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Elevated 1-hour post-load plasma glucose (1 hPG) concentration during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) may be associated with insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, and higher risks of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. We reviewed the studies related to the significance of 1 hPG during the OGTT, in which 1 hPG during the OGTT has been reported to be prevalent in 10% to 40% of people with normal glucose tolerance, and the prevalence is higher in those with impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose. Attention should be paid to the cutoff point of 1 hPG during the OGTT for the diagnosis of diabetes and pre-diabetes in Chinese population, which may be beneficial to early diagnosis and intervention of diabetes and pr-diabetes.