Search

Pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) poses a significant threat to cotton crops worldwide, resulting in economic losses surpassing sustainable levels for farmers since 2011. This study examines different approaches to controlling pink bollworm infestations, specifically silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), bio-formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), and a commercial insecticide (Triazophos), in both laboratory and field environments. AgNPs were synthesized using neem plant leaf extract (Azadirachta indica). The formation of AgNPs was confirmed through UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and a zeta sizer analyzer. In the laboratory, the effectiveness of individual and combined applications of AgNPs, Bt, and Triazophos was tested against 2nd and 4th instar pink bollworm larvae. Mortality rates were measured at 1, 2, and 5 days after application. The results showed that the treatment combining AgNPs and Triazophos (40ppm + 50ppm) achieved a larval mortality rate of over 90%, surpassing the other treatments. In field conditions, the combination of Triazophos and AgNPs at 40ppm (100ml + 50ml) proved most effective in managing P. gossypiella populations. These findings underscore the potential of nanoparticles as efficient larvicidal agents for controlling P. gossypiella. Furthermore, they emphasize the importance of reevaluating past management strategies for cotton crops given emerging alternatives to traditional insecticides. Future research directions may involve further optimizing nanoparticle formulations and investigating their broader ecological impacts on cotton ecosystems.

The class spike is an important class of 3-connected matroids. For an integer [Formula: see text], each matroid that is obtained by relaxing one of the circuit-hyperplanes of an r-spike (spike with rank r) is isomorphic to another r-spike and repeating this procedure will produce other r-spikes. So it will be useful to characterize the collection of circuit-hyperplanes of a spike. In this paper, we first introduce a technique to characterize the only two ternary r-spikes in terms of their matrix representations, circuit-hyperplanes, and [Formula: see text]-circuits and then we generalize this technique to characterize the class of r-spikes that is representable over the field GF(p), for all primes p. Moreover, we pose a conjecture which would characterize the class of all r-spikes by using all GF(p)-representable r-spikes.

Background and Aim: Aging is associated with a gradual decline in cardiac function. Endurance training has been shown to positively impact heart health in the elderly. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of eight weeks of endurance training on the levels of proteins associated with mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics in the left ventricle of aged rats. Methods: This experimental study involved 12 male rats, aged 20 months, with an average weight of 400 ± 30 grams. The rats were randomly assigned to either an endurance training group or a control group, with six rats in each group. The endurance training program consisted of sessions at 55-75% of maximum speed (m/min) each week. The maximum speed started at approximately 12 meters per minute in the first week and increased to about 33 meters per minute by the end of the eighth week. Following a 48-hour period after the last training session, the left ventricle was excised, and the levels of mitophagy-related proteins PINK1 and PARKIN were measured using the western blot method. Results: Eight weeks of endurance training resulted in a significant increase in PINK1 protein levels in the left ventricle of elderly rats (P = 0.005). However, PARKIN protein levels did not show a significant change after the eight-week training period (P = 0.227). Conclusion: The findings suggest that an eight-week endurance training program, conducted at an appropriate intensity, can enhance mitochondrial quality control in the left ventricle of aged rats. However, further research is warranted to explore this area more comprehensively.

Introduction: Defective lipophagy is associated with metabolic disorders. This study investigated the effect of four weeks of aerobic exercise in a fasted state on hepatic unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1) in male rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).Methods: In this experimental research, 30 male Wistar rats with an NAFLD model were randomly divided into control groups: fasting, 3-day training, 5-day training, fasting + 3-day training, and fasting + 5-day training. Unlike other rats that had 24-hour access to food, the fasting groups received the same amount of nutrition during 10 hours. Continuous running was done for four weeks with 3 and 5 sessions per week and in two conditions of feeding and fasting. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS software Version 26 using one-way variance analysis and Bonferroni test with a significance level of (P≤0.05).Results: A significant increase in the expression of the ULK1 gene was observed in the fasting, fasting + 3-day training, and fasting + 5-day training groups compared to the control and 3-day training groups (P

Extended Abstract Background: The increased demand for cereals that are consumed by humans and livestock can be met through the development of planting drought-tolerant genotypes. Due to the interaction of genotypes × environment, the best genotype in one environment may not be the best in other environments, and therefore, this interaction provides valuable information about the yield of each genotype in different environments and plays an important role in evaluating yield stability. Genetic modification of drought tolerance in crops is one of the most stable and cost-effective approaches to increase production and yield stability. Examining the compatibility and stability of grain yield based on various parametric and non-parametric stability statistics and evaluating tolerance to drought stress based on stress indices in promising barley genotypes of the country's temperate climate are among the goals of this research. Methods: To assess grain yield adaptation and stability and to select high-yielding barley genotypes suitable for terminal drought stress in the temperate climate of Iran, 16 barley genotypes were cultivated during two crop years 2021-2023 in a randomized complete blocks design with three replications in three research stations including Varamin, Birjand, and Yazd under two none-stress and drought stress conditions at the end of the season (12 environments). After determining the grain yield, stress indices, including MP, GMP, TOL, HARM, STI, YI, YSI, RSI, and SSI, and the correlation of each with grain yield were calculated in this study. Stability statistics included Nassar and Huehn’s stability statistics (S(1-6)), Thennarasu’s stability statistics (NP(1-4)), deviation from regression (S²dᵢ), regression coefficient (b), Shukla’s stability variance (σ²ᵢ), environmental variation coefficient (CV), variance component (θᵢ), coefficient of variance (θ(i)), Wricke’s ecovalence (Wᵢ²), and Kang’s sum of ranks (KR). Their relationships were calculated based on Pearson’s correlation. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), mean comparison, and simple correlation were calculated using the SAS-9.0 program, stability statistics were calculated using STABILITYSOFT and principal component analysis (PCA). Stress indices and the correlation of each of these indices with grain yield were calculated using iPASTIC. The three-dimensional distribution diagram of genotypes in the ranges of A, B, C, and D was drawn using Grapher software. Results: The results of the combined ANOVA indicated the significance of the genotype × environment interaction. According to S(1-2) statistics, G7, G10, G11, and G3, and according to S(3-6) statistics, G7, G3, and G9 were the most stable genotypes. Among the non-parametric Thennarasu’s stability statistics according to the NP(1) criterion of G9, G3, and G5, according to NP(2) G5, G3, and G8, and according to NP(3) and NP(4) criteria, G7, G3, and G9 were recognized as the most stable genotypes. Based on Wricke (W²) and Shukla (σ²) equivalency stability statistics, G3, G9, and G13 were the most stable genotypes. Based on Eberhart and Russell's regression method, G9, G7, and G3 genotypes, with high yields, had general compatibility and good yield stability. Based on Francis and Kannenberg (CVi), genotypes G1, G2, and G15 had the lowest coefficients of environmental variation. Based on the average rank of each genotype in all stress indices (AR), G2, G7, and G3 genotypes were the most tolerant, and G14, G11, and G10 were the most sensitive genotypes to drought stress at the end of seasons, respectively. In the drought stress conditions at the end of the season, grain yield had positive and significant correlations with YI, HM, GMP, STI, MP, YSI, and RSI indices and negative and significant correlations with the SSI index. In non-stress conditions, grain yield had positive and significant correlations with MP, GMP, STI, HM, and YI indices, but no significant correlations were observed between grain yield and SSI, TOL, YSI, and RSI indices. The PCA revealed that the first and the second principal components explained 69.71% and 30.27% of the variance of the main variables, respectively. The first main component had a positive and high correlation with yield in both stressed and non-stressed environments, as well as MP, STI, GMP, and HM indices. The second component showed a positive and high correlation with grain yield in the non-stressed environment and TOL and SSI indices; it also had negative and high correlations with RSI and YSI indices. Based on the biplot diagram, G3, G7, G8, G9, G12, and G13 presented higher grain yield potential and are more tolerant to drought stress. Conclusion: In this study, grain yield had negative and significant correlations with NP(3), KR, NP(2), NP(4), S(6), and S(1) statistics, respectively, therefore these statistics can be used for identifying stable genotypes. G3, G7, and G9 with averages of 6732.9, 6730.6, and 6608.1 kg/ha, respectively, not only produced the highest grain yield but also showed the highest grain yield stability and tolerance to terminal drought stress among the studied genotypes based on the total ranking of all studied stability statistics and stress indices. Therefore, they can be used as new cultivars in drought-affected regions in temperate climates or as desirable genetic materials in barley breeding programs for drought tolerance.

Abstract Background Innovations in cancer treatment have contributed to the improved survival rate of cancer patients. The cancer survival rates have been growing and nearly two third of those survivors have been exposed to clinical radiation during their treatment. The study of long-term radiation effects, especially secondary cancer induction, has become increasingly important. An accurate assessment of out-of-field/peripheral dose (PDs) is necessary to estimate the risk of second cancer after radiotherapy and the damage to the organs at risk surrounding the planning target volume. This study was designed to measure the PDs as a function of dose, distances, and depths from Telecobalt-60 (Co-60) beam in water phantom using thermoluminescent dosimeter-100 (TLD-100). Methods The PDs were measured for Co-60 beam at specified depths of 0 cm (surface), 5 cm, 10 cm, and 15 cm outside the radiation beam at distances of 5, 10, and 13 cm away from the radiation field edge using TLD-100 (G1 cards) as detectors. These calibrated cards were placed on the acrylic disc in circular tracks. The radiation dose of 2000 mGy of Co-60 beam was applied inside 10 × 10 cm2 field size at constant source to surface distance (SSD) of 80 cm. Results The results showed maximum and minimum PDs at surface and 5 cm depth respectively at all distances from the radiation field edge. Dose distributions out of the field edge with respect to distance were isotropic. The decrease in PDs at 5 cm depth was due to dominant forward scattering of Co-60 gamma rays. The increase in PDs beyond 5 cm depth was due to increase in the irradiated volume, increase in penumbra, increase in source to axis distance (SAD), and increase in field size due to inverse square factor. Conclusion It is concluded that the PDs depends upon depth and distance from the radiation field edge. All the measurements show PDs in the homogenous medium (water); therefore, it estimates absorbed dose to the organ at risk (OAR) adjacent to cancer tissues/planning target volume (PTV). It is suggested that PDs can be minimized by using the SAD technique, as this technique controls sources of scattered radiation like inverse square factor and effect of penumbra up-to some extent.

In recent years, there has been an increasing concern regarding the impact of pesticide exposure on pollinators, particularly honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). This concern arises from their crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and global food production. Therefore, an extensive investigation has been conducted to explore the intricate relationship between pesticides and the biological development of honey bees in the Rahim Yar Khan region. This study assessed the impact of four pesticides (Emamectin benzoate, Chlorpyrifos, Imidacloprid, and Acetamiprid) on honey bee eggs, larvae, and adult bees under controlled laboratory conditions. The pesticides were applied at concentrations of 10%, 30%, and 50%, as per regional agricultural recommendations. A zero-toxicity control was also included for comparison. Toxicity evaluations were conducted through contact exposure, and Probit and regression analyses were performed using SPSS software to comprehensively assess the toxicity profiles. The study revealed significant adverse effects on the immediate behavioral responses of A. mellifera following pesticide exposure. These effects included heightened agitation, narcotic-like symptoms, audible hovering, crawling, ceased food-sharing behavior, and reduced proboscis extension. Chlorpyrifos exhibited the highest toxicity against adult bees, while Emamectin Benzoate had the least toxicity. Regarding honey bee eggs, Chlorpyrifos, Imidacloprid, and Acetamiprid were notably more toxic, whereas Emamectin Benzoate exhibited the least toxicity. The impact on larvae varied across developmental stages and pesticides, with Imidacloprid, Chlorpyrifos, and Acetamiprid causing significant mortality, while Emamectin Benzoate showed lower toxicity. The study highlights that Emamectin Benzoate demonstrates lower toxicity compared to other insecticides. This emphasizes the importance of balancing effective pest management with the preservation of pollinator health. The findings underscore the need for informed and sustainable approaches to pesticide use, taking into consideration the potential repercussions on honeybee development and behavior.

Abstract Fatty acid synthesis (FAS) has been shown to play a key role in the survival of brain-metastatic (BM) breast cancer. We demonstrate that the fatty acid synthase inhibitor TVB-2640 synergizes with the topoisomerase inhibitor SN-38 in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) BM cell lines, upregulates FAS and downregulates cell cycle progression gene expression, and slows the motility of TNBC BM cell lines. The combination of SN-38 and TVB-2640 warrants further consideration as a potential therapeutic option in TNBC BMs.

Global climate warming has led to changes in the suitable habitats for fungi. Colletotrichum acutatum, a common fungus causing anthracnose disease, is widely distributed in southern China. Currently, research on the relationship between C. acutatum and environmental warming was limited. In this study, MaxEnt and ArcGIS software were used to predict the suitable habitats of C. acutatum under current and future climate conditions based on its occurrence records and environmental factors. The optimal MaxEnt model parameters were set as feature combination (FC) = lp and regularization multiplier (RM) = 2.6. Bio15, Bio12, Bio09, and Bio19 were identified as the main environmental factors influencing the distribution of C. acutatum. Under current climate conditions, C. acutatum was distributed across all continents globally, except Antarctica. In China, C. acutatum was primarily distributed south of the Qinling-Huaihe Line, with a total suitable area of 259.52 × 104 km2. Under future climate conditions, the potential suitable habitat area for C. acutatum was expected to increase and spread towards inland China. The results of this study provided timely risk assessment for the distribution and spread of C. acutatum in China and offer scientific guidance for monitoring and timely controlled of its distribution areas.

Introduction: Foreign body aspiration (FBA) is a common, life-threatening pediatric emergency and was shown to be associated with high risk of morbidity and mortality. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the diagnostic value of chest computed tomography (CT) scan for identification of FBA in children. Methods: From inception to May 2024, a systematic search was carried out across multiple databases including Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science, considering published papers in English language. Quality assessment of the included studies was performed using seven domains of Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2). Results: The systematic literature search yielded 7203 articles. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of chest CT scan for identification of FBA were 0.99 (95% CI: 0.98-0.99) and 0.97 (95% CI: 0.96-0.98), respectively. The pooled positive likelihood ratio was 10.12 (95% CI: 4.59-22.20), and pooled negative likelihood ratio was 0.05 (95% CI: 0.02-0.1). Furthermore, the area under the summarized receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve was 0.98. Conclusion: Our meta-analysis revealed that despite high heterogeneity, in the diagnostic characteristics of chest CT scan among studies, it has high diagnostic value in identifying FBA in suspected pediatric cases.

Background: Influenza represents a significant global health burden for individuals and society. This study assessed the burden of medically attended influenza at a tertiary medical center in Lebanon to describe the demographics, risk factors, and outcomes prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This was a retrospective review of patients who tested positive for the influenza virus during three seasons between July 1, 2016 to June 30, 2019, at the American University of Beirut Medical Center. Results: A total of 2049 patients who tested positive for influenza were analyzed. Influenza A accounted for 79.6 % of cases, and influenza B for 19.7 %, with influenza activity starting in October/November and peaking in December/January. Older age above 65 years (AOR=3.584), obesity (AOR=2.183), and chronic conditions such as chronic lung diseases (AOR=1.832), and bacterial co-infection (AOR= 2.834) were found to be independent risk factors for developing complications. Viral co-infection increased the likelihood of death tenfold. Vaccinated patients had a shorter mean hospital stay duration and a lower intensive care unit admission rate. Conclusion: The burden of medically attended influenza at our tertiary medical center in Lebanon prior to the COVID-19 pandemic was high. Vaccination decreased the likelihood of complications leading to intensive care unit admission in patients at risk.

We have investigated a weakly q-deformed algebra, which leads to non-Hermitian operators. It has been explicitly shown that the harmonic oscillator Hamiltonian is quasi-Hermitian, and that the corresponding physical Hilbert-space metric Θ differs from that obtained in Ref. [1], by hermitizing the position operator. The reality of the Hamiltonian eigenvalues has been illustrated by analytically computing the first order correction to the energy spectrum of the harmonic oscillator (HO). Furthermore, we have shown that this q-deformation leads to a GUP with minimal uncertainties in both position and momentum measurements. Moreover, the physical implications of this q-deformation, have been investigated by studying the thermostatistics of a system of HOs and an ideal gas. For both systems, we computed the partition function, and then we derived some thermodynamic functions. In addition, for the ideal gas, a modified equation of state and a generalized Mayer's equation, consistent with the real behavior of gases, have been established. The obtained results show that the impact of this model would be significant at high temperatures. However, unlike earlier research, we observe that this q-deformation induced the similar corrections regardless of the system under study.

Background: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of endurance training with garlic and stevia supplementation on AgRP and α-MSH in the brain tissue of obese Wistar rats. Methods: 36 obese male Wistar rats fed with a high-fat diet (24 g fat, 24 g protein, and 41 g carbohydrate/100 g) were divided into six groups, including: 1) sham; 2) stevia supplementation; 3) garlic supplementation; 4) endurance training; 5) stevia supplementation plus endurance training, and 6) garlic supplementation plus endurance training. Moreover, 6 rats were included in the healthy control group to investigate the effects of obesity on the research variable. Training groups performed incremental endurance training for 15-50 minutes at a speed of 15-25 m/min, for eight weeks. Garlic and stevia supplements were added to the diet of the supplementation groups at a dose of 250 mg/kg. Results: Levels of AgRP in stevia supplementation group were significantly higher than endurance training (P=0.019) and endurance training plus stevia supplementation (P=0.018) groups. Levels of α-MSH in the garlic supplementation (P=0.001), endurance training (P=0.002), stevia supplementation plus endurance training (P=0.001), and garlic supplementation plus endurance training (P=0.001) groups were significantly higher than the sham group. In addition, in the endurance training plus stevia supplementation group, the levels were significantly higher than the stevia supplementation group (P=0.002). Conclusion: Endurance training plus garlic supplementation as well as endurance training plus stevia supplementation seem to play a synergistic role in appetite control protein; however, more studies on AgRP changes, following training and garlic and stevia supplementation are needed.

This research aimed to increase the reproduction of dairy cows with artificial insemination (AI) in Filial Friesian Holstein cows using sexed semen. This research was conducted in Pandesari Village, Pujon District, Malang Regency, East Java. The 114 Filial Friesian Holstein cows were used in this research and divided into three Treatments: T1: 38 cows were inseminated using unsexed semen, T2: 38 cows were inseminated using albumin sedimentation sexed semen, and T3: 38 cows were inseminated using Percoll density gradient centrifugation (PDGC) sexed semen. The material was selected by purposive sampling with a minimum body condition score (BCS) specification of 2.5 (scale 1-5); the material had normal reproductive organs and showed signs of heat/estrus. The parameters of this study are the percentage of non-return rate (NRR) 1, NRR 2, and conception rate (CR). The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive analysis. The differences in NRR and CR between the unsexed sperm, sexed sperm with albumin sedimentation, and sexed sperm with PDGC were analyzed with the chi-square test and were considered significant at p < 0.05. The chi-square test was carried out to compare the observed values with the expected values. The results showed that the success of artificial insemination was greater by using albumin-sedimented sexed semen compared to unsexed semen or PDGC-sexed semen, with NRR values of 1 (95%), NRR values of 2 (87%) and CR values of 63%. The conception rate of artificial insemination using albumin-sedimented sexed semen was 63% greater than that of artificial insemination using unsexed semen and PDGC-sexed semen, which obtained the same value of 47%.

Introduction: During the demographic transition period, the population’s average age increases, leading to a rise in healthcare and treatment costs. Given the significant role of treatment costs in the economy and the management of government and household expenditures, this research investigates the impact of aging on healthcare costs globally. Methods: This research utilizes secondary data from 90 countries worldwide from 2010 to 2020, obtained from official international institutions, to investigate the effects of aging and other factors on treatment and healthcare costs. Panel data regression and classical hypothesis tests were employed to test the hypotheses.Results: The results show that government spending, literacy rate, and health insurance coverage are important factors in reducing out-of-pocket health expenses. Conversely, economic development and the proportion of the elderly population in the total population increase the mentioned costs. The key findings of the research are the expenditure of health insurance funds on health infrastructure, prevention, and promotion of health literacy, as well as increasing the coverage of health and social insurance.Conclusion: Countries in the early stages of demographic transition can utilize strategies such as: developing health insurance capital, investing in insurance capital and government expenditures in health infrastructure, implementing preventative programs for elderly diseases, promoting health, and increasing insurance coverage as forward-looking policies to prevent the heavy burden of health costs on households and by the government.

This research clarifies the meaning of the phrase post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and the critical importance of understanding this psychological disorder that may result from exposure to a variety of painful and traumatic events, by analyzing the psychological and physical effects of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as this research sheds light There is a need for multiple treatment methods, including psychological and pharmacological treatment. In addition, the research highlights the importance of psychological and educational support in educational institutions to help individuals affected by the conditions they experienced after trauma, emphasizing the role of psychotherapy in achieving positive functional changes in the brain that help overcome symptoms.

IntroductionClans and traditional local divisions can lead to separations and social distancing within communities. In such cases, influential clan leaders may reinforce distinct local and cultural identities through rituals, genealogies, and historical narratives, which can intensify inter-clan competition. Mamasani Region, comprising Mamasani and Rostam counties in Fars Province, is home to 5 independent clans. As societies undergo political and social transformations, the relationships within Mamasani and Rostam counties can be analyzed through the lens of clan dynamics. Feelings of relative deprivation can contribute to the strengthening of ethnic and inter-ethnic divisions. Such perceptions of deprivation may reduce solidarity, cohesion, and social interaction among groups. In the multi-clan Mamasani region, it is important to investigate trends of divergence and convergence over time to inform policymaking and community management. Changes and developments in the economic, cultural, and social spheres of Mamasani and Rostam counties require a deeper understanding of the relationship between relative deprivation and clannish divergence. Given the lack of existing research on this topic, this study aimed to explore the connections between relative deprivation and the social, political, economic, and cultural dimensions of clannish divergence among the people living in the clans of Mamasani and Rostam counties. Materials & MethodsThis study employed a cross-sectional survey design. The target population was all individuals aged 20 years and above residing in Mamasani and Rostam counties, which comprised 5 distinct clans: Bekash, Javid, Domshanziari, Mahoor and Milati, and Rostam. A sample of 450 participants was selected using a random multi-stage cluster sampling approach. Data were collected through a self-administered, structured questionnaire containing closed-ended Likert scale items. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with SPSS version 26 software. Discussion of Results & ConclusionThe findings revealed that the average levels of clannish divergence and perceived relative deprivation among residents of Mamasani and Rostam counties were higher than expected. There was a significant positive correlation between feelings of relative deprivation and clannish divergence, including its social, political, economic, and cultural dimensions. Interestingly, age was not significantly associated with clannish divergence. However, education level showed a significant relationship, with individuals having middle school or undergraduate education reporting the highest levels of clannish divergence and those with postgraduate or doctoral degrees reporting the lowest. Additionally, activity status was found to be a significant factor with students and workers exhibiting the highest levels of clannish divergence and the unemployed reporting the lowest. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that the independent variables explained 9.5% of the variance in the dependent variable of clannish divergence. Given the prominent role and importance of relative deprivation in the multi-clan Mamasani region, addressing this issue was crucial for promoting clannish convergence. Experts recommend evidence-based policy interventions focused on fostering distributive justice across political, social, economic, and cultural domains. Emphasizing meritocracy over particularism in the selection of managers and leaders and leveraging the natural and human capacities of different clans could be effective strategies for improving the sense of justice and social cohesion within the community of Mamasani Region.

Accounting information plays a crucial role in the decision-making process of lenders. They pay special attention to the income statement and its quality when making decisions. Consequently, financial statements must meet the minimum required standards. Adopting a comprehensive risk management approach can enhance earnings quality, ensuring effective reporting and compliance with laws and regulations. Therefore, this study aims to examine the impact of external financing and the moderating role of risk management on earnings quality. The research hypotheses were analyzed and tested using a multivariate regression model with panel data. The study's statistical population consists of firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The findings demonstrate a positive and significant relationship between a firm's external financing and earnings quality. This suggests that risk management plays a moderating role in the relationship between external financing activity and earnings quality. External financing and risk management contribute to improving the quality of financial information. Investors can evaluate the reliability of a firm's accounting data based on the level of external financing and enterprise risk management components. Thus, these findings have implications for managers and regulators to enhance the quality of financial information and promote the use of a comprehensive risk management approach to build creditor trust.

Background: Despite the detrimental environmental and distributional effects of economic activity in Iran, these effects are not uniform across provinces. Environmental degradation and income inequality are increasing in some provinces of Iran. This study aimed to determine the causal relationship between environmental degradation and income inequality in provinces. It investigates whether environmental degradation is a cause or consequence of income inequality. Methods: Data were collected from official statistical publications in Iran. Then, two simultaneous regression models were estimated to investigate the causal relationship between environmental degradation and income inequality. Finally, Granger causality tests were performed to verify the results. Results: The results show a one-way causality from income inequality to environmental degradation, and environmental degradation is not the cause of income inequality. While income inequality leads to environmental degradation, other factors are at play in causing income inequality. Income inequality, per capita gross domestic product (GDP), and industrial structure increase environmental degradation. Energy intensity, education, and environmental government budget reduce environmental degradation. Environmental degradation, education, and per capita GDP negatively impact income inequality, while the environmental protection budget and taxation worsen income inequality. Conclusion: To reduce environmental pollution and income inequality, policies should be adopted that aim to improve the level of education, increase per capita income, increase the budget for environmental protection, reduce polluting industrial structure, and reduce energy intensity. Also, attention should be paid to better management and improvement of the quality of life in different regions of the country to improve the compatibility of different parts of the society with the environment.

AbstractContractors fail to meet project objectives for a variety of reasons. One of the major reasons for this has been attributed to the current criteria for awarding contract ineffectiveness in identifying contractors capable of meeting today’s demands and challenges. Therefore, there is a need to develop alternative contract-awarding systems for public building construction projects. Thus, the purpose of this study is to develop multiple contractor selection criteria and a selection model by integrating the Delphi and Fuzzy AHP methods. First, this study conducted an extensive literature review of related studies to determine the contractor selection criteria to select contractors for building projects. Thirty sub-criteria were finalized under six major criteria categories, such as Bid Price, Financial Capacity. Technical Capacity. Management Capacity, Experience and Reputation, and Health, Safety and Environment. Two rounds of the Delphi method were then employed to finalize and categorize the contractor selection criteria. Finally, the Fuzzy AHP method was employed to assign weights to the contractor selection criteria and then rank them according to their importance. The study revealed that among all sub-criteria, Bid Price, Projects completed on time and within budget; Experience on Similar types and sizes of projects; and Qualification, Number and Experience of Staff are the most important selection criteria. The last four sub-criteria in the row with slight weight differences are innovative methods, liquidity, credit rating, and organizational structure. The results of this study serve as a benchmark for the application of multiple contractor selection criteria procurement in Ethiopia, and as a basis for future research.

Abstract A four‐stage CMOS operational amplifier is proposed in this work. The designed amplifier is frequency compensated via two differential blocks and two Miller capacitors. Unlike well‐known frequency compensation methods, the proposed compensation leaves the output node while exploiting extremely smaller capacitors compared to conventional approaches. The presented approach is modeled symbolically and realized at the circuit level via the Hspice circuit simulator and 0.18 μm CMOS technology. Good agreements between two separate simulation paths verify the validity and accuracy of the proposed approach. Ample simulation results are reported to investigate the proposed amplifier regarding parameter mismatches. According to the simulation results, the proposed four‐stage amplifier is an excellent candidate to be used in larger systems such as data converters, modulators, and sensors while it shows more than 169 dB as DC‐gain, 10 MHz as unity gain frequency with power consumption less than 500 μW.

Abstract Background Selenium (Se) is a rare essential element that plays a vital role in the health and performance of animals. By interfering in the production of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase, thioredoxin reductase and methionine sulfoxide, Se plays a role in reducing the effects of oxidative stress and animal performance. Objectives This study aimed to investigate the effect of hydroxy‐selenomethionine (OH‐SeMet) in the diet of broiler breeder and old broiler breeder roosters on productive performance, reproduction and sperm quality parameters. Methods For this purpose, 260 broiler breeders of the Ross 308 strain were used in a completely randomized design with four treatments and five replications (13 hens and one rooster in each replication). Experimental treatments included: (1) a basal diet without OH‐SeMet (T1:control), (2) a broiler breeder diet without OH‐SeMet and a rooster diet containing 0.1 mg/kg OH‐SeMet (T2), (3) broiler breeder diet containing 0.1 mg/kg OH‐SeMet and rooster diet without OH‐SeMet (T3) and (4) broiler breeder and rooster diet contained 0.1 mg/kg OH‐SeMet (T4). Results The results showed that T3 and T4 treatments improved egg production, egg weight, egg mass and feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the control treatment (p

Potato farming is a vital component of food security and the economic stability especially in the under developing countries but it faces many challenges in production, blackleg disease caused by Pectobacterium atrosepticum (Pa) is one of the main reason for damaging crop yield of the potato. Effective management strategies are essential to control these losses and to get sustainable potato crop yield. This study was focused on characterizing the Pa and the investigating new chemical options for its management. The research was involved a systematic survey across the three district of Punjab, Pakistan (Khanewal, Okara, and Multan) to collect samples exhibiting the black leg symptoms. These samples were analyzed in the laboratory where gram-negative bacteria were isolated and identified through biochemical and pathogenicity tests for Pa. DNA sequencing further confirmed these isolates of Pa strains. Six different chemicals were tested to control blackleg problem in both vitro and vivo at different concentrations. In vitro experiment, Cordate demonstrated the highest efficacy with a maximum inhibition zones of 17.139 mm, followed by Air One (13.778 mm), Profiler (10.167 mm), Blue Copper (7.7778 mm), Spot Fix (7.6689 mm), and Strider (7.0667 mm). In vivo, Cordate maintained its effectiveness with the lowest disease incidence of 14.76%, followed by Blue Copper (17.49%), Air One (16.98%), Spot Fix (20.67%), Profiler (21.45%), Strider (24.99%), and the control group (43.00%). The results highlight Cordate’s potential as a most effective chemical against Pa, offering promising role for managing blackleg disease in potato and to improve overall productivity.

Drought stress poses a significant threat to Brassica napus (L.), impacting its growth, yield, and profitability. This study investigates the effects of foliar application of individual and interactive pharmaceutical (Paracetamol; 0 and 250 mg L−1) and amino acid (0 and 4 ml/L) on the growth, physiology, and yield of B. napus under drought stress. Seedlings were subjected to varying levels of drought stress (100% field capacity (FC; control) and 50% FC). Sole amino acid application significantly improved chlorophyll content, proline content, and relative water contents, as well as the activities of antioxidative enzymes (such as superoxide dismutase and catalase) while potentially decreased malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide contents under drought stress conditions. Pearson correlation analysis revealed strong positive correlations between these parameters and seed yield (R2 = 0.8–1), indicating their potential to enhance seed yield. On the contrary, sole application of paracetamol exhibited toxic effects on seedling growth and physiological aspects of B. napus. Furthermore, the combined application of paracetamol and amino acids disrupted physio-biochemical functions, leading to reduced yield. Overall, sole application of amino acids proves to be more effective in ameliorating the negative effects of drought on B. napus.

IntroductionAnthracnose is a significant fungal disease that affects tree growth and development, with Colletotrichum spp. exhibiting host non-specificity and targeting various organs, making disease control challenging.MethodsThis study aimed to identify the pathogenic species causing anthracnose in Ilex macrocarpa in Nanchong, Sichuan Province, and screen effective fungicides, particularly biological ones. The pathogen was identified as Colletotrichum fioriniae through morphological observation, pathogenicity assays, and molecular biological methods. Three biological and five chemical fungicides were evaluated for their effects on the mycelial growth and spore germination rate of the pathogen.ResultsThe results indicated that prochloraz was the most effective chemical fungicide, while the cell-free supernatant (CFS) of Bacillus velezensis had the most significant inhibitory effect among the biological fungicides. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the CFS of B. velezensis significantly reduced the expression of genes associated with ribosomes, genetic information processing, membrane lipid metabolism, and sphingolipid biosynthesis in C. fioriniae. Additionally, the glutathione pathway’s expression of various genes, including key genes such as GST, GFA, Grx, TRR, and POD, was induced. Furthermore, the expression of 17 MFS transporters and 9 ABC transporters was increased. Autophagy-related ATGs were also affected by the B. velezensis CFS.DiscussionThese findings suggest that the B. velezensis CFS may inhibit C. fioriniae through interference with ribosomes, genetic information processing, cell membrane metabolism, and energy metabolism. These results provide potential target genes for the B. velezensis CFS and insights into the antifungal mechanism by which B. velezensis inhibits C. fioriniae.

This study explores the integration of sustainable practices in the textile industry through the use of naturally colored cotton, which offers significant environmental advantages by eliminating the need for chemical bleaching and dyeing, thereby conserving water, chemicals, and energy. We examined the impact of yarn count and twist multiplier (TM) on the quality parameters of knitted fabrics tailored for winter cotton sweaters, utilizing a flatbed knitting machine to create a rib-cum-interlock structure. Our analysis aimed at optimizing thermal resistance, pilling resistance, and bursting strength, while reducing air permeability and fabric shrinkage. The findings indicated that thermal resistance peaked at 2.33 × 10 −3 m 2 K/W for yarns with a 20/2 Ne count and a 4.5 TM. Furthermore, coarser yarns demonstrated enhanced bursting strength, with the highest at 276.8 kPa for a 16/2 Ne count and 4.25 TM, and an increase in yarn count improved pilling resistance. Air permeability was lowest at 103 mm/s for 16/2 Ne yarns. Interestingly, a rise in yarn count led to negative lengthwise shrinkage but positive widthwise shrinkage. The 20/2 Ne yarn count with a 4.50 twist multiplier emerged as optimal across considered properties, underscoring the potential of naturally colored cotton as a sustainable alternative in textile manufacturing. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential of naturally colored sustainable cotton as a viable alternative to conventional cotton in the textile industry.

Abstract Cyberbullying is a major public health problem among adolescents worldwide. Research shows that there is a link between cyberbullying and mental health problems. Adolescent victims of cyberbullying suffer from diverse negative effects such as stress, anxiety, depression, poor self-esteem, isolation, and suicidal ideation. Schools have attempted to address this by introducing measures, including raising awareness of cyberbullying among adolescents, launching Internet safety campaigns, and enacting regulations to stop cyberbullying. However, salient effects have not been reported to date. Research reports that self-compassion training is effective in reducing mental health problems and beneficial for adolescents. This narrative review aims to review the literature on cyberbullying in adolescence and propose effective measures to stop it. Self-compassion training is proposed as an effective intervention to stop cyberbullying among adolescents. This review further discusses how schools can implement self-compassion training to stop cyberbullying in adolescents. Findings will help policymakers and stakeholders of schools, colleges, and universities to incorporate self-compassion training into school curricula to help support victims of cyberbullying.

In the emerging and well-rooted field of Vehicular Adhoc-Networks (VANETs), the imperative of secure content exchange via Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication for better safety emphasizes the importance of strong communication protocols. Implementing Information-Centric Networking (ICN) in VANETs allows for more efficient resource utilization via name-based content requests and delivery techniques. However, the dynamic and open nature of VANETs creates major security risks, necessitating rigorous defence against malicious attacks. To address these challenges, we introduce a novel trust-aware VANET framework that integrates ICN and Blockchain for content security. Our method uses authenticated vehicle data to ensure content integrity across the network, resulting in effective and efficient security measures. Through precise simulation, our technique exhibits resilience against malicious assaults by improving bandwidth utilization, throughput transactions, network content utilization, and content delivery in the face of hostile scenarios. The experimental results confirm the efficacy and feasibility of our proposed technique, highlighting its potential to improve VANET content security in real-world applications.

Abstract In the current industrial scenario, cadmium (Cd) as a metal is of great importance but poses a major threat to the ecosystem. However, the role of micronutrient − amino chelates such as iron − lysine (Fe − lys) in reducing Cr toxicity in crop plants was recently introduced. In the current experiment, the exogenous applications of Fe − lys i.e., 0 and10 mg L − 1, were examined, using an in vivo approach that involved plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, oxidative stress indicators and antioxidant response, sugar and osmolytes under the soil contaminated with varying levels of Cd i.e., 0, 50 and 100 µM using two different varieties of canola i.e., Sarbaz and Pea − 09. Results revealed that the increasing levels of Cd in the soil decreased plant growth and growth-related attributes and photosynthetic apparatus and also the soluble protein and soluble sugar. In contrast, the addition of different levels of Cd in the soil significantly increased the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which induced oxidative damage in both varieties of canola i.e., Sarbaz and Pea − 09. However, canola plants increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and non-enzymatic compounds such as phenolic, flavonoid, proline, and anthocyanin, which scavenge the over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cd toxicity can be overcome by the supplementation of Fe − lys, which significantly increased plant growth and biomass, improved photosynthetic machinery and sugar contents, and increased the activities of different antioxidative enzymes, even in the plants grown under different levels of Cd in the soil. Research findings, therefore, suggested that the Fe − lys application can ameliorate Cd toxicity in canola and result in improved plant growth and composition under metal stress.

Abstract This work reports the synthesis of poly (aniline-co-4-nitroaniline) deposited on a three-dimensional nanostructured nickel (3D-Ni) film, where both layers were fabricated via potentiostatic electrodeposition. The obtained electrocatalyst exhibited excellent electrochemical activity for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) with small overpotentials of − 195 and − 325 mV at − 10 and − 100 mAcm−2, respectively, and a low Tafel slope of 53.3 mV dec−1 in seawater. Additionally, the electrocatalyst exhibited good stability after 72 h operation under a constant potential of − 1.9 V vs. RHE. The efficient HER performance of the as-prepared catalyst was found to originate from the synergy between the conducting polymer and three-dimensional nickel nanoparticles with a large electrochemical active surface area. Moreover, the results obtained from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements revealed that the presence of 3D-Ni layer improved the kinetics of HER by reducing the charge transfer resistance for the electrocatalyst.

Electrical power systems are the lifeblood of modern civilization, providing the essential energy infrastructure that powers our homes, industries, and technologies. As our world increasingly relies on electricity, and modern power systems incorporate renewable energy sources, the challenges have become more complex, necessitating advanced forecasting and optimization to ensure effective operation and sustainability. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of electrical power systems and delves into the crucial roles that forecasting and optimization play in ensuring future sustainability. The paper examines various forecasting methodologies from traditional statistical approaches to advanced machine learning techniques, and it explores the challenges and importance of renewable energy forecasting. Additionally, the paper offers an in-depth look at various optimization problems in power systems including economic dispatch, unit commitment, optimal power flow, and network reconfiguration. Classical optimization methods and newer approaches such as meta-heuristic algorithms and artificial intelligence-based techniques are discussed. Furthermore, the review paper examines the integration of forecasting and optimization, demonstrating how accurate forecasts can enhance the effectiveness of optimization algorithms. This review serves as a reference for electrical engineers developing sophisticated forecasting and optimization techniques, leading to changing consumer behaviors, addressing environmental concerns, and ensuring a reliable, efficient, and sustainable energy future.

Purpose: The primary aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the operational performance of two major seaports in Lagos, Nigeria – Apapa Port and Tin Can Island Port – using specific port performance indicators. Methodology: The study employs the Cobb-Douglas production function and the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method to analyse data sourced from the Nigeria Ports Authority's operational bulletin records. The analysis was conducted using E-view software version 10.0. Results: The findings indicate that cargo throughput, used as the dependent variable, has a strong positive linear relationship with ship traffic, berth occupancy, turnaround time, and the number of employees. The R2 value is 85.89% for Apapa Port and 98.79% for Tin Can Island Port, suggesting that Tin Can Island Port is more productive. Theoretical Contribution: This study contributes to the field of maritime transport and logistics by providing empirical evidence on the efficiency and productivity of Nigerian seaports. It highlights the importance of modern infrastructure and effective port operations in enhancing seaport performance. Practical Implications: The study recommends that the Nigerian government should focus on reducing port congestion, improving road conditions leading to the ports, and streamlining port documentation processes. These measures are essential for enhancing the operational efficiency of Nigerian seaports.

Our lives are filled with various kinds of risks that can occur at any time, one of which is the risk of death which can come to us all at any time. Some people are trying to find solutions so that when the risk of death occurs, the family left behind will still have the same economic capacity so that the family can continue to have a good quality and standard of life. This research aims to analyze the position of life insurance policies in Indonesian inheritance law. This research is included in normative juridical legal research or literature. This type of research is descriptive in nature and relies on secondary data collected using library study techniques. Based on this study, it is concluded that life insurance funds obtained as a result of an event or death are not inherited assets. Payment of the policy insurance money is given to the beneficiaries whose names are listed in the life insurance policy.

Abstract This study proposes a highly sensitive portable device that utilizes electromagnetic waves and data analytics for instantaneous Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) detection. The device consists of a Radio Frequency (RF) circuit that interprets reflected and transmitted electromagnetic waves to identify virus signatures in physiologically significant matrices, including human saliva and diluted nasopharyngeal swabs. The sensor's accuracy is validated in both pre‐clinical and clinical settings, where clinical measurements demonstrate an instantaneous detection accuracy of 94%, sensitivity of 95%, and specificity of 97.5% between the sensor's physical parameters and SARS‐CoV‐2 detection. The sensor's accurate real‐time response is due to its unique design and precise modeling techniques. In addition, the same sensing system is tested across different viruses and its ability to differentiate between influenza A, respiratory syncytial, and SARS‐CoV‐2 viruses is proven. Hence this work presents a holistic system that can predict the viral concentration of SARS‐CoV‐2, as well as differentiate between different viruses instantaneously and without adding any amplifying agent.

Climate change and cadmium (Cd) contamination pose severe threats to rice production and food security. Biochar (BC) has emerged as a promising soil amendment for mitigating these challenges. To investigate the BC effects on paddy soil upon GHG emissions, Cd bioavailability, and its accumulation, a meta-analysis of published data from 2000 to 2023 was performed. Data Manager 5.3 and GetData plot Digitizer software were used to obtain and process the data for selected parameters. Our results showed a significant increase of 18% in soil pH with sewage sludge BC application, while 9% increase in soil organic carbon (SOC) using bamboo chips BC. There was a significant reduction in soil bulk density (8%), but no significant effects were observed for soil porosity, except for wheat straw BC which reduced the soil porosity by 6%. Sewage sludge and bamboo chips BC significantly reduced carbon dioxide (CO2) by 7–8% while municipal biowaste reduced methane (CH4) emissions by 2%. In the case of heavy metals, sunflower seedshells-derived materials and rice husk BC significantly reduced the bioavailable Cd in paddy soils by 24% and 12%, respectively. Cd uptake by rice roots was lowered considerably by the addition of kitchen waste (22%), peanut hulls (21%), and corn cob (15%) based BC. Similarly, cotton sticks, kitchen waste, peanut hulls, and rice husk BC restricted Cd translocation from rice roots to shoots by 22%, 27%, 20%, and 19%, respectively, while sawdust and rice husk-based BC were effective for reducing Cd accumulation in rice grains by 25% and 13%. Regarding rice yield, cotton sticks-based BC significantly increased the yield by 37% in Cd-contaminated paddy soil. The meta-analysis demonstrated that BC is an effective and multi-pronged strategy for sustainable and resilient rice cultivation by lowering greenhouse gas emissions and Cd accumulation while improving yields under the increasing threat of climate change.

Abstract Objective The study aims to identify the optimal body mass index (BMI) cut‐off for obesity based on the risk of developing type 2 diabetes among the general population visiting primary health care in Saudi Arabia. Methods A cross‐sectional study was conducted in Al‐Ahsa City, Saudi Arabia, from January to June 2022. The study included Saudi citizens aged 35 and older who had not previously or currently been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Data were collected through electronic health records from 48 primary healthcare centers. The variables derived from medical records were age, gender, HbA1c, weight, and height. Results The BMI mean among nondiabetic, prediabetic, and diabetic groups were 29.6 ± 6.2, 31.2 ± 6.6, and 31.7 ± 6.9 kg/m2, respectively. The BMI of the prediabetic and diabetic males were 30.1 ± 6.3 and 30.5 ± 6.5 kg/m2, respectively, and the BMI of the pre‐diabetic and diabetic females were 31.9 ± 6.6 and 32.8 ± 7 kg/m2, respectively. Conclusion The current study correlated the result of HbA1c levels with BMI cut‐off values as a modifiable risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes among the Al‐Ahsa population in Saudi Arabia. The BMI mean among nondiabetic, prediabetic, and diabetic groups were 29.6 ± 6.2, 31.2 ± 6.6, and 31.7 ± 6.9 kg/m2, respectively. This study provided a list of BMI values as cut‐off points with their sensitivity and specificity measures so the policymaker could utilize them. The best cut‐off point could be decided based on cost‐effective analysis. Further studies in the future might help evaluate the efficacy of screening programs and the association between BMI and other types of diabetes.

Background The chickpea pod borer Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) is a significant insect pest of chickpea crops, causing substantial global losses. Methods Field experiments were conducted in Central Punjab, Pakistan, to investigate the impact of biotic and abiotic factors on pod borer population dynamics and infestation in nine kabuli chickpea genotypes during two cropping seasons (2020–2021 and 2021–2022). The crops were sown in November in both years, with row-to-row and plant-to-plant distances of 30 and 15 cm, respectively, following a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Results Results showed a significant difference among the tested genotypes in trichome density, pod wall thickness, and leaf chlorophyll contents. Significantly lower larval population (0.85 and 1.10 larvae per plant) and percent damage (10.65% and 14.25%) were observed in genotype Noor-2019 during 2020–2021 and 2021–2022, respectively. Pod trichome density, pod wall thickness, and chlorophyll content of leaves also showed significant variation among the tested genotypes. Pod trichome density and pod wall thickness correlated negatively with larval infestation, while chlorophyll content in leaves showed a positive correlation. Additionally, the larval population positively correlated with minimum and maximum temperatures, while relative humidity negatively correlated with the larval population. Study results explore natural enemies as potential biological control agents and reduce reliance on chemical pesticides.

IntroductionThe mulberry industry has thrived in China for millennia, offering significant ecological and economic benefits. However, the prevalence of mulberry ring rot disease poses a serious threat to the quality and yield of mulberry leaves.MethodsIn this study, we employed a combination of transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses to elucidate the changes occurring at the transcriptional and metabolic levels in Morus notabilis in response to this disease infestation. Key metabolites identified were further validated through in vitro inhibition experiments.ResultsThe findings revealed significant enrichment in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways, particularly those related to flavonoid biosynthesis. Notably, naringenin, kaempferol, and quercetin emerged as pivotal players in M. notabilis’ defense mechanism against this disease pathogen. The upregulation of synthase genes, including chalcone synthase, flavanone-3-hydroxylase, and flavonol synthase, suggested their crucial roles as structural genes in this process. In vitro inhibition experiments demonstrated that kaempferol and quercetin exhibited broad inhibitory properties, while salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate demonstrated efficient inhibitory effects.DiscussionThis study underscores the significance of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway in M. notabilis’ defense response against mulberry ring rot disease, offering a theoretical foundation for disease control measures.

This qualitative research seeks to address the political and Islamic discourses of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai – an esteemed poet and philosopher of Sindh – on the rise of European colonialism in the Subcontinent. European colonialism was a threat to an established Muslim rule and a separate identity of Muslims in South Asia. The study incorporated thematic analysis to interpret the metaphors, narratives, and symbols fused by Shah Latif in his poetry to comprehend his philosophy of early call for resistance against the upsurge of European companies in the region. Through intensive assessment of Latif’s literary work – particularly his indispensable work ‘Shah Jo Risalo’ – the study identified themes associated with the continuation of culture, national identity, and insolence of foreign intrusion. Integrating the thematic analysis approach, the research enterprise expounds on the ideologies, narratives, strategies, and objectives of Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai to resist European imperialism in the region. The Sur Sarirag and Sur Raamkali have been reviewed and interpreted to address the main theme of this study. The findings of the study reveal that Bhittai’s early call for national resistance against the gradual growth of European imperialism is a beacon for national resistance and consciousness in the history of the South Asian region.

In this article, a project of portable photoelectric and photo thermal devices with a power of 60W based on crystalline silicon photoelectric batteries for the production and use of electricity and hot water for household needs in the rural areas of the republic was created. This natural experiment served two purposes. The first is to determine the optimal type for the climate when the various types of PVs available in the local commercial market are used in hot climates. Second, the results of determining and comparing the changes in parameters and energy efficiency of PV and PVT with the same base and capacity at the same time under the same conditions are presented. The results of the study of the parameters that increase their effectiveness have been considered. Special attention is paid to modern components and equipment so that these devices are relatively compact and convenient to operate and control occurs easily.

Marzieh Niakan1 , Habib Alla Johari 2, Mehrdad Shariati1 , Davood Moghadamnia3 , Ebrahim Talebi4 Background: Research has shown that the extract of some plants has an effective protective effect on liver cells against toxins and oxidants. In this research, the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of ginger against hepatotoxicity caused by doxorubicin (Dox) in adult male rats was investigated. Methods: In this experimental study, 63 adult male rats were divided into 7 groups (n = 9 per group). The experimental treatments included the control and placebo groups without the use of medicines, experimental group I that received Dox at a dose of 20 mg/kg, experimental groups II and III with 300 and 600 mg/kg of ginger hydroalcoholic extract, and experimental groups IV and V that received 20 mg/kg Dox + 300 and 600 mg/kg of ginger hydroalcoholic extract, respectively. After the end of the test period, serum levels of total bilirubin and direct bilirubin were measured. In addition, the histological changes in the liver were examined after hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Results: Serum levels of total bilirubin and direct bilirubin in the Dox group showed a significant increase compared to the control group. In contrast, serum levels of total bilirubin and direct bilirubin in Dox + ZIN 600 and Dox + ZIN 300 had a significant reduction compared to the Dox group (P < 0.05). Ginger extract prevented apoptosis and Dox-induced liver tissue damage in dose-dependent designs. Conclusion: The hydroalcoholic extract of ginger improves the changes of serum bilirubin and liver tissue after receiving Dox due to its antioxidant compounds.

Abstract Background Glycogen metabolism by Lactobacillus spp. that dominate the healthy vaginal microbiome contributes to a low vaginal pH (3.5–4.5). During bacterial vaginosis (BV), strict and facultative anaerobes including Gardnerella vaginalis become predominant, leading to an increase in the vaginal pH (> 4.5). BV enhances the risk of obstetrical complications, acquisition of sexually transmitted infections, and cervical cancer. Factors critical for the maintenance of the healthy vaginal microbiome or the transition to the BV microbiome are not well defined. Vaginal pH may affect glycogen metabolism by the vaginal microflora, thus influencing the shift in the vaginal microbiome. Results The medium simulating vaginal fluid (MSVF) supported growth of L. jensenii 62G, L. gasseri 63 AM, and L. crispatus JV-V01, and G. vaginalis JCP8151A at specific initial pH conditions for 30 d. L. jensenii at all three starting pH levels (pH 4.0, 4.5, and 5.0), G. vaginalis at pH 4.5 and 5.0, and L. gasseri at pH 5.0 exhibited the long-term stationary phase when grown in MSVF. L. gasseri at pH 4.5 and L. crispatus at pH 5.0 displayed an extended lag phase over 30 d suggesting inefficient glycogen metabolism. Glycogen was essential for the growth of L. jensenii, L. crispatus, and G. vaginalis; only L. gasseri was able to survive in MSVF without glycogen, and only at pH 5.0, where it used glucose. All four species were able to survive for 15 d in MSVF with half the glycogen content but only at specific starting pH levels – pH 4.5 and 5.0 for L. jensenii, L. gasseri, and G. vaginalis and pH 5.0 for L. crispatus. Conclusions These results suggest that variations in the vaginal pH critically influence the colonization of the vaginal tract by lactobacilli and G. vaginalis JCP8151A by affecting their ability to metabolize glycogen. Further, we found that L. jensenii 62G is capable of glycogen metabolism over a broader pH range (4.0–5.0) while L. crispatus JV-V01 glycogen utilization is pH sensitive (only functional at pH 5.0). Finally, our results showed that G. vaginalis JCP8151A can colonize the vaginal tract for an extended period as long as the pH remains at 4.5 or above.

Ali Al Qarni,1– 3 Ahmad Habib,4 Elbadri Abdelgadir,1 Abdulaziz Al Sarawi,1,3 Naif Alqannas,5 Ammar Alkroud6 1Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Hospital, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; 2King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; 3King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; 4Department of Medicine, King Fahd Military Medical Complex (KFMMC), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; 5Saud Al Babtain Cardiac Centre, Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; 6Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare (JHAH), Al Ahsa, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Ali Al Qarni, Consultant Endocrinologist, King Abdulaziz Hospital, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Po Box 2477, Al Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966500133678, Email qarniaa@ngha.med.sa; qarniaa@gmail.comBackground: Morning Report (MR) is a ubiquitous traditional educational activity in internal medicine residency training. It is under-researched; hence, this study was conducted. It aimed to examine the practice of MR by internal medicine residents, their motivation to engage with it, and their perception of its contribution to education.Methods: This was a multi-center cross-sectional study. The data was collected using an online self-administered 12-item questionnaire that covered MR practice, respondents’ motivation for participation, MR contribution to education, and its impact on the practice of evidence-based medicine and quality improvement and patient safety.Results: One hundred seventy residents returned the online questionnaire (54.7%). The respondents’ gender and year of training were balanced (P > 0.05). The most common MR frequency and duration were five days per week (85.4%) and 45– 60 minutes (47.1%), respectively. The most common format was handover combined with an emergency long case presentation (55.8%), and consultants were the most common facilitators (79.7%). The respondents’ motivation to engage with MR was predominantly intermediate. The top reasons for attending and not attending MR were mandatory attendance and embarrassing questions, respectively. The perceived MR contribution to residents’ different roles development was predominantly intermediate; however, it was predominantly very low/low (42%) for overall education. The perceived MR impact on the practice of EBM and QIPS were both predominantly intermediate.Conclusion: MR was found to be a commonly practiced educational activity in internal medicine residency training programs in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. The case discussion was the core format for education. The respondents’ motivation to participate in MR and their perception of its contribution to education was predominantly intermediate. To our best knowledge, this is the first study in Saudi Arabia that examined MR. We hope its findings will be taken for further MR studies and actions for improvement.Keywords: morning report, MR, internal medicine residency, contribution to education, residents’ role development

This study uses computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models for an improved performance of secondary settling tanks, taking as a case study the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of Souk-Ahras City, Northeastern Algeria. Unlike previous studies, which focused primarily on simulations of real-time clarifiers by independent measures, this study combines differentoperating criteria and geometric standards on clarifiers to estimate the ultimate capacity of secondary sedimentation tanks (SST). Numerical simulations were performed toassess the SST hydraulic performance under different conditions in order to (i) eliminate vortex zones; (ii) optimize the surface overflow rate (SOR) and predict sludge blanket height (SBH), and finally, (iii) estimate SST ultimate capacity. Based on the current configuration of the SST of Souk-Ahras WWTP, its hydraulic treatment capacity was found to be 49,000 m3/d. The results obtained, which were validated by field observations, showed that optimizing the different parameters yields a significantly improved SST performance. Furthermore, the tests consideredwere shown to be satisfactorily correlated with SOR. Validation using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis yielded anarea under curve (AUC) value of 90%, implying thereby a reasonably good performance. Indeed, optimization resulted in increased solidremoval efficiency and increased SOR to 1.4 m.h−1 (compared to 0.8 m.h−1 in literature) without overflow beyond the SBH. HIGHLIGHTS Secondary settling tanks (SST) may be achieved with a surface overflow rate (SOR) of 1.4 m·h−1, which exceeds the guide value for conventional configurations (0.8 m·h−1).; Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was shown to be an interesting method for optimization of the capacity of circular SSTs.; The characterization of sludge settling is necessary to determine sedimentation velocities and evaluate purification efficiency.;

Abstract Infection with tuberculosis (TB) still considered a leading infectious cause of death, osteomyelitis TB rare entity, and being extraspinal MDR-TB make it very rare case; most of experience in treating osteomyelitis TB was derived from pulmonary TB experience, and we present a case of humerus MDR-TB that was treated for 5 years, with several interruption due to side effect and other causes.

Background The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, is an agricultural pest of significant economic concern globally, known for its adaptability, pesticide resistance, and damage to key crops such as maize. Conventional chemical pesticides pose challenges, including the development of resistance and environmental pollution. The study aims to investigate an alternative solution: the application of soluble silicon (Si) sources to enhance plant resistance against the fall armyworm. Methods Silicon dioxide (SiO2) and potassium silicate (K2SiO3) were applied to maize plants via foliar spray. Transcriptomic and biochemical analyses were performed to study the gene expression changes in the fall armyworm feeding on Si-treated maize. Results Results indicated a significant impact on gene expression, with a large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified in both SiO2 and K2SiO3 treatments. Furthermore, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis identified critical DEGs involved in specific pathways, including amino acid, carbohydrate, lipid, energy, xenobiotics metabolisms, signal transduction, and posttranslational modification, significantly altered at both Si sources. Biochemical analyses further revealed that Si treatments inhibited several enzyme activities (glutamate dehydrogenase, trehalase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, chitinase, juvenile hormone esterase, and cyclooxygenase while simultaneously inducing others (total protein, lipopolysaccharide, fatty acid synthase, ATPase, and cytochrome P450), thus suggesting a toxic effect on the fall armyworm. In conclusion, Si applications on maize influence the gene expression and biochemical activities of the fall armyworm, potentially offering a sustainable pest management strategy.

Continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites having superior mechanical properties are preferred for lightweight architectures. Rising demands for enhanced mechanical performance under certain types of loadings have focused researchers toward the hybridization of composite materials. In this study carbon and aramid fibers were employed to produce hybrid fabrics by weaving in two different woven architectures, 1/1 plain and 2/1 twill. Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) matrix was reinforced with these woven fabrics and hybrid composites were fabricated by compression molding. Un-hybrid carbon and aramid composites were fabricated using PVB matrix, as control samples. Tensile characteristics of hybrid composites offered intermediate strain at failures of 0.5% due to the combined rigid and ductile natures of carbon and aramid, respectively. Flexural strength and absorbed impact energy (200 MPa and 97 kJ/m 2 ) were higher for hybrid composites, and quick elastic recoveries were experienced in hybrid composites after impact. Plain woven reinforced hybridization had about 25% and 5% lower tensile and flexural characteristics respectively, as more interlocking zones of warp and weft yarns reduced strength. However, these interlocking zones positively contributed to impact performance by 11.5% higher energy absorption.

This paper focuses on the fundamental aspects of super-resolution, particularly addressing the stability of super-resolution and the estimation of two-point resolution. Our first major contribution is the introduction of two location-amplitude identities that characterize the relationships between locations and amplitudes of true and recovered sources in the one-dimensional super-resolution problem. These identities facilitate direct derivations of the super-resolution capabilities for recovering the number, location, and amplitude of sources, significantly advancing existing estimations to levels of practical relevance. As a natural extension, we establish the stability of a specific $l_{0}$ minimization algorithm in the super-resolution problem.

Key clinical message Oto‐tricho is associated with the symptoms of gag reflex and non‐neuropathic tinnitus, which can be treated by removing the hair and its follicle. Abstract Oto‐tricho refers to a disorder of hair growth in the tympanic membrane (TM). In its early stages, it can manifest as symptoms such as tinnitus, chronic pain, cough, and nausea. If left untreated, it can potentially lead to tympanosclerosis, TM micro‐perforation, and hearing loss. In this report, we present a case study of a 33‐year‐old male with hair and follicle growth observed on the left TM. Over the course of the past year, the patient experienced various symptoms including tinnitus, dry cough, and chronic pain. An examination with an otoscope revealed the presence of oto‐tricho‐tussia/tinnitus. To address the issue, the hair and hair follicles were surgically removed using direct visual guidance. Subsequent follow‐up was conducted over a period of 5 months, during which no pain or infection was observed at the site of the TM. The patient's previous symptoms were successfully resolved. Furthermore, further observation of the TM revealed no evidence of hair follicles or hair regrowth.