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One of the main sources of crude oil and product losses in refineries is the storage tanks. The lightest hydrocarbons in these tanks evaporate during operation, causing not only a loss of the precious raw hydrocarbon material but also a source of dangerous gas pollution. For calculating these losses, several direct and indirect approaches have been devised. In this study, we used a method based on the comparison of the differences in the characteristics of crude oil or other products. This work aimed to find the specifications of two products, kerosene and gas oil, and calculate the losses that occur for the quantities in the dispatch warehouse in the NRC. Four samples of kerosene were used and named: kero@02-1, kero@05-2, kero@10-3, and kero@11-4, while four samples of gas oil were named: gaso@02-1, gaso@05-2, gaso@10-3, and gaso@11-4. Also, they depend on the date of certificate issue, respectively. The received quantities were calculated in ml and converted to cubic meters using the tank coefficient (kerosene tank coefficient 0.638 and gas oil tank coefficient 0.408). Calculations were made of 1500 ml for kerosene and 2500 ml for gas oil. In addition, this project dealt with a simplified method of work that includes the physical properties to find the actual quantities that are lost for the mentioned petroleum products. Moreover, the highest losses were for kerosene (5 m3) at sp. gr 0.750, and the highest losses were for gas oil (5 m3) at sp. gr 0.820. The results showed that there is a quantity of fluctuating losses that does not exceed 5 m3 / 1000 m3 and that these losses are in accordance with the permissible limits. The results recommend directing the laboratory tester's teams in the NRC Baiji to conduct periodic examinations of the petroleum products, as well as not to collusion when receiving a low product with laboratory examination specifications to reduce losses in quantities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to purify the environment of undesired substances by converting oily sludge (OS) micro-char fuel generation by microwave. The North Refineries Company (NRC) Baiji was the source of the OS sample utilized in this study. Micro-char manufacture, which has improved solid carbon characteristics, uses various microwave power and irradiation times. The parameters conditions at a range of power: feed of 5 g, 10 min of irradiation time, and microwave power ranges of 200, 400, and 600 W, respectively, under a nitrogen pressure of 3 L/min. While at the range of irradiation time: the feed was 5 g, microwave power was fixed at 600 W (the best microwave power discovered), and the range of irradiation duration was 5, 10, and 15 min. The ideal circumstances were (5 g, 600 W, and 15 min, under N2 pressure). The fuel ratio was increased from 0.70 to 0.97 OS with a 38.57% rise in the percentage of micro-char at 600 W and 15 min of irradiation time, while the HHV was increased from 9.40 to 17.22 MJ/kg at a rate of 83.20% as finding micro-char had improved as a solid carbon fuel. In general, micro-char has a fuel ratio and a higher HHV, making it suitable for solid carbon fuel in the oil industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, activated carbon -based adsorbent was prepared from eggshells and coconut shells. The effects of contact time, initial H2S concentration, and the calcium impregnated coconut shell activated carbon (Ca-CSAC) adsorption dosage on the hydrogen sulphide (H2S) removal efficiency and adsorption capacity were investigated. The batch adsorption data obtained from the experimental runs were employed to fit an artificial neural network (ANN) model. An initial optimization was performed to obtain the most suitable number of hidden neurons for training and validation of the ANN. The optimization results show that 16 hidden neurons was the most appropriate choice. The trained ANN was adequately validated and tested with coefficients of determination (R²) of 0.99 and 0.95, respectively. The ANN was found to be a robust tool for modeling of H2S removal efficiency by and adsorption capacity on Ca-CSAC under different process conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review highlights the recent technologies of H2S removal from wastewater in the petroleum refinery. H2S is a harmful, putrid, and hazardous gaseous compound. The main processes such as physicochemical, chemical, biological, and electrochemical methods were compared and discussed in detail. The effects of various parameters and adsorbent characteristics were highlighted and correlated with the adsorption capacities. Surface functional groups and porosity surface area play a crucial role in the process of single-phase and composite adsorbents. Composite materials impregnated with some metals showed high removal efficiencies. It was found that the adsorption process is the most relevant way for H2S removal due to its high removal efficiency, low cost, eco-friendly, and operational simplicity. This study serves as a useful guideline for those who are interested in H2S removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]