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Introduction: Defective lipophagy is associated with metabolic disorders. This study investigated the effect of four weeks of aerobic exercise in a fasted state on hepatic unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1) in male rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).Methods: In this experimental research, 30 male Wistar rats with an NAFLD model were randomly divided into control groups: fasting, 3-day training, 5-day training, fasting + 3-day training, and fasting + 5-day training. Unlike other rats that had 24-hour access to food, the fasting groups received the same amount of nutrition during 10 hours. Continuous running was done for four weeks with 3 and 5 sessions per week and in two conditions of feeding and fasting. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS software Version 26 using one-way variance analysis and Bonferroni test with a significance level of (P≤0.05).Results: A significant increase in the expression of the ULK1 gene was observed in the fasting, fasting + 3-day training, and fasting + 5-day training groups compared to the control and 3-day training groups (P

Background and Aim: Aging is associated with a gradual decline in cardiac function. Endurance training has been shown to positively impact heart health in the elderly. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of eight weeks of endurance training on the levels of proteins associated with mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics in the left ventricle of aged rats. Methods: This experimental study involved 12 male rats, aged 20 months, with an average weight of 400 ± 30 grams. The rats were randomly assigned to either an endurance training group or a control group, with six rats in each group. The endurance training program consisted of sessions at 55-75% of maximum speed (m/min) each week. The maximum speed started at approximately 12 meters per minute in the first week and increased to about 33 meters per minute by the end of the eighth week. Following a 48-hour period after the last training session, the left ventricle was excised, and the levels of mitophagy-related proteins PINK1 and PARKIN were measured using the western blot method. Results: Eight weeks of endurance training resulted in a significant increase in PINK1 protein levels in the left ventricle of elderly rats (P = 0.005). However, PARKIN protein levels did not show a significant change after the eight-week training period (P = 0.227). Conclusion: The findings suggest that an eight-week endurance training program, conducted at an appropriate intensity, can enhance mitochondrial quality control in the left ventricle of aged rats. However, further research is warranted to explore this area more comprehensively.

Background: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of endurance training with garlic and stevia supplementation on AgRP and α-MSH in the brain tissue of obese Wistar rats. Methods: 36 obese male Wistar rats fed with a high-fat diet (24 g fat, 24 g protein, and 41 g carbohydrate/100 g) were divided into six groups, including: 1) sham; 2) stevia supplementation; 3) garlic supplementation; 4) endurance training; 5) stevia supplementation plus endurance training, and 6) garlic supplementation plus endurance training. Moreover, 6 rats were included in the healthy control group to investigate the effects of obesity on the research variable. Training groups performed incremental endurance training for 15-50 minutes at a speed of 15-25 m/min, for eight weeks. Garlic and stevia supplements were added to the diet of the supplementation groups at a dose of 250 mg/kg. Results: Levels of AgRP in stevia supplementation group were significantly higher than endurance training (P=0.019) and endurance training plus stevia supplementation (P=0.018) groups. Levels of α-MSH in the garlic supplementation (P=0.001), endurance training (P=0.002), stevia supplementation plus endurance training (P=0.001), and garlic supplementation plus endurance training (P=0.001) groups were significantly higher than the sham group. In addition, in the endurance training plus stevia supplementation group, the levels were significantly higher than the stevia supplementation group (P=0.002). Conclusion: Endurance training plus garlic supplementation as well as endurance training plus stevia supplementation seem to play a synergistic role in appetite control protein; however, more studies on AgRP changes, following training and garlic and stevia supplementation are needed.

Background and Objective: Regular exercise along with calorie intake promotes mitochondrial function by promoting healthy mitochondrial regeneration. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of four weeksof continuous aerobic training and starvation on the gene expression of pink1 and bnibp3 (liver mitophagy) in Wistar fat rats. Materials and Methods: The present study used an experimental design. Thirty 18-week-old fatty, maleWistar rats with an average body weight of 348±25.53 purchased from the Pasteur Institute of Iran were selected as the research sample. After one week of familiarity with the laboratory environment, these fatty animals were randomly divided into 6 groups of 5, control (n=5) and experimental (n=25), including control, starvation, starvation and 3 days of exercise, starvation and 5 days of exercise, 3 days of exercise, 5 days of exercise groups. Results: According to the statistical results of one-way analysis of variance, there was a significant decrease in triglyceride, cholesterol, liver enzymes ALT, AST in all groups compared to the control group. Furthermore, there was a significant increase in pink1 and bnibp3 gene expression in starvation group and starvation groups of 3 and 5 days of training compared to the control group. Conclusion: Four weeksof continuous aerobic training and starvation combined and alone were able to significantly reduce the status of blood lipids and liver enzymes in fatty model rats. Also, the starvation group and starvation groups along with exercise increased the activity of removing damaged mitochondria by increasing the activity of pink1 and bnibp3 genes compared to the control group.

Background and objectives: Programmed autophagy is a genetically and evolutionarily conserved process that destroys long-lived cellular proteins and organelles. This study aimed to investigate effects of continuous and interval exercise training with or without atorvastatin supplementation on Beclin1, LC3-I and LC3-П expression in old rats with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Sixty three male Wistar rats were divided into eight groups. Continuous exercise was performed at a speed of 15-29 m/min for 5-22 minutes. Interval exercise program consisted of six 2.5-minute sets that included a four-minute rest period between each set. The rats in the supplementation groups also received 20 mg/kg body weight atorvastatin daily via intraperitoneal injection. At the end of the training period, the expression of Beclin1, LC3-I and LC3-П in soleus muscle was measured by RT-PCR. One-way ANOVA was used for data analysis at statistical significance of 0.05. Results: The results showed that both exercise trainings with or without atorvastatin significantly reduced LC3I, LC3-II and Beclin1 compared with the diabetic control group (P0.05). Conclusion: The results indicate that continuous and interval exercise program alone and combined with atorvastatin supplementation could significantly reduce LC3-1, LC3-II and Beclin1 level in soleus muscle of old diabetic rats.

Background and objectives: Physical activity has long been considered as the cornerstone of interventions for reducing the burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Homocysteine and obesity indices are important indicators of CVD risk. The present research aimed to evaluate homocysteine and obesity variables in female CVD patients and healthy counterparts with different physical activity levels. Methods: This study was carried out on 85 CVD patients (40-55 yr, n=41, 60-75 yr, n=44) and 80 healthy women (40-50 yr, n=40, 60-75 yr, n=40). Subjects were divided into three groups based on their physical activity level: sedentary, moderately active and active. Serum homocysteine, body roundness index (BRI), a body shape index (ABSI), body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were measured. Data were analyzed using the independent t-test and one-way ANOVA. Results: Physically active middle-aged CVD patients had significantly lower BRI (p=0.022) and homocysteine (p=0.008) levels compared with the sedentary counterparts. In addition, physically-active old CVD patients had significantly lower BRI (p=0.041), ABSI (p=0.011) and homocysteine (p=0.001) compared with the sedentary counterparts. Physically-active healthy middle-aged individuals had significantly lower BRI (p=0.013) and BMI (p=0.008) levels compared with sedentary counterparts. Active elderly subjects also had significantly lower BRI (p=0.001) and WC (p=0.008) compared with the sedentary counterparts. Conclusion: Physical activity can reduce the risk of CVD and improve health status of women by reducing homocysteine, BRI and ABSI.

Introduction: Aging involves a decrease in physiological function, physical activity and nutrition that modulate body functions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a six week-swimming interval training with resveratrol consumption on apoptotic markers in the liver tissue of aged rat. Methods: In this experimental study, thirty-two 20-month aged rats weighing 350-370 g were divided into four groups of 8 rats including 1) sham, 2) training, 3) resveratrol and 4) training + resveratrol. For six weeks, groups 3 and 4 received 100 mg/kg of resveratrol supplementation dissolved in 1% methylcellulose daily by gavage, and groups 2 and 4 performed swimming training three times a week. One-way analysis of variance with Tukeychr('39')s post- hoc test was used to analyze the data (p < 0.05). Results: Bcl2 Gene expression levels in the resveratrol and the exercise + resveratrol groups were significantly higher than the sham and exercise groups (p < 0.05). Bax levels in the exercise + resveratrol group were lower than the resveratrol group, and the levels in the resveratrol group were higher than the sham group(p

Purpose: Adropin a secreted protein is encoded by a gene Energy Homeostasis Associated (Enho) expressed in different tissues. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of resistance training on adropin plasma level and insulin resistance index in overweight men.Methods: For this purpose, 24 volunteer overweight men (age 25.3 ± 5.1, body mass index 27.74 ± 2.54) were randomly divided into two groups of training and control. The training group held a resistance program for eight weeks, three sessions in each. The resistance program included three sets of 10 repetitions with 65, 75 and 85% 1RM for eight movements. One minute rest time was considered between sets and movements. Before and after the training period, the interested indices were measured by standard methods.Results: ANOVA with Repeated measure test showed that there was a significant difference between the changes in adropin, glucose, insulin and insulin resistance (P = 0.001), also showed that adropin, glucose, insulin and insulin resistance (P = 0.001) are significant only in the training group.Conclusion: It seems that this kind of resistance training has been able to stimulate adropin due to the sufficient duration and intensity of the activity.

Background and Objective: Aging reduces cardiac autonomic function parameters such as heart rate response to exercise and heart rate recovery after physical activity. This study aimed to determine the parasympathetic nerves reactivation after upper body exercise among young and middle-aged men. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study 24 active men based on their age were divided into two groups including 30-35 (young) and 55-60 years old men (middle-aged). Participants performed upper body exercise on a Monark arm ergometer. During the test, heart rate was recorded continuously by electrocardiogram. Also, participants' heart rate was recorded for 10 minutes after completion of the test. In order to measure the time domain parameters of heart rate variability (PNN50 and RMSSD), one-minute successive RR waves intervals collected in 5 minutes and 10 minutes after the completion of the test and then were transmitted to the heart rate variability software for analysis. Also, heart rate recovery was measured in one minute and two minutes after the test by the difference between the maximum heart rate during the test with heart rate in one and two minutes after the completion of the test. Results: There was a significant difference between PNN50 in minutes 5 and 10 after the test in young men (P

Today, market orientation plays a vital role in determining customers’ needs and success of organizations. Market orientation has also influenced various organizations’ measures including innovation. Therefore the aim of this research is to study the role of market orientation in innovation of bodybuilding clubs of Golestan Province. The population of this study comprised all 170 managers of bodybuilding clubs of Golestan province and the sample size was determined based on Cochran formula and stratified random selection method (119 manager). Market orientation questionnaires of Ramayah et al. (2011) and innovation questionnaires of Carmen and Maria Jose (2008) were employed for collection of study data. Smart PLS was used to analyze data and identify the effects of research variables of structural equation modeling. Results revealed that competitor orientation is not effective on innovation of bodybuilding clubs, but the effect of coordination between tasks and customer orientation on innovation of bodybuilding clubs was significant. Concerning the results, it is suggested that the managers of bodybuilding clubs of Golestan province provide more innovation by improving and developing market orientation in their clubs.