1. Operation of mitochondrial machinery in viral infection-induced immune responses
- Author
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Shue-Fen Luo, Jenn-Haung Lai, and Ling-Jun Ho
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,PRR, pattern recognition receptor ,DENV, dengue virus ,cGAS, cyclic GMP–AMP synthase ,Mitochondrion ,Mitochondrial Dynamics ,Biochemistry ,NLR, NOD-like receptor ,Mfn, mitofusin ,Mitophagy ,TRAF, TNF receptor-associated factor ,RIPK2, cytosolic receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 2 ,SARS-CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus ,NLRP3, NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing 3 ,Mitochondria ,Virus ,Cell biology ,CLR, C-type lectin receptor ,TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α ,OPA1, optic atrophy 1 ,Virus Diseases ,CARD, caspase activation and recruitment domain ,HCV, hepatitis C virus ,MAVS, mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein ,HPIV3, human parainfluenza virus type 3 ,PAMP, pathogen-associated molecular pattern ,DAMP, danger-associated molecular pattern ,Mitochondrial DNA ,JEV, Japanese encephalitis virus ,PINK1, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-induced kinase 1 ,STING, stimulator of interferon genes ,Biology ,Antiviral Agents ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappaB ,ROS, reactive oxygen species ,Immune system ,ORF, open reading frame ,Downregulation and upregulation ,Immunity ,KSHV, kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ,Animals ,Humans ,IFN, interferon ,TLR, toll-like receptor ,ComputingMethodologies_COMPUTERGRAPHICS ,Pharmacology ,Immunity, Innate ,RLR, retinoic acid-inducible gene 1-like receptor ,mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA ,vMIA, viral mitochondrion-localized inhibitor of apoptosis ,Immune ,RIG-I, retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 ,Drp 1, dynamin-related protein 1 ,030104 developmental biology ,Apoptosis ,CO, cytochrome C oxidase ,RSV, respiratory syncytial virus ,Therapy ,MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase ,IRF, interferon regulatory factor - Abstract
Graphical abstract, Mitochondria have been recognized as ancient bacteria that contain evolutionary endosymbionts. Metabolic pathways and inflammatory signals interact within mitochondria in response to different stresses, such as viral infections. In this commentary, we address several interesting questions, including (1) how do mitochondrial machineries participate in immune responses; (2) how do mitochondria mediate antiviral immunity; (3) what mechanisms involved in mitochondrial machinery, including the downregulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), disturbances of mitochondrial dynamics, and the induction of mitophagy and regulation of apoptosis, have been adopted by viruses to evade antiviral immunity; (4) what mechanisms involve the regulation of mitochondrial machineries in antiviral therapeutics; and (5) what are the potential challenges and perspectives in developing mitochondria-targeting antiviral treatments? This commentary provides a comprehensive review of the roles and mechanisms of mitochondrial machineries in immunity, viral infections and related antiviral therapeutics.
- Published
- 2018
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