203 results on '"Habib, Hasan"'
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2. Antibiotic prescriptions for oral diseases in India: evidence from national prescription data
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Mathur, Manu Raj, Nagrath, Deepti, Mishra, Vijay Kumar, Harris, Rebecca, Saeed, Syed Saif, Selvaraj, Sakthivel, Mehta, Aashna, and Farooqui, Habib Hasan
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- 2023
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3. Economic burden of infectious diseases and its equity implications in Indian households: Estimates from a nationally representative household survey (2017–18)
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Habib Hasan Farooqui, Anup Karan, Giridhar R. Babu, Suhaib Hussain, and Onno C.P. van Schayck
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India ,Equity ,Economic burden ,Out-of-pocket expenditure ,Infectious diseases ,History of scholarship and learning. The humanities ,AZ20-999 ,Social sciences (General) ,H1-99 - Abstract
Infectious diseases remain one of the major causes of health and economic burden for Indian households. Furthermore, the magnitude of economic losses on account of infectious disease episodes varies widely across rich and poor households. The primary objective of this research is to estimate the equity impact of infectious disease episodes on out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) and wage losses among Indian households. We analysed the Social Consumption: Health (SCH) data from the 75th round (2017–18) of India's National Sample Survey (NSSO). The sample included approximately 113,823 households and 555,352 individuals through a multistage stratified sampling process. We report i) the prevalence of infectious disease and healthcare utilisation rate by levels of care; ii) medical and non-medical OOPE per episode; iii) OOPE and wage loss as a share of households' monthly non-medical consumption expenditure (non-medical MPCE) across wealth quintiles. We adopted a microeconomic cost of illness approach to estimate the OOPE on infectious disease episodes for outpatient care and hospitalization. We also estimated potential wage losses due to a reduction in effective labour supply at the household level because of infectious disease using a production function approach. The overall prevalence of infectious diseases and hospitalization rate were 31 and 9 per thousand persons, respectively. Per capita medical OOPE was more in higher wealth quintiles for outpatient care and hospitalization. However, OOPE as a share of non-medical MPCE was higher in the poorest 20% households (outpatient: 14%; hospitalization: 153%) in comparison to the richest 20% households (outpatient: 5.5%; hospitalization: 96%). Similarly, the wage losses as a share of non-medical MPCE were higher among the poorest 20% households (outpatient: 21%; hospitalization:38%) in comparison to the richest 20% households (outpatient: 15%; hospitalization:11%). Furthermore, the proportion of households reporting the sale of assets and borrowing to finance hospitalization was higher in the poorest (24%) compared to the richest (12.5%). To our knowledge, this is the first paper which contributes to developing an understanding of the equity impact of infectious disease on households in India. We recommend improved targeting and coverage of publicly funded health insurance schemes among socially disadvantaged populations.
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- 2024
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4. Economic burden of infectious diseases and its equity implications in Indian households: Estimates from a nationally representative household survey (2017–18)
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Farooqui, Habib Hasan, Karan, Anup, Babu, Giridhar R., Hussain, Suhaib, and van Schayck, Onno C.P.
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- 2024
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5. Antibiotic prescriptions for oral diseases in India: evidence from national prescription data
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Manu Raj Mathur, Deepti Nagrath, Vijay Kumar Mishra, Rebecca Harris, Syed Saif Saeed, Sakthivel Selvaraj, Aashna Mehta, and Habib Hasan Farooqui
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Antimicrobial Resistance ,India ,Dental Ailments ,Prescription Rates ,Dentistry ,RK1-715 - Abstract
Abstract Introduction The key objective of this research was to describe the prescription rate of various antibiotics for dental problems in India and to study the relevance of the prescriptions by analysing antibiotic types associated with different dental diagnoses, using a large-scale nationally representative dataset. Methods We used a 12-month period (May 2015 to April 2016) medical audit dataset from IQVIA (formerly IMS Health). We coded the dental diagnosis provided in the medical audit data to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11) and the prescribed antibiotics for the diagnosis to the Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) -2020 classification of the World Health Organization. The primary outcome measure was the medicine prescription rate per 1,000 persons per year (PRPY1000). Results Our main findings were—403 prescriptions per 1,000 persons per year in the year 2015 -2016 for all dental ailments. Across all ATC level 1 classification, ‘Diseases of hard tissues’ made up the majority of the prescriptions. ‘Beta-lactam’, ‘Penicillin,’ and ‘Cephalosporins’ were the most commonly prescribed antibiotics for dental diagnoses followed by ‘Macrolides’ and ‘Quinolones’. ‘Dental caries’, ‘Discoloration of tooth’, and ‘Toothache’ were the most common reasons for ‘Beta-Lactams’ and ‘Penicillin’ prescriptions. Conclusion To conclude our study reports first ever country (India) level estimates of antibiotic prescription by antibiotic classes, age groups, and ICD-11 classification for dental ailments.
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- 2023
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6. Systemic antibiotic sales and WHO recommendations, India/Vente d'antibiotiques systemiques et recommandations de l'OMS en Inde/Venta de antibioticos sistemicos y recomendaciones de la OMS en la India
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Mehta, Aashna, Brhlikova, Petra, McGettigan, Patricia, Pollock, Allyson M., Roderick, Peter, and Farooqui, Habib Hasan
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Marketing research firms ,Database industry ,Drug therapy, Combination ,Marketing research ,Marketing ,Antibiotics ,Database industry ,Health ,World Health Organization - Abstract
Objective To analyse sales of fixed-dose combination and single antibiotics In India In relation to World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations and national regulatory efforts to control antibiotic sales. Methods We extracted data on sales volumes of systemic antibiotics in India from a market research company sales database. We compared the market share of antibiotic sales in 2020 by WHO AWaRe (Access, Watch and Reserve) category and for those under additional national regulatory controls. We also analysed sales of fixed-dose combinations that were: formally approved for marketing or had a no-objection certificate; on the national essential medicines list; and on the WHO list of not-recommended antibiotics. Findings There were 78 single and 112 fixed-dose combination antibiotics marketed in India, accounting for 7.6 and 4.5 billion standard units of total sales, respectively. Access, Watch and Reserve antibiotics comprised 5.8, 5.6 and 0.1 billion standard units of total market sales, respectively. All additionally controlled antibiotics were Watch and Reserve antibiotics (23.6%; 2.9 billion standard units of total sales). Fixed-dose combinations on the WHO not-recommended list were marketed in 229 formulations, with 114 formulations (49.8%) having no record of formal approval or no-objection certificate. While there were no not-recommended fixed-dose combinations on the national list of essential medicines, 13 of the top-20 selling antibiotic fixed-dose combinations were WHO not-recommended. Conclusion The sale of Watch group drugs, and antibiotics banned or not approved, needs active investigation and enforcement in India. The evidence base underpinning formal approvals and no-objection certificates for not-recommended fixed-dose combinations should be audited. Objectif Analyser les ventes d'antibiotiques en association fixe et a dose unique en Inde, a la lumiere des recommandations de l'Organisation mondiale de la Sante (OMS) et des efforts de reglementation a l'echelle nationale visant a controler la vente d'antibiotiques. Methodes Nous avons preleve des donnees relatives aux volumes de vente d'antibiotiques systemiques en Inde dans la base de donnees commerciales d'une societe d'etudes de marche. Nous avons ensuite compare la part de marche qu'occupe, en 2020, la vente d'antibiotiques appartenant a chaque categorie AWaRe (Access, Watch and Reserve) etablie par l'OMS, mais aussi de ceux cibles par des mesures nationales de controle supplementaires. Enfin, nous avons examine les ventes d'associations fixes: dont la commercialisation a ete officiellement approuvee ou qui ont fait l'objet d'un certificat de non-objection; figurant sur la liste nationale de medicaments essentiels; et reprises dans la liste des antibiotiques non recommandes par l'OMS. Resultats Nous avons comptabilise 78 antibiotiques a dose unique et 112 antibiotiques en association fixe sur le marche indien, representant respectivement 7,6 et 4,5 milliards d'unites standard sur l'ensemble des ventes. Les antibiotiques des categories Access (dont l'accessibilite est essentielle), Watch (a utiliser selectivement) et Reserve (de reserve, non recommandes) equivalaient a 5,8 milliards, 5,6 milliards et 0,1 milliard d'unites standard sur le total des transactions. Tous les antibiotiques soumis a des controles supplementaires faisaient partie des categories Watch et Reserve (23,6%; 2,9 milliards d'unites standard sur l'ensemble des ventes). Des associations fixes deconseillees par l'OMS etaient commercialisees dans 229 formulations, dont 114 (49,8%) ne possedaient ni attestation d'approbation officielle, ni certificat de non-objection. Bien qu'aucune association fixe deconseillee ne soit mentionnee sur la liste nationale de medicaments essentiels, 13 des 20 antibiotiques en association fixe les plus vendus n'etaient pas recommandes par l'OMS. Conclusion Il est necessaire de mener une enquete approfondie en Inde sur la vente de medicaments appartenant a la categorie Watch et d'antibiotiques interdits ou non approuves, et de prendre des mesures concretes. Les preuves sur lesquelles reposent les autorisations officielles et les certificats de non-objection pour les associations fixes non recommandees doivent etre verifiees. Objetivo Analizar las ventas de los antibioticos combinados en dosis fijas y en dosis unicas en la India en relacion con las recomendaciones de la Organizacion Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y los esfuerzos nacionales de regulacion para controlar las ventas de los antibioticos. Metodos Se extrajeron datos sobre los volumenes de ventas de antibioticos sistemicos en la India de una base de datos de ventas de empresas de investigacion de mercado. Se comparo la cuota de mercado de las ventas de antibioticos en 2020 por categoria AWaRe (Access, Watch and Reserve) de la OMS y para los que estaban sometidos a controles regulatorios nacionales adicionales. Tambien se analizaron las ventas de combinaciones en dosis fijas que estaban: formalmente aprobadas para su comercializacion o tenian un certificado de no objecion; en la lista nacional de medicamentos esenciales; y en la lista de antibioticos no recomendados de la OMS. Resultados En la India se comercializaron 78 antibioticos en dosis unica y 112 antibioticos combinados en dosis fijas, que representaron 7,6 y 4,5 mil millones de unidades estandar de ventas totales, respectivamente. Los antibioticos de acceso, vigilancia y reserva supusieron 5,8, 5,6 y 0,1 mil millones de unidades estandar de las ventas totales del mercado, respectivamente. Todos los antibioticos controlados adicionalmente fueron antibioticos de vigilancia y reserva (23,6 %; 2,9 mil millones de unidades estandar de las ventas totales). Las combinaciones en dosis fijas incluidas en la lista no recomendada de la OMS se comercializaron en 229 formulaciones, de las que 114 (49,8 %) no tenian registro de aprobacion formal ni certificado de no objecion. Mientras que no habia combinaciones en dosis fijas no recomendadas en la lista nacional de medicamentos esenciales, 13 de las 20 combinaciones en dosis fijas de antibioticos mas vendidas no estaban recomendadas por la OMS. Conclusion Se debe investigar y controlar activamente la venta de medicamentos del grupo Watch y de antibioticos prohibidos o no aprobados en la India. Asimismo, se debe auditar la base de pruebas que sustenta las aprobaciones formales y los certificados de no objecion para las combinaciones en dosis fijas no recomendadas., Introduction The overuse and misuse of antibiotics contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance, eroding the drugs' effectiveness. (1) Consequently, efforts continue to be made to improve antibiotic stewardship internationally [...]
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- 2022
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7. Sales and regulatory status of fixed dose combination psychotropic drugs in India: a retrospective longitudinal study
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Paul Bogowicz, Aashna Mehta, Shruti Choudhary, Petra Brhlikova, Peter Roderick, Patricia McGettigan, Habib Hasan Farooqui, Aditya Narain Sharma, and Allyson M. Pollock
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Fixed dose combination ,psychiatry ,psychotropic ,psychopharmacology ,pharmacoepidemiology ,India ,Therapeutics. Pharmacology ,RM1-950 ,Pharmacy and materia medica ,RS1-441 - Abstract
Background There is limited evidence to support use of fixed dose combination (FDC) drugs in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. This study aimed to examine the sales and regulatory status of psychotropic FDCs in India, in the context of two government regulatory initiatives.Methods Official documents were searched to establish an account of the initiatives and measures targeting psychotropic FDCs. This was integrated with private market data (2008 to 2020). Descriptive statistics were used to examine changes in FDC numbers/formulations and sales volumes in standard units (SU) over time.Results Psychotropic FDC sales volumes (percentage market share) increased from 0.8 billion SU (18.4%) in 2008 to 1.4 billion SU (20.1%) in 2020. The numbers (formulations) of FDCs also increased, from 28 (101) in 2008 to 33 (143) in 2020. Unapproved FDCs accounted for 69.3% of psychotropic FDC sales in 2008, decreasing slightly to 60.3% in 2020. Of 21 psychotropic FDCs considered under the regulatory initiatives, three went on to be banned, and two of these remained on the market in 2020.Conclusions Unapproved FDCs continue to account for most psychotropic FDC sales, potentially putting the public at risk because their safety and efficacy have not been evaluated.
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- 2024
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8. Multimorbidity, healthcare use and catastrophic health expenditure by households in India: a cross-section analysis of self-reported morbidity from national sample survey data 2017–18
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Anup Karan, Habib Hasan Farooqui, Suhaib Hussain, Mohammad Akhtar Hussain, Sakthivel Selvaraj, and Manu Raj Mathur
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India ,multimorbidity ,out-of-pocket expenditure ,catastrophic expenditure ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Abstract Background The purpose of this research is to generate new evidence on the economic consequences of multimorbidity on households in terms of out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures and their implications for catastrophic OOP expenditure. Methods We analyzed Social Consumption Health data from National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) 75th round conducted in the year 2017–2018 in India. The sample included 1,13,823 households (64,552 rural and 49,271 urban) through a multistage stratified random sampling process. Prevalence of multimorbidity and related OOP expenditure were estimated. Using Coarsened Exact Matching (CEM) we estimated the mean OOP expenditure for individuals reporting multimorbidity and single morbidity for each episode of outpatient visits and hospital admission. We also estimated implications in terms of catastrophic OOP expenditure for households. Results Results suggest that outpatient OOP expenditure is invariably lower in the presence of multimorbidity as compared with single conditions of the selected Non-Communicable Diseases(NCDs) (overall, INR 720 [USD 11.3] for multimorbidity vs. INR 880 [USD 14.8] for single). In the case of hospitalization, the OOP expenditures were mostly higher for the same NCD conditions in the presence of multimorbidity as compared with single conditions, except for cancers and cardiovascular diseases. For cancers and cardiovascular, OOP expenditures in the presence of multimorbidity were lower by 39% and 14% respectively). Furthermore, around 46.7% (46.674—46.676) households reported incurring catastrophic spending (10% threshold) because of any NCD in the standalone disease scenario which rose to 63.3% (63.359–63.361) under the multimorbidity scenario. The catastrophic implications of cancer among individual diseases was the highest. Conclusions Multimorbidity leads to high and catastrophic OOP payments by households and treatment of high expenditure diseases like cancers and cardiovascular are under-financed by households in the presence of competing multimorbidity conditions. Multimorbidity should be considered as an integrated treatment strategy under the existing financial risk protection measures (Ayushman Bharat) to reduce the burden of household OOP expenditure at the country level.
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- 2022
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9. Hybrid CT-angiography (Angio-CT) for combined CT and fluoroscopic procedures in interventional radiology enhances utilization
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Kwak, Daniel H., Ahmed, Osman, Habib, Hasan, Nijhawan, Karan, Kumari, Divya, and Patel, Mikin
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- 2022
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10. Evaluating the impact of price regulation (Drug Price Control Order 2013) on antibiotic sales in India: a quasi-experimental analysis, 2008–2018
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Selvaraj, Sakthivel, Farooqui, Habib Hasan, Mehta, Aashna, and Mathur, Manu Raj
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- 2022
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11. Multimorbidity, healthcare use and catastrophic health expenditure by households in India: a cross-section analysis of self-reported morbidity from national sample survey data 2017–18
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Karan, Anup, Farooqui, Habib Hasan, Hussain, Suhaib, Hussain, Mohammad Akhtar, Selvaraj, Sakthivel, and Mathur, Manu Raj
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- 2022
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12. Evaluating the impact of price regulation (Drug Price Control Order 2013) on antibiotic sales in India: a quasi-experimental analysis, 2008–2018
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Sakthivel Selvaraj, Habib Hasan Farooqui, Aashna Mehta, and Manu Raj Mathur
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india ,price regulation ,antibiotics ,price control ,Therapeutics. Pharmacology ,RM1-950 ,Pharmacy and materia medica ,RS1-441 - Abstract
Background In India, due to a lack of population-level financial risk protection mechanisms, the expenditure on healthcare is primarily out-of-pocket in nature. Through Drug Price Control Orders (DPCOs), the Indian Government attempts to keep medicine prices under check. The aim of this study was to measure the potential impact of DPCO 2013 on the utilization of antibiotics under price regulation in India using large nationally representative pharmaceutical sales data. Methods We used interrupted time series analysis, a quasi-experimental research design to estimate the impact of DPCO 2013 on the utilization of antibiotics in the private sector in India. Indian pharmaceutical sales data set, PharmaTrac from a market research company—All Indian Origin Chemists and Distributors Limited—was used for the study. The data are collected from a panel of around 18,000 stockists across 23 different regions of the country. The primary outcome measure is the percentage change (increase or decrease) in the sales volume of the antibiotics under DPCO 2013, measured in standard units (SUs). Results Our estimates suggest that post-intervention (after notification of DPCO 2013) there was an immediate reduction (level change) in the sales of antibiotics under DPCO 2013 by 3.7% (P > 0.05), followed by a sustained decline (trend change) of 0.3% (P > 0.05) as compared to the pre-intervention trend at the molecule level, but both changes were statistically insignificant. However, in terms of ‘average monthly market share,’ the DPCO 2013 notification resulted in a sharp reduction of 579% (P 0.05) (trend change) in the ‘market share of antibiotics under DPCO’ as compared to pre-intervention trend. Conclusions The impact of DPCO 2013 in terms of the overall increase in the utilization of antibiotics under price regulation was limited but there was a switch from non-price controlled antibiotics to price regulated antibiotics (notified under DPCO 2013). We argue that policies on price control need to be complemented with continuous monitoring of market behavior to have a measurable and long-term impact.
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- 2022
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13. Antibiotics Prescriptions Pattern among Patients Visiting Primary Health Care Centers (PHCC) before and during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Study from Qatar
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Salma Al-Nuaimi, Sara Alkuwari, Abdullah M. Al-Jubouri, Salma Hegazi, Lolwa Jolo, Hafsa Khalid, Saoud Bossa, Eisa Al-Shirawi, Merin Alex, Khalid H. Elawad, Habib Hasan Farooqui, and Susu M. Zughaier
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antibiotic ,prescription pattern ,COVID-19 ,primary healthcare ,Qatar ,Therapeutics. Pharmacology ,RM1-950 - Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been associated with an increased risk of secondary bacterial infections. Numerous studies have reported a surge in antibiotic usage during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the frequency and patterns of antibiotic prescriptions at Primary Health Care Centers (PHCC) in Qatar, comparing the period before and during the pandemic. Methods: This population-based, cross-sectional study analyzed all antibiotic prescriptions issued in two-month intervals before COVID-19 (November and December 2019) and during the initial wave (June and July 2020) of COVID-19. The study included 27 PHCCs in Qatar. Results: Prior to the COVID-19 outbreak, the PHCCs dispensed a total of 74,909 antibiotic prescriptions in November and December. During the first wave of COVID-19, the number decreased to 29,273 prescriptions in June and July 2020. Antibiotics were most commonly prescribed for adults and least commonly for the elderly, both before and during the COVID-19 period. In the pre-COVID-19 period, Betalactams and macrolides accounted for the majority (73%) of all antibiotic prescriptions across all age groups. However, during the COVID-19 period, Betalactams and other antibiotics such as Nitrofurantoin and Metronidazole (73%) were the most frequently prescribed. Conclusion: The rate of antibiotic prescriptions during the first wave of COVID-19 was lower compared to the two months preceding the pandemic at the PHCC in Qatar.
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- 2023
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14. Olive mill wastewater effects on durum wheat crop attributes and soil microbial activities: A pilot study in Syria
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Khalil, Jehan, Habib, Hasan, Alabboud, Michael, and Mohammed, Safwan
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- 2021
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15. Quantifying antibiotic use in typhoid fever in India: a cross-sectional analysis of private sector medical audit data, 2013–2015
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Sandro Galea, Sakthivel Selvaraj, Aashna Mehta, Habib Hasan Farooqui, and Shaffi Fazaludeen Koya
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Medicine - Abstract
Objectives To estimate the antibiotic prescription rates for typhoid in India.Design Cross-sectional study.Setting Private sector primary care clinicians in India.Participants The data came from prescriptions of a panel of 4600 private sector primary care clinicians selected through a multistage stratified random sampling accounting for the region, specialty type and patient turnover. The data had 671 million prescriptions for antibiotics extracted from the IQVIA database for the years 2013, 2014 and 2015.Primary and secondary outcome measures Mean annual antibiotic prescription rates; sex-specific and age-specific prescription rates; distribution of antibiotic class.Results There were 8.98 million antibiotic prescriptions per year for typhoid, accounting for 714 prescriptions per 100 000 population. Children 10–19 years of age represented 18.6% of the total burden in the country in absolute numbers, 20–29 year age group had the highest age-specific rate, and males had a higher average rate (844/100 000) compared with females (627/100 000). Ten different antibiotics accounted for 72.4% of all prescriptions. Cefixime–ofloxacin combination was the preferred drug of choice for typhoid across all regions except the south. Combination antibiotics are the preferred choice of prescribers for adult patients, while cephalosporins are the preferred choice for children and young age. Quinolones were prescribed as monotherapy in 23.0% of cases.Conclusions Nationally representative private sector antibiotic prescription data during 2013–2015 indicate a higher disease burden of typhoid in India than previously estimated. The total prescription rate shows a declining trend. Young adult patients account for close to one-third of the cases and children less than 10 years account for more than a million cases annually.
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- 2022
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16. Did the poor gain from India’s health policy interventions? Evidence from benefit-incidence analysis, 2004–2018
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Sakthivel Selvaraj, Anup K. Karan, Wenhui Mao, Habib Hasan, Ipchita Bharali, Preeti Kumar, Osondu Ogbuoji, and Chetana Chaudhuri
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Inequity ,Utilization of health care ,Public subsidy ,Benefit-incidence analysis ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Abstract Background Health policy interventions were expected to improve access to health care delivery, provide financial risk protection, besides reducing inequities that underlie geographic and socio-economic variation in population access to health care. This article examines whether health policy interventions and accelerated health investments in India during 2004–2018 could close the gap in inequity in health care utilization and access to public subsidy by different population groups. Did the poor and socio-economically vulnerable population gain from such government initiatives, compared to the rich and affluent sections of society? And whether the intended objective of improving equity between different regions of the country been achieved during the policy initiatives? This article attempts to assess and provide robust evidence in the Indian context. Methods Employing Benefit-Incidence Analysis (BIA) framework, this paper advances earlier evidence by highlighting estimates of health care utilization, concentration and government subsidy by broader provider categories (public versus private) and across service levels (outpatient, inpatient, maternal, pre-and post-natal services). We used 2 waves of household surveys conducted by the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) on health and morbidity. The period of analysis was chosen to represent policy interventions spanning 2004 (pre-policy) and 2018 (post-policy era). We present this evidence across three categories of Indian states, namely, high-focus states, high-focus north eastern states and non-focus states. Such categorization facilitates quantification of reform impact of policy level interventions across the three groups. Results Utilisation of healthcare services, except outpatient care visits, accelerated significantly in 2018 from 2004. The difference in utilisation rates between poor and rich (between poorest 20% and richest 20%) had significantly declined during the same period. As far as concentration of healthcare is concerned, the Concentrate Index (CI) underlying inpatient care in public sector fell from 0.07 in 2004 to 0.05 in 2018, implying less pro-rich distribution. The CI in relation to pre-natal, institutional delivery and postnatal services in government facilities were pro-poor both in 2004 and 2018 in all 3 groups of states. The distribution of public subsidy underscoring curative services (inpatient and outpatient) remained pro-rich in 2004 but turned less pro-rich in 2018, measured by CIs which declined sharply across all groups of states for both outpatient (from 0.21 in 2004 to 0.16 in 2018) and inpatient (from 0.24 in 2004 to 0.14 in 2018) respectively. The CI for subsidy on prenatal services declined from approximately 0.01 in 2004 to 0.12 in 2018. In respect to post-natal care, similar results were observed, implying the subsidy on prenatal and post-natal services was overwhelmingly received by poor. The CI underscoring subsidy for institutional delivery although remained positive both in 2018 and 2004, but slightly increased from 0.17 in 2004 to 0.28 in 2018. Conclusions Improvement in infrastructure and service provisioning through NHM route in the public facilities appears to have relatively benefited the poor. Yet they received a relatively smaller health subsidy than the rich when utilising inpatient and outpatient health services. Inequality continues to persist across all healthcare services in private health sector. Although the NHM remained committed to broader expansion of health care services, a singular focus on maternal and child health conditions especially in backward regions of the country has yielded desired results.
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- 2021
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17. Dynamics of Anti-S IgG Antibodies Titers after the Second Dose of COVID-19 Vaccines in the Manual and Craft Worker Population of Qatar
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Devendra Bansal, Hassan Atia, Mashael Al Badr, Mohamed Nour, Jazeel Abdulmajeed, Amal Hasan, Noora Al-Hajri, Lina Ahmed, Rumissa Ibrahim, Reham Zamel, Almuthana Mohamed, Hamad Pattalaparambil, Faisal Daraan, Adil Chaudhry, Sahar Oraby, Sahar El-Saleh, Sittana S. El-Shafie, Affra Faiz Al-Farsi, Jiji Paul, Ahmed Ismail, Hamad Eid Al-Romaihi, Mohammed Hamad Al-Thani, Suhail A. R. Doi, Susu M. Zughaier, Farhan Cyprian, Elmobashar Farag, and Habib Hasan Farooqui
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COVID-19 ,mRNA vaccines ,non-mRNA vaccines ,antibody titer ,anti-S IgG ,Medicine - Abstract
There is limited seroepidemiological evidence on the magnitude and long-term durability of antibody titers of mRNA and non-mRNA vaccines in the Qatari population. This study was conducted to generate evidence on long-term anti-S IgG antibody titers and their dynamics in individuals who have completed a primary COVID-19 vaccination schedule. A total of 300 male participants who received any of the following vaccines BNT162b2/Comirnaty, mRNA-1273, ChAdOx1-S/Covishield, COVID-19 Vaccine Janssen/Johnson, or BBIBP-CorV or Covaxin were enrolled in our study. All sera samples were tested by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) for the quantitative determination of IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the S1 subunit of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (SARS-CoV-2 N-protein IgG) were also determined. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were used to compare the time from the last dose of the primary vaccination schedule to the time by which anti-S IgG antibody titers fell into the lowest quartile (range of values collected) for the mRNA and non-mRNA vaccines. Participants vaccinated with mRNA vaccines had higher median anti-S IgG antibody titers. Participants vaccinated with the mRNA-1273 vaccine had the highest median anti-S-antibody level of 13,720.9 AU/mL (IQR 6426.5 to 30,185.6 AU/mL) followed by BNT162b2 (median, 7570.9 AU/mL; IQR, 3757.9 to 16,577.4 AU/mL); while the median anti-S antibody titer for non-mRNA vaccinated participants was 3759.7 AU/mL (IQR, 2059.7–5693.5 AU/mL). The median time to reach the lowest quartile was 3.53 months (IQR, 2.2–4.5 months) and 7.63 months (IQR, 6.3–8.4 months) for the non-mRNA vaccine recipients and Pfizer vaccine recipients, respectively. However, more than 50% of the Moderna vaccine recipients did not reach the lowest quartile by the end of the follow-up period. This evidence on anti-S IgG antibody titers should be considered for informing decisions on the durability of the neutralizing activity and thus protection against infection after the full course of primary vaccination in individuals receiving different type (mRNA verus non-mRNA) vaccines and those with natural infection.
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- 2023
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18. Disparity in socio-economic status explains the pattern of self-medication of antibiotics in India: understanding from game-theoretic perspective
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Bhawna Malik, Habib Hasan Farooqui, and Samit Bhattacharyya
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antimicrobial resistance ,self-medication ,socio-economic growth ,human behaviour ,evolutionary game theory ,Science - Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance has raised great concern for public health in many lower-income countries including India. Socio-economic determinants like poverty, health expenditure and awareness accelerate this emergence by influencing individuals' attitudes and healthcare practices such as self-medication. This self-medication practice is highly prevalent in many countries, where antibiotics are available without prescriptions. Thus, complex dynamics of drug- resistance driven by economy, human behaviour, and disease epidemiology poses a serious threat to the community, which has been less emphasized in prior studies. Here, we formulate a game-theoretic model of human choices in self-medication integrating economic growth and disease transmission processes. We show that this adaptive behaviour emerges spontaneously in the population through a self-reinforcing process and continual feedback from the economy, resulting in the emergence of resistance as externalities of human choice under resource constraints situations. We identify that the disparity between social-optimum and individual interest in self-medication is primarily driven by the effectiveness of treatment, health awareness and public health interventions. Frequent multiple-peaks of resistant strains are also observed when individuals imitate others more readily and self-medication is more likely. Our model exemplifies that timely public health intervention for financial risk protection, and antibiotic stewardship policies can improve the epidemiological situation and prevent economic collapse.
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- 2022
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19. Out-of-pocket expenditure on childhood infections and its financial burden on Indian households: Evidence from nationally representative household survey (2017-18).
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Habib Hasan Farooqui, Anup Karan, Manu Raj Mathur, Suhaib Hussain, and Sakthivel Selvaraj
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
The key objective of this research was to estimate out of pocket expenditure (OOPE) incurred by the Indian households for the treatment of childhood infections. We estimated OOPE estimates on outpatient care and hospitalization by disease conditions and type of health facilities. In addition, we also estimated OOPE as a share of households' total consumption expenditure (TCE) by MPCE quintile groups to assess the quantum of the financial burden on the households. We analyzed the Social Consumption: Health (SCH) data from National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) 75th round (2017-18). Outcome indicators were prevalence of selected infectious diseases in children aged less than 5 years, per episode of OOPE on outpatient care in the preceding 15 days, hospitalization in the preceding year and OOPE as a share of households' total consumption expenditure. Our analysis suggests that the most common childhood infection was 'fever with rash' followed by 'acute upper respiratory infection' and 'acute meningitis'. However, the highest OOPE for outpatient care and hospitalization was reported for 'viral hepatitis' and 'tuberculosis' episodes. Among the households reporting childhood infections, OOPE was 4.8% and 6.7% of households' total consumption expenditure (TCE) for outpatient care and hospitalization, respectively. Furthermore, OOPE as a share of TCE was disproportionately higher for the poorest MPCE quintiles (outpatient, 7.9%; hospitalization, 8.2%) in comparison to the richest MPCE quintiles (outpatient, 4.8%; hospitalization, 6.7%). This treatment and care-related OOPE has equity implications for Indian households as the poorest households bear a disproportionately higher burden of OOPE as a share of TCE. Ensuring financial risk protection and universal access to care for childhood illnesses is critical to addressing inequity in care.
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- 2022
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20. Evaluating Motor Performance with the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency in impoverished Pakistani Children
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Zehra Habib Hasan, Fariha Shaheen, Arjumand Rizvi, Jelena Obradovic, and Aisha Khan Yousafzai
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Medicine - Abstract
Objectives: Children’s cognitive and motor development is intertwined with their nutritional status and compromised by an impoverished environment. This study examined a modified Bruininks Oseretsky Test of motor proficiency - Brief Form (BOT2 BF) to evaluate its sensitivity in identifying motor differences secondary to malnutrition and poverty. Methods: Data was drawn from 1058 children who participated in a responsive-stimulation and nutrition intervention in the first two years of life. Outcome measures included motor development assessed via BOT2 BF, child anthropometry (height- and weight-for-age), according to the World Health Organization growth reference charts and household economic and demographic information collected using a family report questionnaire. Results: Mann Whitney U test was significant for malnutrition, socio-economic status and maternal literacy at p< 0.05, for a 6-item motor composite of BOT2 BF. Psychometric properties of the BOT2 BF were robust for this Pakistani cohort. Conclusion: A 6-item motor composite of BOT2 BF is a reliable tool to measure motor performance in Pakistani pre-school children Continuous....
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- 2021
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21. Private sector vaccine share in overall immunization coverage in India: Evidence from private sector vaccine utilization data (2012-2015)
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Habib Hasan Farooqui and Sanjay Zodpey
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private sector ,universal immunization program ,vaccine coverage ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
The objective of this research was to generate the evidence on the private sector's contribution to overall immunization coverage for selected pediatric vaccines in India. Using IMS Health's (now IQVIA) vaccine sales audit data and innovative methodological approach we estimated private-sector vaccine share in the total immunization coverage across selected pediatric vaccines in India. Our estimates suggest that private sector remains an important contributor to immunization services in India not only for Universal Immunization Program vaccines (Bacillus Calmette–Guérin [19.23%], HiB pentavalent [11.09%], hepatitis B [5.75%], oral poliovirus vaccine [5.48%], Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus [2.66%], and measles [2.17%]) but also for newer vaccines (hepatitis A [4.2%], rotavirus [3.4%], typhoid [3.3%], and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine [2.5%]). As the private sector continues to remain an important access point for immunization services in the country, avenues for potential synergy between public and private sectors should be explored to improve the coverage and quality of immunization services.
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- 2020
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22. Estetika Macan Kurung sebagai Sumber Potensi Peningkatan Ekonomi Masyarakat dan Pelestarian Seni Ukir di Jepara
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Masabdi, Habib Hasan Abdi, primary
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- 2023
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23. VTE1 and VTE3 Gene Expression During Vitamin E Production in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Treated with Different Fertilization
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Amimy, Habib Hasan, primary, Yunita, Roza, additional, Rita, Rauza Sukma, additional, Rosadi, Firsta Ninda, additional, Syukriani, Lily, additional, Marneli, Suhada Tri, additional, Azizah, Amalia, additional, and ., Jamsari, additional
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- 2023
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24. Report from the World Health Organization’s immunization and vaccines-related implementation research advisory committee (IVIR-AC) meeting, virtual gathering, 26 February–1 March 2024
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Lambach, Philipp, Silal, Sheetal, Sbarra, Alyssa N., Koh, Mitsuki, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Farooqui, Habib Hasan, Flasche, Stefan, Hogan, Alexandra B., Kim, Sun-Young, Leung, Kathy, Moss, William J., Munywoki, Patrick K., Portnoy, Allison, Sheel, Meru, and Wang, Xuan-Yi
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- 2024
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25. Evaluation of the A&S and the Advanced EMI detectors based on Modeling Frameworks with Appropriate Condition Assessment
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Habib, Hasan, Claeys, Tim, Vandenbosch, Guy, and Pissoort, Davy
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eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/812790 [PETER - 812790 ,info] - Abstract
Electromagnetic interference can cause disruptions to the functional signal on a wired communication channel. Detecting whether the transmitted data has been affected by electromagnetic interference is an important challenge that needs to be addressed. This paper describes an advanced design of an electromagnetic interference detector to detect electromagnetic interference in a wired communication channel, and compares it with the previously proposed adder and subtractor based A&S electromagnetic interference detector. The performance of both EMI detectors is evaluated in light of recently proposed electromagnetic interference condition monitoring definitions. These definitions categorize the received signal based on the impact of electromagnetic disturbance on the transmitted data and its detection by the EMI detector, which helps to determine if the overall detection is contributing towards enhancing safety and/or availability. An in-depth numerical analysis of both electromagnetic interference detectors is performed using a mathematical model. The mathematical model considers different scenarios for the electromagnetic disturbance that is present at the location of the electromagnetic interference detector. These scenarios include varying amplitude, frequency, and phase as well as varying phase differences of the voltages induced by the electromagnetic disturbance in each of the data transmission lines. In addition, the performance of both electromagnetic interference detectors is analyzed in semi-reverberant environments using a Monte-Carlo simulation framework. This research concludes that the Advanced electromagnetic interference detector addresses the inadequacies of the A&S electromagnetic interference detector and can be effectively used for enhancing the safety of wired communication channels. ispartof: Ieee Access status: Published online
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- 2023
26. Systemic antibiotic sales and WHO recommendations, India
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Aashna Mehta, Petra Brhlikova, Patricia McGettigan, Allyson Pollock, Peter Roderick, and Habib Hasan Farooqui
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WHO ,Systemic antibiotic sales ,Commerce ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Humans ,India ,Drugs, Essential ,World Health Organization ,Anti-Bacterial Agents - Abstract
To analyse sales of fixed-dose combination and single antibiotics in India in relation to World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations and national regulatory efforts to control antibiotic sales. We extracted data on sales volumes of systemic antibiotics in India from a market research company sales database. We compared the market share of antibiotic sales in 2020 by WHO AWaRe (Access, Watch and Reserve) category and for those under additional national regulatory controls. We also analysed sales of fixed-dose combinations that were: formally approved for marketing or had a no-objection certificate; on the national essential medicines list; and on the WHO list of not-recommended antibiotics. There were 78 single and 112 fixed-dose combination antibiotics marketed in India, accounting for 7.6 and 4.5 billion standard units of total sales, respectively. Access, Watch and Reserve antibiotics comprised 5.8, 5.6 and 0.1 billion standard units of total market sales, respectively. All additionally controlled antibiotics were Watch and Reserve antibiotics (23.6%; 2.9 billion standard units of total sales). Fixed-dose combinations on the WHO not-recommended list were marketed in 229 formulations, with 114 formulations (49.8%) having no record of formal approval or no-objection certificate. While there were no not-recommended fixed-dose combinations on the national list of essential medicines, 13 of the top-20 selling antibiotic fixed-dose combinations were WHO not-recommended. The sale of Watch group drugs, and antibiotics banned or not approved, needs active investigation and enforcement in India. The evidence base underpinning formal approvals and no-objection certificates for not-recommended fixed-dose combinations should be audited. Analyser les ventes d'antibiotiques en association fixe et à dose unique en Inde, à la lumière des recommandations de l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS) et des efforts de réglementation à l'échelle nationale visant à contrôler la vente d'antibiotiques. Nous avons prélevé des données relatives aux volumes de vente d'antibiotiques systémiques en Inde dans la base de données commerciales d'une société d'études de marché. Nous avons ensuite comparé la part de marché qu'occupe, en 2020, la vente d'antibiotiques appartenant à chaque catégorie AWaRe (Access, Watch and Reserve) établie par l'OMS, mais aussi de ceux ciblés par des mesures nationales de contrôle supplémentaires. Enfin, nous avons examiné les ventes d'associations fixes: dont la commercialisation a été officiellement approuvée ou qui ont fait l'objet d'un certificat de non-objection; figurant sur la liste nationale de médicaments essentiels; et reprises dans la liste des antibiotiques non recommandés par l'OMS. Nous avons comptabilisé 78 antibiotiques à dose unique et 112 antibiotiques en association fixe sur le marché indien, représentant respectivement 7,6 et 4,5 milliards d'unités standard sur l'ensemble des ventes. Les antibiotiques des catégories Access (dont l'accessibilité est essentielle), Watch (à utiliser sélectivement) et Reserve (de réserve, non recommandés) équivalaient à 5,8 milliards, 5,6 milliards et 0,1 milliard d'unités standard sur le total des transactions. Tous les antibiotiques soumis à des contrôles supplémentaires faisaient partie des catégories Watch et Reserve (23,6%; 2,9 milliards d'unités standard sur l'ensemble des ventes). Des associations fixes déconseillées par l'OMS étaient commercialisées dans 229 formulations, dont 114 (49,8%) ne possédaient ni attestation d'approbation officielle, ni certificat de non-objection. Bien qu'aucune association fixe déconseillée ne soit mentionnée sur la liste nationale de médicaments essentiels, 13 des 20 antibiotiques en association fixe les plus vendus n'étaient pas recommandés par l'OMS. Il est nécessaire de mener une enquête approfondie en Inde sur la vente de médicaments appartenant à la catégorie Watch et d'antibiotiques interdits ou non approuvés, et de prendre des mesures concrètes. Les preuves sur lesquelles reposent les autorisations officielles et les certificats de non-objection pour les associations fixes non recommandées doivent être vérifiées. Analizar las ventas de los antibióticos combinados en dosis fijas y en dosis únicas en la India en relación con las recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y los esfuerzos nacionales de regulación para controlar las ventas de los antibióticos. Se extrajeron datos sobre los volúmenes de ventas de antibióticos sistémicos en la India de una base de datos de ventas de empresas de investigación de mercado. Se comparó la cuota de mercado de las ventas de antibióticos en 2020 por categoría AWaRe (Access, Watch and Reserve) de la OMS y para los que estaban sometidos a controles regulatorios nacionales adicionales. También se analizaron las ventas de combinaciones en dosis fijas que estaban: formalmente aprobadas para su comercialización o tenían un certificado de no objeción; en la lista nacional de medicamentos esenciales; y en la lista de antibióticos no recomendados de la OMS. En la India se comercializaron 78 antibióticos en dosis única y 112 antibióticos combinados en dosis fijas, que representaron 7,6 y 4,5 mil millones de unidades estándar de ventas totales, respectivamente. Los antibióticos de acceso, vigilancia y reserva supusieron 5,8, 5,6 y 0,1 mil millones de unidades estándar de las ventas totales del mercado, respectivamente. Todos los antibióticos controlados adicionalmente fueron antibióticos de vigilancia y reserva (23,6 %; 2,9 mil millones de unidades estándar de las ventas totales). Las combinaciones en dosis fijas incluidas en la lista no recomendada de la OMS se comercializaron en 229 formulaciones, de las que 114 (49,8 %) no tenían registro de aprobación formal ni certificado de no objeción. Mientras que no había combinaciones en dosis fijas no recomendadas en la lista nacional de medicamentos esenciales, 13 de las 20 combinaciones en dosis fijas de antibióticos más vendidas no estaban recomendadas por la OMS. Se debe investigar y controlar activamente la venta de medicamentos del grupo Watch y de antibióticos prohibidos o no aprobados en la India. Asimismo, se debe auditar la base de pruebas que sustenta las aprobaciones formales y los certificados de no objeción para las combinaciones en dosis fijas no recomendadas. الغرض تحليل مبيعات تركيبة الجرعة الثابتة، والمضادات الحيوية المفردة في الهند فيما يتعلق بتوصيات منظمة الصحة العالمية (WHO)، والجهود التنظيمية الوطنية للتحكم في مبيعات المضادات الحيوية. الطريقة قمنا باستخراج بيانات عن أحجام مبيعات المضادات الحيوية الجهازية في الهند من قاعدة بيانات مبيعات شركة أبحاث السوق. قمنا بمقارنة الحصة السوقية لمبيعات المضادات الحيوية في عام 2020 حسب فئة AWaRe (الوصول والمراقبة والاحتياطي) التابعة لمنظمة الصحة العالمية (WHO)، وتلك التي تخضع للضوابط التنظيمية الوطنية الإضافية. كما قمنا أيضًا بتحليل مبيعات تركيبات الجرعة الثابتة التي تم: الموافقة عليها رسميًا للتسويق، أو لديها شهادة عدم ممانعة؛ على قائمة الأدوية الأساسية الوطنية؛ وعلى قائمة منظمة الصحة العالمية (WHO) للمضادات الحيوية غير الموصى بها. النتائج تم تسويق مضادات حيوية منها 112 تركيبة ذات جرعة ثابتة، و78 مضادًا حيويًا ذات تركيبة منفردة في الهند، وهو ما يمثل 7.6 و4.5 مليار وحدة قياسية من إجمالي المبيعات على الترتيب. تضم المضادات الحيوية Access وWatch وReserve 5.8 و5.6 و0.1 مليار وحدة قياسية من إجمالي مبيعات السوق على الترتيب. جميع المضادات الحيوية الإضافية الخاضعة للرقابة كانت Watch وReserve (%23.6؛ 2.9 مليار وحدة قياسية من إجمالي المبيعات). تركيبات الجرعة الثابتة الواردة في القائمة غير الموصى بها لدى منظمة الصحة العالمية (WHO) تم تسويقها في 229 مستحضرًا، مع 114 مستحضرًا (49.8%) ليس لها سجل بالموافقة الرسمية أو شهادة عدم ممانعة. على الرغم من عدم وجود تركيبات جرعة ثابتة غير موصى بها في القائمة الوطنية للأدوية الأساسية، فإن 13 من الـ 20 تركيبة جرعة ثابتة من المضادات الحيوية الأكثر مبيعًا لم تكن موصى بها من جانب منظمة الصحة العالمية (WHO). الاستنتاج إن بيع أدوية مجموعة Watch، والمضادات الحيوية المحظورة أو التي لم تحصل على الموافقة، يحتاج إلى تحقيق وإنفاذ فعال في الهند. يجب مراجعة قاعدة الأدلة التي تقوم عليها الموافقات الرسمية، وشهادات عدم الممانعة لتركيبات الجرعة الثابتة غير الموصى بها. 根据世卫组织 (WHO) 推荐的药物目录和控制抗生素销售的国家监管措施,分析印度固定剂量组合抗生素和单一抗生素的销量。. 我们从一家市场调研公司的销售数据库中提取了印度全身性抗生素的销量数据。我们比较了 2020 年按 WHO AWaRe 【可广泛使用 (Access)、谨慎使用 (Watch) 和保留使用 (Reserve)】分级目录和其他国家监管规定分类的抗生素的销售量市场份额。我们还分析了固定剂量组合抗生素(正式批准上市或者具有无异议证明;全国基本药物目录;世卫组织不推荐的抗生素目录)的销量。. 印度有 78 种单一抗生素和 112 种固定剂量组合抗生素上市, 总销量分别为 76 和 45 亿标准单位。可广泛使用 (Access)、谨慎使用 (Watch) 和保留使用 (Reserve) 抗生素的市场总销量分别为 58、56 和 1 亿标准单位。所有额外受监管抗生素均为谨慎使用 (Watch) 和保留使用 (Reserve) 抗生素(占 23.6%,总销售额为 29 亿标准单位)。有 229 种非世卫组织推荐药物目录中的固定剂量组合抗生素上市,其中 114 种(49.8%)没有正式批准或无异议证明。虽然没有国家基本药物清单中不推荐的固定剂量组合抗生素,但在 20 种最畅销的固定剂量组合抗生素中,有 13 种是世卫组织不推荐使用的。. 在印度还需对谨慎使用 (Watch) 类别的药物以及禁用或未批准的抗生素的销量进行积极调查并采取措施。应对不推荐使用的固定剂量组合抗生素取得的正式批准和无异议证明进行审查。. Проанализировать продажи комбинированных препаратов с фиксированными дозами и отдельных антибиотиков в Индии в соответствии с рекомендациями Всемирной организации здравоохранения (ВОЗ) и мерами национального регулирования по контролю за продажами антибиотиков. Авторы извлекли данные об объемах продаж системных антибиотиков в Индии из базы данных по продажам исследовательской компании. Они сравнили рыночную долю продаж антибиотиков в 2020 г. по категориям AWaRe (Access (Доступ), Watch (Наблюдение), Reserve (Резерв)) ВОЗ, а также антибиотиков, на которые распространяются дополнительные национальные регулирующие меры контроля. Авторы также проанализировали продажи комбинированных препаратов с фиксированными дозами, которые были официально одобрены для продажи или имели сертификат об отсутствии возражений, находились в национальном перечне основных лекарственных средств и в списке ВОЗ не рекомендованных для использования антибиотиков. В Индии на рынке представлены 78 отдельных и 112 комбинированных препаратов с фиксированными дозами антибиотиков, что составило 7,6 и 4,5 млрд условных единиц от общего объема продаж соответственно. Антибиотики групп Access, Watch и Reserve составили 5,8; 5,6 и 0,1 млрд условных единиц от общего объема продаж на рынке соответственно. Все дополнительно контролируемые антибиотики относились к антибиотикам групп Watch и Reserve (23,6%; 2,9 млрд условных единиц от общего объема продаж). Комбинированные препараты с фиксированными дозами, включенные в список ВОЗ не рекомендованных для использования антибиотиков, продавались в виде 229 лекарственных форм, при этом 114 форм (49,8%) не имели официального одобрения или сертификата об отсутствии возражений. Хотя в национальном перечне основных лекарственных средств не было нерекомендованных комбинированных препаратов с фиксированными дозами, 13 из 20 наиболее продаваемых комбинированных антибиотиков с фиксированными дозами не были рекомендованы ВОЗ. Продажа антибиотиков группы Watch, а также продажа запрещенных или не имеющих одобрения антибиотиков требует активного расследования и правоприменения в Индии. Необходимо проверить доказательную базу, лежащую в основе официальных одобрений и сертификатов об отсутствии возражений для нерекомендованных комбинированных препаратов с фиксированными дозами.
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- 2022
27. Advanced Design of a Robust and Effective EMI Detector for Wired Communication Channels
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Habib, Hasan, primary, Claeys, Tim, additional, Vandenbosch, Guy A. E., additional, and Pissoort, Davy, additional
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- 2023
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28. Dynamics of Anti-S IgG Antibodies Titers after the Second Dose of COVID-19 Vaccines in the Manual and Craft Worker Population of Qatar
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Bansal, Devendra, primary, Atia, Hassan, additional, Al Badr, Mashael, additional, Nour, Mohamed, additional, Abdulmajeed, Jazeel, additional, Hasan, Amal, additional, Al-Hajri, Noora, additional, Ahmed, Lina, additional, Ibrahim, Rumissa, additional, Zamel, Reham, additional, Mohamed, Almuthana, additional, Pattalaparambil, Hamad, additional, Daraan, Faisal, additional, Chaudhry, Adil, additional, Oraby, Sahar, additional, El-Saleh, Sahar, additional, El-Shafie, Sittana S., additional, Al-Farsi, Affra Faiz, additional, Paul, Jiji, additional, Ismail, Ahmed, additional, Al-Romaihi, Hamad Eid, additional, Al-Thani, Mohammed Hamad, additional, Doi, Suhail A. R., additional, Zughaier, Susu M., additional, Cyprian, Farhan, additional, Farag, Elmobashar, additional, and Farooqui, Habib Hasan, additional
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- 2023
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29. Evaluation of the A&S and the Advanced EMI Detectors Based on Modeling Frameworks With Appropriate Condition Assessment
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Habib, Hasan, primary, Claeys, Tim, additional, Vandenbosch, Guy A. E., additional, and Pissoort, Davy, additional
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- 2023
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30. Out-of-pocket expenditure on childhood infections and its financial burden on Indian households: Evidence from nationally representative household survey (2017–18)
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Farooqui, Habib Hasan, primary, Karan, Anup, additional, Mathur, Manu Raj, additional, Hussain, Suhaib, additional, and Selvaraj, Sakthivel, additional
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- 2022
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31. Outpatient antibiotic prescription rate and pattern in the private sector in India: Evidence from medical audit data.
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Habib Hasan Farooqui, Aashna Mehta, and Sakthivel Selvaraj
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
The key objective of this research was to generate new evidence on outpatient antibiotic prescription rate and patterns in the private sector in India. We used 12-month period (May 2013 to April 2014) medical audit dataset from IQVIA (formerly IMS Health). We coded the diagnosis provided in the medical audit data to International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) and the prescribed antibiotics for the diagnosis to Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification of World Health Organization (ATC index-2016). We calculated and reported antibiotic prescription rate per 1,000 persons per year, by age groups, antibiotic class and disease conditions. Our main findings are-approximately 519 million antibiotic prescriptions were dispensed in the private sector, which translates into 412 prescriptions per 1,000 persons per year. Majority of the antibiotic prescriptions were dispensed for acute upper respiratory infections (J06) (20.4%); unspecified acute lower respiratory infection (J22) (12.8%); disorders of urinary system (N39) (6.0%); cough (R05) (4.7%); and acute nasopharyngitis (J00) (4.6%) and highest antibiotic prescription rates were observed in the age group 0-4 years. To conclude our study reports first ever country level estimates of antibiotic prescription by antibiotic classes, age groups, and ICD-10 mapped disease conditions.
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- 2019
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32. CHCHD4 confers metabolic vulnerabilities to tumour cells through its control of the mitochondrial respiratory chain
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Thomas, Luke W., Stephen, Jenna M., Esposito, Cinzia, Hoer, Simon, Antrobus, Robin, Ahmed, Afshan, Al-Habib, Hasan, and Ashcroft, Margaret
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- 2019
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33. Antibiotics Prescriptions Pattern among Patients Visiting Primary Health Care Centers (PHCC) before and during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Study from Qatar.
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Al-Nuaimi, Salma, Alkuwari, Sara, Al-Jubouri, Abdullah M., Hegazi, Salma, Jolo, Lolwa, Khalid, Hafsa, Bossa, Saoud, Al-Shirawi, Eisa, Alex, Merin, Elawad, Khalid H., Farooqui, Habib Hasan, and Zughaier, Susu M.
- Subjects
COVID-19 pandemic ,PRIMARY health care ,SARS-CoV-2 ,MEDICAL centers ,MEDICAL prescriptions - Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been associated with an increased risk of secondary bacterial infections. Numerous studies have reported a surge in antibiotic usage during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the frequency and patterns of antibiotic prescriptions at Primary Health Care Centers (PHCC) in Qatar, comparing the period before and during the pandemic. Methods: This population-based, cross-sectional study analyzed all antibiotic prescriptions issued in two-month intervals before COVID-19 (November and December 2019) and during the initial wave (June and July 2020) of COVID-19. The study included 27 PHCCs in Qatar. Results: Prior to the COVID-19 outbreak, the PHCCs dispensed a total of 74,909 antibiotic prescriptions in November and December. During the first wave of COVID-19, the number decreased to 29,273 prescriptions in June and July 2020. Antibiotics were most commonly prescribed for adults and least commonly for the elderly, both before and during the COVID-19 period. In the pre-COVID-19 period, Betalactams and macrolides accounted for the majority (73%) of all antibiotic prescriptions across all age groups. However, during the COVID-19 period, Betalactams and other antibiotics such as Nitrofurantoin and Metronidazole (73%) were the most frequently prescribed. Conclusion: The rate of antibiotic prescriptions during the first wave of COVID-19 was lower compared to the two months preceding the pandemic at the PHCC in Qatar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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34. MNEs contribution to the Indian pharmaceutical sector
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Mehta, Aashna, primary, Farooqui, Habib Hasan, additional, and Selvaraj, Sakthivel, additional
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- 2017
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35. Estimates on state-specific Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines (PCV) coverage in the private sector in the year 2012: Evidence from PCV utilization data
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Habib Hasan Farooqui, Sanjay Zodpey, Maulik Chokshi, and Naveen Thacker
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Coverage ,immunization ,pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) is not available through universal immunization programs but is available through private healthcare providers. Because the PCV coverage rates are unknown, we developed a Microsoft Excel-based coverage assessment model to estimate state-specific PCV coverage for the year 2012. Our findings suggest that in the private sector, the "overall PCV coverage" was around 0.33% that ranged between a minimum of 0.07% for Assam, India and a maximum of 2.38% for Delhi, India. Further, in major metropolitan areas, overall PCV coverage rates were: 2.28% for Delhi, India, 13.31% for Mumbai (Maharashtra), India 0.76% for Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh), India, 1.93% for Kolkata (West Bengal), India, and 4.92% for Chennai (Tamil Nadu), India highlighting that urban centers are major drivers for PCV utilization driver in the states with high PCV consumption. Hence, to improve PCV coverage, both demand side (increasing consumer awareness about pneumonia prevention) and supply side (controlling vaccine prices and indigenous vaccine production) interventions are required.
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- 2016
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36. Effectiveness of Forward Error Corrections Over Different Wired Communication Channels in Harsh Electromagnetic Environments
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Memar, Pejman, primary, Habib, Hasan, additional, Chen, Zhao, additional, Vanoost, Dries, additional, Vogt-Ardatjew, Robert, additional, van den Berg, Barbel, additional, Holvoet, Tom, additional, Pissoort, Davy, additional, and Boydens, Jeroen, additional
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- 2022
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37. Combining Fast Field Probes with an EMI Detector to reveal Bit Errors induced by ElectroMagnetic Disturbances
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Habib, Hasan, primary, Claeys, Tim, additional, Vogt-Ardatjew, Robert, additional, van den Berg, Barbel, additional, Vandenbosch, Guy A. E., additional, and Pissoort, Davy, additional
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- 2022
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38. Community level antibiotic utilization in India and its comparison vis-à-vis European countries: Evidence from pharmaceutical sales data.
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Habib Hasan Farooqui, Sakthivel Selvaraj, Aashna Mehta, and David L Heymann
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
India was the largest consumer of antibiotics in 2010 in the world. Evidence suggests that countries with high per-capita antibiotic consumption have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. To control antibiotic resistance, not only reduction in antibiotic consumption is required, socio-economic factors like access to clean water and sanitation, regulation of private healthcare sector and better governance are equally important. The key objective of this research was to investigate the five year trends in consumption of major antibiotic classes in India and compare them with European Surveillance of Antimicrobial Consumption Network (ESAC-Net) countries. We used Intercontinental Marketing Statistics (IMS) Health (now IQVIA) medicine sales audit data of antibiotic sales in the retail private sector (excluding the hospitals sector) in India. We then standardized dosage trends and assigned defined daily dose (DDD) to all formulations based on the ATC/DDD index. We expressed our data in standardized matrices of DDD per 1000 inhabitants' per day (DID) to compare antibiotic use in India with ESAC-Net countries. The antibiotic use was plotted and reported by year and antibiotic class. Our main findings are-per capita antibiotic consumption in the retail sector in India has increased from 13.1 DID in 2008 to 16.0 DID in 2012-an increase of ~22%; use of newer class of antibiotics like carbapenems (J01DH), lincosamides (J01FF), glycopeptides (J01XA), 3rd generation cephalosporins (J01DD) and penicillin's with beta-lactamase inhibitors has risen; and antibiotic consumption rates in India are still low as compared to ESAC-Net countries (16.0 DID vs. 21.54 DID). To conclude our study has provided the first reliable estimates of antibiotic use in the retail sector in India vis-à-vis ESAC-Net countries. In addition, our study could provide a reference point to measure the impact of interventions directed towards reducing antibiotic use.
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- 2018
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39. Pediatricians′ perspectives on pneumococcal conjugate vaccines: An exploratory study in the private sector
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Sanjay Zodpey, Habib Hasan Farooqui, Maulik Chokshi, Balu Ravi Kumar, and Naveen Thacker
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Awareness ,pediatricians ,pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) ,prices ,vaccination ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
There is a lack of information on supply-side determinants, their utilization, and the access to pneumococcal vaccination in India. The objective of this exploratory study was to document the perceptions and perspectives of practicing pediatricians with regard to pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) in selected metropolitan areas of India. A qualitative study was conducted to generate evidence on the perspective of pediatricians practicing in the private sector regarding pneumococcal vaccination. The pediatricians were identified from 11 metropolitan areas on the basis of PCV vaccine sales in India through multilevel stratified sampling method. Relevant information was collected through in-depth personal interviews. Finally, qualitative data analysis was carried out through standard techniques such as the identification of key domains, words, phrases, and concepts from the respondents. We observed that the majority (67.7%) of the pediatricians recommended pneumococcal vaccination to their clients, whereas 32.2% recommended it to only those who could afford it. More than half (62.9%) of the pediatricians had no preference for any brand and recommended both a 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) and a 13-valent PCV (PCV13), whereas 8.0% recommended none. An overwhelming majority (97.3%) of the pediatricians reported that the main reason for a patient not following the pediatrician′s advice for pneumococcal vaccination was the price of PCV. To reduce childhood pneumonia-related burden and mortality, pediatricians should use every opportunity to increase awareness about vaccine-preventable diseases, especially vaccine-preventable childhood pneumonia among their patients.
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- 2015
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40. Dynamics of anti-S IgG antibodies titers after the second dose of COVID 19 mRNA and non-mRNA vaccines in the manual and craft worker population of Qatar
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Devendra Bansal, Hassan Atia, Mashael Al Badr, Mohamed Nour, Jazeel Abdulmajeed, Amal Hasan, Noora Al-Hajri, Lina Ahmed, Rumissa Ibrahim, Reham Zamel, Almuthana Mohamed, Hamad Pattalaparambil, Faisal Daraan, Adil Chaudhry, Sahar Oraby, Sahar El-Saleh, Sittana S El-Shafie, Affra Faiz Al-Farsi, Jiji Paul, Ahmed Ismail, Hamad E. Al-Romaihi, Mohammed H Al-Thani, Suhail A.R. Doi, Susu M Zughaier, Farhan Cyprian, Elmobashar Farag, and Habib Hasan Farooqui
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BackgroundThere is limited seroepidemiological evidence on the magnitude and long-term durability of antibody titers of mRNA and non-mRNA vaccines in the Qatari population. This study was conducted to generate evidence on long-term anti-S IgG antibodies titers and their dynamics in individuals who have completed a primary COVID-19 vaccination schedule.MethodsA total of 300 participants who received any of the following vaccines BNT162b2/Comirnaty or mRNA-1273 or ChAdOx1-S/Covishield or COVID-19 Vaccine Janssen/Johnson or BBIBP-CorV or Covaxin were enrolled in our study. All sera samples were tested by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA) for the quantitative determination of IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the S1 subunit of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (SARS-CoV-2 N-protein IgG) were also determined. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were used to compare the time from the last dose of the primary vaccination schedule to the time by which anti-S IgG antibodies titers fell into the lowest quartile (range of values collected) for the mRNA and non-mRNA vaccines.ResultsParticipants vaccinated with mRNA vaccines had higher median anti-S IgG antibody titers. Participants vaccinated with the mRNA-1273 vaccine had the highest median anti-S-antibody level of 13720.9 AU/mL (IQR 6426.5 to 30185.6 AU/mL) followed by BNT162b2 (median, 7570.9 AU/ml; IQR, 3757.9 to 16577.4 AU/mL); while the median anti-S antibody titer for non-mRNA vaccinated participants was 3759.7 AU/mL (IQR, 2059.7-5693.5 AU/mL). The median time to reach the lowest quartile was 3.53 months (IQR, 2.2-4.5 months) and 7.63 months (IQR, 6.3-8.4 months) for the non-mRNA vaccine recipients and Pfizer vaccine recipients, respectively. However, more than 50% of the Moderna vaccine recipients did not reach the lowest quartile by the end of the follow-up period.ConclusionsThis evidence on anti-S IgG antibody titers, their durability and decay over time should be considered for the utility of these assays in transmission dynamics after the full course of primary vaccination.
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- 2022
41. Antibiotic prescriptions for Oral Diseases in India: Pattern and Practices
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Manu Raj Mathur, Deepti Nagrath, Vijay Kumar Mishra, Rebecca Harris, Syed Saif, Sakthivel Selvaraj, Aashna Mehta, and Habib Hasan Farooqui
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Introduction: The key objective of this research was to describe the prescription rate of various antibiotics for dental problems in India and to study the relevance of the prescriptions by analysing antibiotic type associated with different dental diagnoses, using a large scale nationally representative dataset. Methods: We used a 12-month period (May 2015 to April 2016) medical audit dataset from IQVIA (formerly IMS Health). We coded the dental diagnosis provided in the medical audit data to International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11) and the prescribed antibiotics for the diagnosis to Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) -2020 classification of World Health Organization. The primary outcome measure was the medicine prescription rate per 1,000 persons per year (PRPY1000). Results: Our main findings were -- 403 prescriptions per 1,000 persons per year in the year 2015 -2016 for all dental ailments. Across all ATC level 1 classification, ‘Diseases of hard tissues’ made up the majority of the prescriptions. ‘Beta-lactam’, ‘Penicillin,’ and ‘Cephalosporins’ were the most commonly prescribed antibiotics for dental diagnoses followed by ‘Macrolides’ and ‘Quinolones’. ‘Dental caries’ , ‘Discoloration of tooth’, and ‘Toothache’ were the most common reasons for ‘Beta-Lactams’ and ‘Penicillin’ prescriptions. Conclusion: To conclude our study reports first ever country (India) level estimates of antibiotic prescription by antibiotic classes, age groups, and ICD-11 classification for dental ailments.
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- 2022
42. Dynamics of anti-S IgG antibodies titers after the second dose of COVID 19 mRNA and non-mRNA vaccines in the manual and craft worker population of Qatar
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Bansal, Devendra, primary, Atia, Hassan, additional, Badr, Mashael Al, additional, Nour, Mohamed, additional, Abdulmajeed, Jazeel, additional, Hasan, Amal, additional, Al-Hajri, Noora, additional, Ahmed, Lina, additional, Ibrahim, Rumissa, additional, Zamel, Reham, additional, Mohamed, Almuthana, additional, Pattalaparambil, Hamad, additional, Daraan, Faisal, additional, Chaudhry, Adil, additional, Oraby, Sahar, additional, El-Saleh, Sahar, additional, El-Shafie, Sittana S, additional, Al-Farsi, Affra Faiz, additional, Paul, Jiji, additional, Ismail, Ahmed, additional, Al-Romaihi, Hamad E., additional, Al-Thani, Mohammed H, additional, Doi, Suhail A.R., additional, Zughaier, Susu M, additional, Cyprian, Farhan, additional, Farag, Elmobashar, additional, and Farooqui, Habib Hasan, additional
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- 2022
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43. Antibiotic prescriptions for Oral Diseases in India: Pattern and Practices
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Mathur, Manu Raj, primary, Nagrath, Deepti, additional, Mishra, Vijay Kumar, additional, Harris, Rebecca, additional, Saif, Syed, additional, Selvaraj, Sakthivel, additional, Mehta, Aashna, additional, and Farooqui, Habib Hasan, additional
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- 2022
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44. Evaluating Motor Performance with the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency in impoverished Pakistani Children
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null Zehra Habib Hasan, null Fariha Shaheen, null Arjumand Rizvi, null Jelena Obradovic, null Aisha Khan Yousafzai, and null Admin
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Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,law.invention ,Randomized controlled trial ,law ,medicine ,Humans ,Pakistan ,Longitudinal Studies ,Longitudinal cohort ,Child ,Growth Disorders ,Motor skill ,Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ,Nutrition Interventions ,business.industry ,Malnutrition ,General Medicine ,Anthropometry ,medicine.disease ,Test (assessment) ,Motor Skills ,Physical therapy ,Female ,Underweight ,medicine.symptom ,business - Abstract
Objective To evaluate the sensitivity of the modified Brief Form of Bruininks Oseretsky Test in identifying motor differences secondary to malnutrition and poverty. Methods This longitudinal cohort study was conducted at Nowshero Feroze, Sindh from 2013 to 2014 and comprised data drawn from children who participated in a randomised controlled trial, that assessed responsive stimulation and nutrition interventions in the first two years of life. Outcome measures included motor development assessed using Brief Form of Bruininks Oseretsky Test, child anthropometry and household economic and demographic information. Data was analysed using SPSS 15 and STATA 12. Results Of the 1058 children, 570(53%) were boys. Moderate-severe stunting was reported in 171(16.12%) subjects, while moderate-severe underweight was reported in 117(11.1%). Also, 591(56%) subjects belonged to poor families, 343(32%) had illiterate mothers, and 392(37%) were food-insecure. Malnutrition, socio-economic status and maternal literacy were significantly associated with a 6-item motor composite of the Brief Form of Bruininks Oseretsky Test (p Conclusions The 6-item motor composite of the Brief Form of Bruininks Oseretsky Test was found to be a reliable tool to measure motor performance in Pakistani pre-school children.
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- 2021
45. Catastrophic impact of multimorbidity on households in India: a cross-section analysis of self-reported morbidity from National Sample Survey 2017
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Karan, Anup, primary, Farooqui, Habib Hasan, additional, Hussain, Suhaib, additional, Hussain, Mohammad Akhtar, additional, Selvaraj, Sakthivel, additional, and Mathur, Manu Raj, additional
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- 2022
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46. Digital and Analogue Hardware Design of an On-Board EMI Detector
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Habib, Hasan, primary, Claeys, Tim, additional, Perdriau, Richard, additional, and Pissoort, Davy, additional
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- 2022
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47. Early intervention physical therapy using 'Parent Empowerment Program' for children with Down syndrome in Pakistan: A feasibility study
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Zahra Hoodbhoy, Margaret O'Neil, Zehra Habib-Hasan, Iqbal Azam, and Memoona Salman Sheikh
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Male ,Parents ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Down syndrome ,Parent empowerment ,Pilot Projects ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Intervention (counseling) ,Early Intervention, Educational ,medicine ,Humans ,Gross motor function ,Pakistan ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Program Development ,Physical Therapy Modalities ,Resource poor ,business.industry ,Rehabilitation ,Infant ,Home program ,Mean age ,medicine.disease ,Treatment Outcome ,Motor Skills ,Child, Preschool ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Physical therapy ,Feasibility Studies ,Female ,Program Design Language ,Down Syndrome ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Program Evaluation - Abstract
PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of the Parent Empowerment Program (PEP) to help caretakers deliver a home program to promote developmental activities and gross motor function in their children with Down syndrome. METHODS: Parents attended a 14-month program with training sessions 1–4 times a month. Outcomes were measured using a change in the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM-88) at baseline and assessment one. RESULTS: Forty-eight families participated in the PEP. Children’s mean age was 16.2 ± 10.8 months. There were significant changes in GMFM-88 scores between baseline and assessment one; t (30) =-9.158, p< 0.001; 95% CI -14.6 – -22.9. Previous hospitalization significantly affected GMFM scores. CONCLUSION: This study describes a clinically applied research that focuses on program design, development and evaluation. Findings indicate that the PEP is effective in improving gross motor function in children with Down’s syndrome in Pakistan. Parents were satisfied with the program outcomes and were able to cope with the requirements at home. The PEP had favorable outcomes and may be an effective method to support PT services in resource poor countries.
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- 2020
48. Catastrophic Impact of Multimorbidity on Households in India: A Cross-Section Analysis of Self-Reported Morbidity from National Sample Survey 2017
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Anup Karan, Habib Hasan Farooqui, Suhaib Hussain, Mohammad Akhtar Hussain, Sakthivel Selvaraj, and Manu Raj Mathur
- Abstract
Background: Literature suggest that non-communicable (NCD) diseases cause significant financial burden on the households in India. However, there is little on evidence on catastrophic impact of multimorbidity related out of pocket expenditures on the households. The purpose of this research is to generate new evidence on financial implications of multimorbidity on the households in terms of out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure and its catastrophic impact.Methods: We analyzed the Social Consumption - Health data from National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) 75th round conducted in the year 2017-2018. We estimated prevalence of multimorbidity and related OOP expenditures. Using Coarsened Exact Matching (CEM) we estimated mean OOP expenditure for each episode of outpatient visits and hospital admission because of multimorbidity and selected NCD for each individuals reporting one or more NCD. We also estimated the catastrophic impact of multimorbidity on the households. Results: Our matched sample analysis suggests that that OOP expenditure was higher for the NCD conditions in presence of multimorbidity (two or more NCDs) as compared to situation with single morbidity (one NCD), except for cancers and cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, our estimates suggest that households reporting catastrophic spending (10% threshold) increased from approximately 46.7% (46.674 - 46.676) under single morbidity (one NCD) scenario to 63.3% (63.359- 63.361) under multimorbidity scenario. The catastrophic impact of cancer among the individual diseases was the highest.Conclusions: This evidence on catastrophic impact of multimorbidity on the households indicate urgent need to implement financial risk protection measures to reduce household’s OOP burden at the country.
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- 2022
49. Additional file 1 of Multimorbidity, healthcare use and catastrophic health expenditure by households in India: a cross-section analysis of self-reported morbidity from national sample survey data 2017–18
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Karan, Anup, Farooqui, Habib Hasan, Hussain, Suhaib, Hussain, Mohammad Akhtar, Selvaraj, Sakthivel, and Mathur, Manu Raj
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Additional file 1: Appendix Table A-I. Question asked in NSSO 75th Round related to morbidity and utilisation of healthcare at individual and episode level along with recall period for respective questions. Appendix Table A-II. Socio-economic personal and household attributes of sample individuals. Appendix Table A-III. Percentage of ailing persons with different diseases reporting comorbidity with other diseases. Appendix Table A-IV. Categorisation and sample size of various variables used in CEM. Appendix Table A-V. Measures of imbalance in the sample before and after CEM. Appendix Table A-VI: Balancing property: Mean of matched and unmatched variables across treatment and control and % bias and % reduction in bias in variables after matching (PSM sensitivity Analysis). Appendix Table A-VII. Mean monthly total expenditure for various NCD’s matched (CEM) death cases only.
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- 2022
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50. Additional file 2 of Evaluating the impact of price regulation (Drug Price Control Order 2013) on antibiotic sales in India: a quasi-experimental analysis, 2008–2018
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Selvaraj, Sakthivel, Farooqui, Habib Hasan, Mehta, Aashna, and Mathur, Manu Raj
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Additional file 2. Autocorrelation (AC) and Partial Autocorrelation (PAC) plots of residuals for model 1.
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- 2022
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