ability on NSCLC patients’ survival.Conclusion: Our research has improved the regulatory framework for cisplatin resistance in NSCLC and can provide direction for subsequent related research, especially regarding PCDH7.