Search

Your search keyword '"Habraken, R."' showing total 32 results
Start Over Author "Habraken, R."
32 results on '"Habraken, R."'

1. FELIX-MROD, FELIX-based readout of the ATLAS Muon Drift Tubes

Author

Iengo, P., primary, Bakos, E., additional, Donszelmann, M., additional, Gottardo, C. A., additional, Habraken, R., additional, Koenig, A., additional, Pellegrino, A., additional, Vermeulen, J., additional, Wijnen, T., additional, Wu, M., additional, and Franco, L., additional

Published
2023
Full Text
View/download PDF

2. The Giant Radio Array for Neutrino Detection (GRAND) Project

Author

Kotera, K., Álvarez-Muñiz, J., Batista, R. A., Benoit-Lévy, A., Bolmont, J., Brans, H., Bustamante, M., Charrier, D., Cheng, L., Chiche, S., Dai, Z., Almeida, R. M. De, Decoene, V., Denton, P. B., Errico, B. De, De Jong, S., Mello Neto, J. R. T. De, De Vries, K. D., Duan, K., Duan, R., Engel, R., Fan, Y., Fang, K., Gou, Q., Gu, J., Guépin, C., Guo, J., Guo, Y., Habraken, R., Haungs, A., He, H., Hivon, E., Hu, H., Huang, X., Huang, Y., Huege, T., Oliveira, M. I., Jiang, W., Koirala, R., Zhou, H., Lago, B. L., Le Coz, S., Lenain, J.-P., Liu, B., Liu, C., Liu, R., Liu, W., Ma, P., Martineau-Huynh, O., Mostafá, M., Mottez, F., Mouette, J., Murase, K., Niess, V., Oikonomou, F., Ou, Z., Pierog, T., Piotrowski, L. W., Prunet, S., Qian, X., Rens, I. Van, Romei, V. R., Roth, M., Schüssler, F., Szálas-Motesiczky, D., Tacken, J., Timmermans, A., Timmermans, C., Tueros, M., Wang, R., Wang, S., Wang, X., Watanabe, C., Wei, D., Wei, F., Wijnen, T., Wu, X., Xu, X., Yang, L., Yang, X., Yuan, Q., Zarka, P., Zeng, H., Zhang, B. T., Zhang, C., Zhang, J., Zhang, K., Zhang, P., Zhang, S., Zhang, Y., GRAND, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and GRAND

Subjects
Astrophysics and Astronomy, air, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Cosmic ray, Astrophysics, GeV, 7. Clean energy, Angular resolution, ddc:530, Sensitivity (control systems), [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), astro-ph.HE, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, showers: atmosphere, Gamma ray, radio wave: detector, sensitivity, neutrino: UHE, coherence, Neutrino detector, angular resolution, gamma ray, cosmic radiation, Earth crust, galaxy, Neutrino, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Radio detection, astro-ph.IM
Abstract

The GRAND project aims to detect ultra-high-energy neutrinos, cosmic rays and gamma rays, with an array of $200,000$ radio antennas over $200,000\,{\rm km}^2$, split into $\sim 20$ sub-arrays of $\sim 10,000\,{\rm km}^2$ deployed worldwide. The strategy of GRAND is to detect air showers above $10^{17}\,$eV that are induced by the interaction of ultra-high-energy particles in the atmosphere or in the Earth crust, through its associated coherent radio-emission in the $50-200\,$MHz range. In its final configuration, GRAND plans to reach a neutrino-sensitivity of $\sim 10^{-10}\,{\rm GeV}\,{\rm cm}^{-2}\,{\rm s}^{-1}\,{\rm sr}^{-1}$ above $5\times 10^{17}\,$eV combined with a sub-degree angular resolution. GRANDProto300, the 300-antenna pathfinder array, is planned to start data-taking in 2021. It aims at demonstrating autonomous radio detection of inclined air-showers, and study cosmic rays around the transition between Galactic and extra-Galactic sources. We present preliminary designs and simulation results, plans for the ongoing, staged approach to construction, and the rich research program made possible by the proposed sensitivity and angular resolution., Presented at the 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC 2021), 8 pages, 2 figures

Published
2022
Full Text
View/download PDF

3. Self-trigger radio prototype array for GRAND

Author

Zhang, Y., He, H., Zhang, P., Álvarez-Muñiz, J., Batista, R. A., Benoit-Lévy, A., Bolmont, J., Brans, H., Bustamante, M., Charrier, D., Cheng, L., Chiche, S., Dai, Z., Almeida, R. M. de, Decoene, V., Denton, P. B., Errico, B. de, De Jong, S., Mello Neto, J. R. T. de, De Vries, K. D., Duan, K., Duan, R., Engel, R., Fan, Y., Fang, K., Gou, Q., Gu, J., Guépin, C., Guo, J., Guo, Y., Habraken, R., Haungs, A., Hivon, E., Hu, H., Huang, X., Huang, Y., Huege, T., Oliveira, M. I., Koirala, R., Kotera, K., Jiang, W., Lago, B. L., Le Coz, S., Lenain, J.-P., Liu, B., Liu, C., Liu, R., Liu, W., Ma, P., Martineau-Huynh, O., Mostafá, M., Mottez, F., Mouette, J., Murase, K., Niess, V., Oikonomou, F., Ou, Z., Pierog, T., Piotrowski, L. W., Prunet, S., Qian, X., Rens, I. van, Romei, V. R., Roth, M., Schüssler, F., Szálas-Motesiczky, D., Tacken, J., Timmermans, A., Timmermans, C., Tueros, M., Wang, R., Wang, S., Wang, X., Watanabe, C., Wei, D., Wei, F., Wijnen, T., Wu, X., Xu, X., Yang, L., Yang, X., Yuan, Q., Zarka, P., Zeng, H., Zhang, B. T., Zhang, C., Zhang, J., Zhang, K., Zhang, S., Zhou, H., and Collaboration, GRAND

Subjects
Physics, ddc:530
Abstract

The GRANDProto300 (GP300) array is a pathfinder for the Giant Radio Array for Neutrino Detection (GRAND) project. The deployment of the array, consisting of 300 antennas, will start in 2021 in a radio-quiet area of ~200 km2 near Lenghu (~3000 m a.s.l.) in China. Serving as a test bench, the GP300 array is expected to pioneer techniques of autonomous radio detection including identification and reconstruction of nearly horizontal cosmic-ray (CR) air showers. In addition, the GP300 array is at a privileged position to study the transition between Galactic and extragalactic origins of cosmic rays, due to its large effective area and the precise measurements of both energy and mass composition for CRs with energies ranging from 30 PeV to 1 EeV. Using the GP300 array we will also investigate the potential sensitivity for radio transients such as Giant Radio Pulses and Fast Radio Bursts in the 50-200 MHz range.

Published
2022

4. FELIX based readout of the Single-Phase ProtoDUNE detector

Author

Borga, A., Church, E., Filthaut, F., Gamberini, E., Jong, Pa. de, Habraken, R., Miotto, G. Lehmann, Miedema, T., Schreuder, F., Schumacher, J., Sipos, R., Vermeulen, Milo, Wood, L., Borga, A., Church, E., Filthaut, F., Gamberini, E., Jong, Pa. de, Habraken, R., Miotto, G. Lehmann, Miedema, T., Schreuder, F., Schumacher, J., Sipos, R., Vermeulen, Milo, and Wood, L.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 209214.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

Published
2019

5. The GRANDproto35 experiment

Author

Gou, Q., Martineau-Huynh, O., Charrier, D., Timmermans, C., Jong, S.J. de, Habraken, R., Bustamente, M., Tueros, M., Medina, C., Gou, Q., Martineau-Huynh, O., Charrier, D., Timmermans, C., Jong, S.J. de, Habraken, R., Bustamente, M., Tueros, M., and Medina, C.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 295367.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)

Published
2018

6. Measuring cross-country proliferation: Towards a new non-proliferation treaty?

Author

Schulpen, L.W.M., Habraken, R., Klingebiel, S., Mahn, T., Negre, M., Klingebiel, S., Mahn, T., and Negre, M.

Subjects
Cross country, Political science, Law, media_common.cataloged_instance, International economics, Rethinking International Development Series, European union, Treaty, Anthropology and Development Studies, Division of labour, media_common
Abstract

Item does not contain fulltext Emphasising 'in-country' harmonisation in discussions about the division of labour obscures our understanding of the importance of 'cross-country' harmonisation. This article proceeds from the idea that it is more important to fight proliferation than to fight fragmentation. However, there is no clear understanding yet of how to measure proliferation. Using 'proliferation' to mean the number of countries that donors work in and the amount of aid these countries receive, we critically assess five methods that have been used to illustrate or measure proliferation, all of which fail to comprehensively provide such measurements - for different reasons. At the same time, each method indicates in its own way that international agreements aimed at combating proliferation have had little practical effect on European Union (EU) donors. The article ends by arguing that it is logical for donors not to adhere to the relatively soft agreements regarding cross-country harmonisation.

Published
2016
Full Text
View/download PDF

8. Putting promises into practice: The New Aid Architecture in Uganda

Author

Habraken, R., Schulpen, L.W.M., Hoebink, P.R.J., Habraken, R., Schulpen, L.W.M., and Hoebink, P.R.J.

Abstract

Item does not contain fulltext, Via the Paris Declaration and the Accra Agenda for Action the international donor community has delivered a set of promises on ownership, harmonization and co-ordination. Uganda is an interesting case for assessing progress on Paris Principles and seeing the New Aid Architecture in practice. This article provides a historical overview of the implementation of 'Paris' in Uganda from the late 1990s up to 2010, showing that implementation is laggardly and, in more recent years, that earlier progress has been reversed. This is due to donors' perceptions of Uganda's political structure, and particularly its rampant corruption, and also to different views among donors and their internal adaptability in terms of truly measuring up to the Paris Principles.

Published
2017

10. An RFID Skimming Gate Using Higher Harmonics

Author

Habraken, R., Dolron, P., Poll, E., Ruiter, J.E.J. de, Mangard, S., Schaumont, P., Mangard, S., and Schaumont, P.

Subjects
RFID skimming, Computer science, business.industry, Electrical engineering, Eavesdropping, computer.software_genre, Power (physics), Harmonics, Operating system, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Digital Security, business, Contactless smart card, computer
Abstract

This paper describes a novel antenna design for communicating with ISO/IEC 14443A RFID cards at larger distances than the normal 5-10 cm. The set-up consists of two antennas, one to activate the card at the normal frequency of 13.56 MHz, and another to receive its response at the higher harmonic frequency of 40.68 MHz. The strong field required to power the card at larger distances is likely to drown out its response. By detecting the higher harmonic frequencies originating from the card's response this problem is solved, making communication at larger distances possible. The two antennas, placed 100 cm apart, form an RFID gate that can communicate with cards in the middle of the gate. This is a substantial improvement of the maximum skimming distance of 25 cm reported in literature.

Published
2015
Full Text
View/download PDF

11. Measuring cross-country proliferation: Towards a new non-proliferation treaty?

Author

Klingebiel, S., Mahn, T., Negre, M., Schulpen, L.W.M., Habraken, R., Klingebiel, S., Mahn, T., Negre, M., Schulpen, L.W.M., and Habraken, R.

Abstract

Item does not contain fulltext, Emphasising 'in-country' harmonisation in discussions about the division of labour obscures our understanding of the importance of 'cross-country' harmonisation. This article proceeds from the idea that it is more important to fight proliferation than to fight fragmentation. However, there is no clear understanding yet of how to measure proliferation. Using 'proliferation' to mean the number of countries that donors work in and the amount of aid these countries receive, we critically assess five methods that have been used to illustrate or measure proliferation, all of which fail to comprehensively provide such measurements - for different reasons. At the same time, each method indicates in its own way that international agreements aimed at combating proliferation have had little practical effect on European Union (EU) donors. The article ends by arguing that it is logical for donors not to adhere to the relatively soft agreements regarding cross-country harmonisation.

Published
2016

13. The accidental aid worker: A mapping of citizen initiatives for global solidarity in Europe

Author

Pollet, I., Habraken, R., Schulpen, L.W.M., and Huyse, H.

Subjects
Anthropology and Development Studies
Abstract

Contains fulltext : 134916.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) This document is the outcome of a mapping exercise in 17 European countries. The subject of this mapping was the presence, appearance, significance and embedding of a phenomenon we call Citizen Initiatives for Global Solidarity, defined as small-scale initiatives or projects, set up by private persons in the North, aimed at the improvement of the living standards of people in the global South, and not sorting under the official development cooperation or cooperation through established NGDOs, corporations, or societal institutions. Whereas in some countries Citizen Initiatives for Global Solidarity have a well-known identity, in other countries they fare under a different banner, and sometimes they even pass unnoticed. An attempt to systematise the existing knowledge about this domain was therefore considered plausible and relevant. 93 p.

Published
2014

14. Dutch NGO aid in 2012: An overview of expenditures to developing countries

Author

Habraken, R. and Schulpen, L.W.M.

Subjects
Anthropology and Development Studies
Abstract

Contains fulltext : 134890.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) This overview provides a first analysis of the fifth addition to NGO Database (covering data on country and sector expenditure of Dutch NGOs for 2012).1 The following observations stand out in that analysis: Over €1 billion Dutch NGO aid is taken up in the database, but the ten largest organisations bring together 75% of that amount. This shows that the Dutch NGO landscape includes a few large organisations and many smaller ones. Computing total NGO aid per country and NGO aid per capita results in different top 10 rankings, while confirming the assumption that larger countries are more likely to receive larger aid disbursements. NGO presence (# of NGOs active) is high in countries not always characterised as least developed (LMICs and UMICs). Aid per NGO, however, is relatively low in these countries, compared to countries with less NGOs active. Humanitarian aid is the largest sector, followed by Governance and Civil Society and social sectors. For more than 10% of all disbursements sectoral allocation is unknown. Humanitarian aid disbursements to countries are relatively large compared to other sector allocations at country level. Dutch NGO aid outnumbers Dutch ODA in countries in Central and Latin America (El Salvador, Honduras, Ecuador and Argentina) and Central Asia (Kyrgyzstan and Iran). On the contrary, Dutch ODA outnumbers Dutch NGO aid in (former-) partner countries like Yemen, the Palestinian territories, Rwanda and Senegal. 15 p.

Published
2014

15. Local civil society dynamics in Indonesia

Author

Laksono, P.M., Sukamdi, S., Habraken, R., and Schulpen, L.W.M.

Subjects
Anthropology and Development Studies
Abstract

Item does not contain fulltext

Published
2013

16. Southern civil society in perspective: A literature review

Author

Schulpen, L.W.M. and Habraken, R.

Subjects
Anthropology and Development Studies, GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries)
Abstract

Contains fulltext : 123144pub.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) 41 p.

Published
2013

18. Public support: A plea for cross-country analysis

Author

Schulpen, L.W.M., Habraken, R., Pollet, I., Ongevalle, J. van, Pollet, I., and Ongevalle, J. van

Subjects
Anthropology and Development Studies
Abstract

Item does not contain fulltext

Published
2013

19. Bezuinigingen schaden internationale belangen Nederland

Author

Kempen, L.A.C.M. van, Habraken, R., and Schulpen, L.W.M.

Subjects
Anthropology and Development Studies, GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries)
Abstract

Contains fulltext : 103209.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)

Published
2012

20. Landenselectie Knapen: Willekeur troef?

Author

Schulpen, L.W.M., Habraken, R., and Kempen, L.A.C.M. van

Subjects
Anthropology and Development Studies, GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries)
Abstract

Contains fulltext : 102673.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)

Published
2012

21. CS in het zuiden: Cruciale ontwikkelingen [Policy paper]

Author

Schulpen, L.W.M. and Habraken, R.

Subjects
Anthropology and Development Studies, GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries)
Abstract

Contains fulltext : 103121pub.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) 25 p.

Published
2011

22. An RFID Skimming Gate Using Higher Harmonics

Author

Mangard, S., Schaumont, P., Habraken, R., Dolron, P., Poll, E., Ruiter, J. de, Ruiter, J.E.J. de, Mangard, S., Schaumont, P., Habraken, R., Dolron, P., Poll, E., Ruiter, J. de, and Ruiter, J.E.J. de

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 147367.pdf (preprint version ) (Closed access)

Published
2015

23. The Pierre Auger Cosmic Ray Observatory

Author

Aab, A., Aminaei, A., Buitink, S., Coppens, J.M.S., Jong, S.J. de, De Mauro, G., Dolron, P., Falcke, H., Grebe, S., Grillo, A.F., Habraken, R., Horandel, J., Horneffer, A., Jansen, S., Kelley, J., Nelles, A., Schoorlemmer, H., Schulz, J., Timmermans, C., Aar, G. van, Velzen, S. van, Wijnen, T.A.M., Wykes, S., et al., Aab, A., Aminaei, A., Buitink, S., Coppens, J.M.S., Jong, S.J. de, De Mauro, G., Dolron, P., Falcke, H., Grebe, S., Grillo, A.F., Habraken, R., Horandel, J., Horneffer, A., Jansen, S., Kelley, J., Nelles, A., Schoorlemmer, H., Schulz, J., Timmermans, C., Aar, G. van, Velzen, S. van, Wijnen, T.A.M., Wykes, S., and et al.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 147353.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)

Published
2015

28. Dutch civil society at crossroads

Author

Habraken, R., Meijs, L., Schulpen, L.W.M., Temmink, C., Habraken, R., Meijs, L., Schulpen, L.W.M., and Temmink, C.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 122650.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access), The Netherlands have a rather large civil society. Interestingly, Dutch politicians and civil society organisations do not recognise this themselves, voicing frequent appeals for more civil society. This can be explained by the typical development of Dutch civil society through a system of pillarisation, based upon concepts of subsidiarity and sovereignty in one's own constituency, leading to a civil society that at the end has outsourced to the government important functions like financing, governing, and legitimising. Two cases (traditional and contemporary) are presented to show the consequences. Finally, lessons for other countries at civil society crossroads are drawn.

Published
2013

29. Public support: A plea for cross-country analysis

Author

Pollet, I., Ongevalle, J. van, Schulpen, L.W.M., Habraken, R., Pollet, I., Ongevalle, J. van, Schulpen, L.W.M., and Habraken, R.

Abstract

Item does not contain fulltext

Published
2013

30. The Pierre Auger Cosmic Ray Observatory

Author

Auger, Pierre, Aab, Alexander, Abreu, Pedro, Aglietta, Marco, Ahn, Eun-Joo, Al Samarai, Imen, Albert, Jean-Noel, Albuquerque, Ivone, Allekotte, Ingomar, Allen, Jeff, Allison, Patrick, Almela, Alejandro, Alvarez Castillo, Jesus, Alvarez-Muñiz, Jaime, Alves Batista, Rafael, Ambrosio, Michelangelo, Aminaei, Amin, Anchordoqui, Luis, Andringa, Sofia, Aramo, Carla, Aranda, Victor Manuel, Argirò, Stefano, Arisaka, Katsushi, Arneodo, Francesco, Arqueros, Fernando, Asch, Thomas, Asorey, Hernán Gonzalo, Assis, Pedro, Aublin, Julien, Ave, Maximo, Avenier, Michel, Avila, Gualberto, Awal, Nafiun, Badescu, Alina Mihaela, Balzer, Matthias, Barber, Kerri B., Barbosa, Ademarlaudo, Barenthien, Norbert, Barkhausen, M., Bäuml, Julia, Baus, Colin, Beatty, Jim, Becker, Karl Heinz, Bellido, Jose A., BenZvi, Segev, Berat, Corinne, Bergmann, Till, Bertaina, Mario Edoardo, Bertou, Xavier, Biermann, Peter, Bilhaut, Rene, Billoir, Pierre, Blaess, Simon G., Blanco, Miguel, Bleve, Carla, Blümer, Hans, Boháčová, Martina, Bolz, Heike, Boncioli, Denise, Bonifazi, Carla, Bonino, Raffaella, Boratav, Murat, Borodai, Nataliia, Bracci, F., Brack, Jeffrey, Brancus, Iliana, Bridgeman, Ariel, Brogueira, Pedro, Brown, William C., Buchholz, Peter, Bueno, Antonio, Buitink, Stijn, Buscemi, Mario, Caballero-Mora, Karen S., Caccianiga, Barbara, Caccianiga, Lorenzo, Camin, Daniel, Candusso, Marina, Caramete, Laurentiu, Caruso, Rossella, Castellina, Antonella, Castera, Alain, Cataldi, Gabriella, Cazon, Lorenzo, Cester, Rosanna, Chavez, Alan G., Chiavassa, Andrea, Chinellato, Jose Augusto, Chiosso, Michela, Chudoba, Jiri, Cilmo, Marco, Clark, Paul, Clay, Roger W., Cocciolo, Giuseppe, Colalillo, Roberta, Coleman, Alan, Collica, Laura, Colombo, Eduardo, Colonges, Stéphane, Coluccia, Maria Rita, Conceição, Ruben, Contreras, Fernando, Cooper, Mathew J., Cordier, Alain, Courty, Bernard, Coutu, Stephane, Covault, Corbin, Cronin, James, Curutiu, Alex, Dallier, Richard, Daniel, Bruno, Dasso, Sergio, Daumiller, Kai, Dawson, Bruce R., De Almeida, Rogerio M., De Domenico, Manlio, De Donato, C., De Jong, Sijbrand J., De Mello Neto, Joao, De Mitri, Ivan, De Oliveira, Jaime, De Souza, Vitor, De Vries, Krijn, Del Peral, Luis, Deligny, Olivier, Dembinski, Hans, Dhital, Niraj, Di Giulio, Claudio, Di Matteo, Armando, Diaz, Johana Chirinos, Díaz Castro, Mary Lucia, Diogo, Francisco, Dobrigkeit, Carola, Docters, Wendy, D'Olivo, Juan Carlos, Dolron, P., Dorofeev, Alexei, Dorosti Hasankiadeh, Qader, Dova, Maria Teresa, D'Urso, D., Ebr, Jan, Engel, Ralph, Epele, Luis N., Erdmann, Martin, Erfani, Mona, Escobar, Carlos O., Espadanal, Joao, Etchegoyen, Alberto, Facal San Luis, Pedro, Falcke, Heino, Fang, Ke, Farrar, Glennys, Fauth, Anderson, Fazzini, Norberto, Ferguson, Andrew P., Fernandes, Mateus, Ferrero, Armando, Fick, Brian, Figueira, Juan Manuel, Filevich, Alberto, Filipčič, Andrej, Fox, Brendan, Fraenkel, Eric Daniel, Fratu, Octavian, Freire, Martín Miguel, Fröhlich, Uwe, Fuchs, Benjamin, Fulgione, Walter, Fujii, Toshihiro, García, Beatriz, Garcia-Gamez, Diego, Garcia-Pinto, Diego, Garilli, Gianpaolo, Gascon Bravo, Alberto, Gate, Florian, Geenen, Heiko, Gemmeke, Hartmut, Genolini, Bernard, Ghia, Piera Luisa, Giaccari, Ugo, Giammarchi, Marco, Gibbs, Kenneth, Giller, Maria, Giudice, Nunzio, Glaser, Christian, Glass, Henry, Gómez Berisso, Mariano, Gómez Vitale, Primo F., Gonçalves, Patrícia, Gonzalez, Javier G., González, Nicolás, Gookin, Ben, Góra, Dariusz, Gordon, Jacob, Gorgi, Alessio, Gorham, Peter, Gotink, W., Gouffon, Philippe, Grebe, Stefan, Griffith, Nathan, Grillo, Aurelio, Grubb, Trent D., Grygar, Jiri, Guardone, Nunzio, Guarino, Fausto, Guedes, Germano, Guglielmi, Laurent, Habraken, R., Hampel, Matías Rolf, Hansen, Patricia, Harari, Diego, Harmsma, Sybren, Harrison, Thomas A., Hartmann, Sebastian, Harton, John, Haungs, Andreas, Hebbeker, Thomas, Heck, Dieter, Heimann, Philipp, Herve, Alexander E., Hill, Gary C., Hojvat, Carlos, Hollon, Nicholas, Holt, Ewa, Homola, Piotr, Hörandel, Jörg, Horneffer, Andreas, Horvat, Matej, Horvath, Pavel, Hrabovský, Miroslav, Huber, Daniel, Hucker, Helmut, Huege, Tim, Iarlori, Marco, Insolia, Antonio, Isar, Paula Gina, Jandt, Ingolf, Jansen, Stefan, Jarne, Cecilia, Johnsen, Jeffrey A., Josebachuili, Mariela, Kääpä, Alex, Kambeitz, Olga, Kampert, Karl Heinz, Kasper, Peter, Katkov, Igor, Kégl, Balazs, Keilhauer, Bianca, Keivani, Azadeh, Kelley, John, Kemp, Ernesto, Kieckhafer, Roger, Klages, Hans, Kleifges, Matthias, Kleinfeller, Jonny, Knapp, J., Kopmann, Andreas, Krause, Raphael, Krohm, Nicole, Krömer, Oliver, Kümpel, Daniel, Kunka, Norbert, LaHurd, Danielle, Latronico, Luca, Lauer, Robert, Lauscher, Markus, Lautridou, Pascal, Le Coz, Sandra, Leão, Milton, Lebrun, Didier, Lebrun, Paul, Leigui De Oliveira, Marcelo Augusto, Letessier-Selvon, Antoine, Lhenry-Yvon, Isabelle, Link, Katrin, López, Rebeca, López Casado, Aida, Louedec, Karim, Lozano Bahilo, Julio, Lu, Lu, Lucero, Agustin, Ludwig, Marianne, Malacari, Max, Maldera, Simone, Mallamaci, Manuela, Maller, Jennifer, Mandat, Dusan, Mantsch, Paul, Mariazzi, Analisa, Marin, Vincent, Mariş, Ioana, Marsella, Giovanni, Martello, Daniele, Martin, Lilian, Martinez, Humberto, Martinez, Nolberto, Martínez Bravo, Oscar, Martraire, Diane, Masías Meza, Jimmy, Mathes, Hermann-Josef, Mathys, Sebastian, Matthews, James, Matthews, John, Matthiae, Giorgio, Maurel, Detlef, Maurizio, Daniela, Mayotte, Eric, Mazur, Peter, Medina, Carlos, Medina-Tanco, Gustavo, Meissner, Rebecca, Melissas, Maximilien, Mello, Victor, Melo, Diego, Menichetti, Ezio, Menshikov, Alexander, Messina, Stefano, Meyhandan, Rishi, Mićanović, Saša, Micheletti, Maria Isabel, Middendorf, Lukas, Minaya, Ignacio A., Miramonti, Lino, Mitrica, Bogdan, Molina-Bueno, Laura, Mollerach, Silvia, Monasor, Maria, Montanet, François, Morello, Carlo, Mostafá, Miguel, Moura, Celio A., Muller, Marcio Aparecido, Müller, Gero, Müller, Sarah, Münchmeyer, Moritz, Mussa, Roberto, Navarra, Gianni, Navas, Sergio, Necesal, Petr, Nellen, Lukas, Nelles, Anna, Neuser, Jens, Nguyen, Phong H., Nicotra, Domenico, Niechciol, Marcus, Niemietz, Lukas, Niggemann, Tim, Nitz, Dave, Nosek, Dalibor, Novotny, Vladimir, Nožka, Lyberis, Ochilo, Livingstone, Ohnuki, Tohru, Oikonomou, Foteini, Olinto, Angela, Oliveira, Micael, Olmos-Gilbaja, V. M., Pacheco, Noelia, Pakk Selmi-Dei, D., Palatka, Miroslav, Pallotta, Juan, Palmieri, Nunzia, Papenbreer, P., Parente, Gonzalo, Parra, Alejandra, Patel, Mansukh, Paul, Thomas, Pech, Miroslav, Pękala, Jan, Pelayo, Rodrigo, Pepe, Iuri, Perrone, Lorenzo, Petermann, Emily, Peters, Christine, Petrera, Sergio, Petrinca, Paolo, Petrov, Yevgeniy, Phuntsok, Jamyang, Piegaia, Ricardo, Pierog, Tanguy, Pieroni, Pablo, Pimenta, Mário, Pirronello, Valerio, Platino, Manuel, Plum, Matthias, Porcelli, Alessio, Porowski, Czeslaw, Porter, Troy, Pouryamout, Jahan, Pouthas, Joel Armand Marin, Prado, Raul Ribeiro, Privitera, Paolo, Prouza, Michael, Pryke, Clement, Purrello, Victor, Quel, Eduardo J., Querchfeld, Sven, Quinn, Sean, Randriatoamanana, Richard, Rautenberg, Julian, Ravel, Olivier, Ravignani, Diego, Revenu, Benoît, Ridky, Jan, Risse, Markus, Ristori, Pablo, Rizi, Vincenzo, Robbins, S., Roberts, Michael, Rodrigues De Carvalho, Washington, Rodriguez Fernandez, Gonzalo, Rodriguez Rojo, Jorge Rubén, Rodríguez-Frías, Maria Dolores, Rogozin, Dmytro, Ros, Germán, Rosado, Jaime, Rossler, Tomas, Roth, Markus, Roulet, Esteban, Rovero, Adrian, Saffi, Steven J., Saftoiu, Alexandra, Salamida, Francesco, Salazar, Humberto, Saleh, Ahmed, Salesa Greus, Francisco, Salina, Gaetano, Sánchez, Federico, Sanchez-Lucas, Patricia, Santo, Catarina E., Moura Santos, Edivaldo, Santos, Eva, Sarazin, Fred, Sarkar, Biswaijt, Sarmento, Raul, Sato, Ricardo, Scharf, Nils Sven Sebastian, Scherini, Viviana, Schieler, Harald, Schiffer, Peter, Schmidt, Adrian, Schmidt, David, Scholten, Olaf, Schoorlemmer, Harm, Schovánek, Petr, Schreuder, F., Schröder, Frank G., Schulz, Alexander, Schulz, Johannes, Schumacher, Johannes, Schüssler, Fabian, Sciutto, Sergio, Segreto, Alberto, Sequeiros, Guillelmo, Settimo, Mariangela, Shadkam, Amir, Shellard, Ronald C., Sidelnik, Iván, Sigl, Guenter, Sima, Octavian, Śmiałkowski, Andrzej, Šmída, Radomir, Smith, Andrew G. K., Snow, Gregory, Sommers, Paul, Sorokin, J., Speelman, R., Spinka, Hal, Squartini, Ruben, Srivastava, Yogendra N., Stanič, Samo, Stapleton, J., Stasielak, Jaroslaw, Stephan, Maurice, Stutz, Anne, Suarez, Federico, Suomijärvi, Tiina, Supanitsky, A. Daniel, Sutherland, Michael, Sutter, Michael, Swain, John, Szadkowski, Zbigniew, Szuba, Marek, Taborda, Oscar Alejandro, Tapia, Alex, Tcherniakhovski, Denis, Tepe, Andreas, Theodoro, Vanessa Menezes, Timmermans, Charles, Tkaczyk, Wieslaw, Todero Peixoto, Carlos J., Toma, Gabriel, Tomankova, Lenka, Tomé, Bernardo, Tonachini, Aurelio, Torralba Elipe, Guillermo, Torres Machado, Diego, Travnicek, Petr, Trovato, Enrica, Trung, T. N., Tunnicliffe, Vance, Tusi, E., Ulrich, Ralf, Unger, Michael, Urban, Martin, Valdés Galicia, Jose F., Valiño, Ines, Valore, Laura, Van Aar, Guus, Van Bodegom, Patrick, Van Den Berg, Ad M., Van Velzen, Sjoert, Van Vliet, Arjen, Varela, Enrique, Vargas Cárdenas, Bernardo, Varnav, D. M., Varner, Gary, Vasquez, Rafael, Vázquez, Jose R., Vázquez, Ricardo, Veberič, Darko, Verkooijen, H., Verzi, Valerio, Vicha, Jakub, Videla, Mariela, Villaseñor, Luis, Vitali, G., Vlcek, Brian, Vorenholt, H., Vorobiov, Serguei, Voyvodic, Louis, Wahlberg, Hernan, Wainberg, Oscar, Walker, Peter, Walz, David, Watson, Alan, Weber, Marc, Weidenhaupt, Klaus Frank, Weindl, Andreas, Werner, Felix, Westerhoff, Stefan, Widom, Allan, Wiebusch, Christopher, Wiencke, Lawrence, Wijnen, Thei A. M., Wilczyńska, Wilczyńska, Wilczyński, Henryk, Wild, N., Winchen, Tobias, Wittkowski, David, Wörner, Günter, Wundheiler, Brian, Wykes, Sarka, Yamamoto, Tokonatsu, Yapici, Tolga, Yuan, Guofeng, Yushkov, Alexey, Zamorano, Bruno, Zas, Enrique, Zavrtanik, Danilo, Zavrtanik, Marko, Zepeda, Arnulfo, Zhou, Jing, Zhu, Yue, Zimbres Silva, Marcelo, Zimmermann, Benedikt, Ziolkowski, Michael, and Zuccarello, Francesca

Subjects
Hybrid observatory, detector: performance, Air fluorescence detectors, air: fluorescence, Water Cherenkov detectors, Pierre Auger Observatory, detector: network, cosmic radiation: interaction, 7. Clean energy, Auger, cosmic radiation: detector, detector: fluorescence, High energy cosmic rays, cosmic radiation: VHE, detector: design
Abstract

Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research / A 798, 172-213 (2015). doi:10.1016/j.nima.2015.06.058, Published by North-Holland Publ. Co., Amsterdam

31. The Pierre Auger cosmic ray observatory

Author

A. Haungs, F. Diogo, R. M. de Almeida, J. L. Harton, Harm Schoorlemmer, F. Arneodo, Stijn Buitink, S. Westerhoff, Z. Szadkowski, F. Salamida, Carola Dobrigkeit, M. Plum, M. Chiosso, M. E. Bertaina, S. G. Blaes, Alan Watson, J. Alvarez Castillo, D. Nicotra, Paul Sommers, P. Gouffon, M. J. Cooper, Dragos Varnav, C. Aramo, Carlos Medina, M. De Domenico, M. Sutter, Maria Rita Coluccia, Bruno Daniel, Q. Dorosti Hasankiadeh, T. Yapici, Foteini Oikonomou, J. J. Masías Meza, D. Maurel, Luis Villaseñor, P. Abreu, D. Ravignani, Yingchun Zhu, B. Mitrica, Heino Falcke, J. Vicha, G. Cocciolo, B. Genolini, Luis A. Anchordoqui, M. Ambrosio, G. S. Varner, H. Gemmeke, M. Monasor, M. Iarlori, C. E. Santo, L. Martina, Yogendra N. Srivastava, Andreas Kopmann, E. J. Ahn, V. Tunnicliffe, A. F. Barbosa, Dusan Mandat, Martina Bohacova, Patrick Allison, E. Varela, N. Griffith, J. Sorokin, M. Boratav, B. Revenua, T. Porter, G. Torralba Elipe, A. Gorgi, Peter Schiffer, Benedikt Zimmermann, Rúben Conceição, R. Vasquez, Pascal Lautridou, D. V. Camin, Luis N. Epele, M. Blanco, V. Scherini, Alexandra Saftoiu, O. Kambeitz, H. Martinez, A. Di Matteo, N. Martínez, N. Palmieri, B. Wundheiler, D. Nitz, I. Lhenry-Yvon, Eva Santos, R. Krause, Vincent Marin, P. Walker, Gregory R Snow, Jan Pękala, A. Chiavassa, A. Menshikov, R. Habraken, M. S. A. B. Leão, J. D. Swain, Philipp Papenbreer, Petr Travnicek, John Kelley, S. Mueller, R. Bilhaut, Alan Coleman, M. Roberts, L. Ochilo, Federico Suarez, L. Valore, Amin Aminaei, A. E. Herve, K. B. Barber, L. R. Wiencke, K. Weidenhaupt, C. O. Escobar, A. Insolia, M. Kleifges, D. Zavrtanik, Trent D. Grubb, D. Huber, L. Nellen, Juan Manuel Figueira, A. Dorofeev, M. Melissas, Peter Mazur, Thomas Hebbeker, Joshua A. Gordon, R. A. Vázquez, A. Schmidt, Sergio Dasso, Denis Tcherniakhovski, Roberta Colalillo, John N. Matthews, R. M. Kieckhafer, A. G. Mariazzi, Igor Katkov, M. Muenchmeyer, V. Novotny, A. F. Grillo, G. P. Guedes, Rossella Caruso, Toshihiro Fujii, G. Sequeiros, J. Rautenberg, A. Lucero, J. R. Hoerandel, F. Sanchez, O. Wainberg, Stefano Argiro, S. Mathys, C. Morello, K. D. de Vries, Matthias Balzer, J. A.J. Matthews, F. Schreuder, F. Sarazin, W. Fulgione, W. C. Brown, Patricia María Hansen, Richard Dallier, A. Nelles, M. Erfani, L. Molina-Bueno, D. Melo, H. Verkooijen, T. Pierog, Marco Giammarchi, T. Ohnuki, David Walz, V. Pirronello, J. F. Valdés Galicia, I. De Mitri, A. Gascon Bravo, Iuri Muniz Pepe, Jaime Alvarez-Muñiz, Pedro Assis, A. Etchegoyen, Esteban Roulet, R. Randriatoamanana, C. Jarne, A. Stutz, P. L. Ghia, J. N. Albert, M. Horvat, Marco Cilmo, Arnulfo Zepeda, Alberto Daniel Supanitsky, Lu Lu, R. Sato, Octavian Sima, J. G. Gonzalez, A. Tepe, Dariusz Gora, Peter L. Biermann, R. Mussa, J. J. Beatty, Manuel Platino, J. Grygar, M. A. Leigui de Oliveira, F. Schroeder, Jeffrey A. Johnsen, F. Werner, J. Knapp, J. R. Vázquez, D. Garcia-Gamez, S. Quinn, D. PakkSelmi-Dei, G. Matthiae, T. Rossler, A. Bridgeman, Antonio Bueno, A. Segreto, Günter Sigl, Silvia Mollerach, J. Coppens, Markus Roth, H. Dembinski, H. Vorenholt, I. A. Minaya, B. Keilhauer, E. Petermann, S. J. Saffi, T. Wijnen, P. Sanchez-Lucas, G. Garilli, D. Maurizio, D. Garcia-Pinto, M. Risse, Paolo Privitera, H. Hucker, J. Allen, André Schulz, P. Kasper, S. J. Sciutto, Radomir Smida, Kai Daumiller, G. Mueller, D. Heck, R. Meyhandan, V. Purrello, M. Josebachuili, J. C. Diaz, Alberto Filevich, F. Guarino, Lorenzo Caccianiga, V. M. Theodoro, S. Colonges, B. D. Fox, Markus Lauscher, B. Zamorano, J. Pouryamout, A. Ferrero, Julien Aublin, A. Shadkam, F. Bracci, Florian Gaté, G. Parente, J. Phuntsok, Raul Sarmento, Carlos Hojvat, O. Kroemer, S. J. De Jong, Marcio Aparecido Muller, Peter Buchholz, M. M. Freire, Jeffrey Brack, Olaf Scholten, T. N. Trung, Humberto Ibarguen Salazar, V. de Souza, A. Curutiu, S. Sánchez Navas, T. Asch, H. J. Mathes, Jose Chinellato, Gualberto Avila, Ingomar Allekotte, A. van Vliet, M. Szuba, Eric Mayotte, I.M. Brancus, B. Tome, C. De Donato, Miguel Mostafa, B. Wilczynska, M. Candusso, Peter Gorham, N.R. Wild, Alina Mihaela Badescu, D. Rogozin, J. de Oliveira, A. Widom, M. Gómez Berisso, N. Kunka, R. C. Shellard, Alejandro Almela, W. Docters, M. Oliveira, L. Tomankova, G. Navarra, B. Vlcek, A. López Casado, C. A. Moura, T. Yamamoto, Brian Fick, Ugo Giaccari, Charles Timmermans, J. Lozano Bahilo, Segev BenZvi, A. Letessier-Selvon, M. Prouza, A. Smialkowski, I. Al Samarai, L. Voyvodic, Sasa Micanovic, Angela V. Olinto, C. Di Giulio, Samo Stanič, H. M. Spinka, F. Montanet, M. Patel, L. Collica, J. Rodriguez Rojo, Marco Aglietta, Corbin Covault, Y. Petrov, C. D'Olivo, Lorenzo Cazon, P. Dolron, E. Tusi, A. G. Chavez, Enrique Zas, Lino Miramonti, M. D. Rodríguez-Frías, Iván Sidelnik, E.M. Holt, Fernando Contreras, Johannes Schumacher, A. Saleh, S. Harmsma, L. Perrone, Jiri Chudoba, S. Robbins, Michael Unger, S. Jansen, M. Fernandes, J. R. T. de Mello Neto, A. G. K. Smith, Maria-Teresa Dova, M. R. Hampel, R. Alves Batista, G. C. Hill, D. Torres Machado, Miroslav Pech, Colin Baus, Thomas Harrison, Ralph Engel, J. Ridky, N. Barenthien, Pavel Horvath, P. Pieroni, H. Schieler, Sarka Wykes, Karl-Heinz Kampert, Antonella Castellina, Heiko Geenen, C. Pryke, Jing Zhou, F. Arqueros, P. Necesal, M. S. Sutherland, R. Meissner, B. Vargas Cárdenas, S. van Velzen, K. H. Becker, N. Guardone, L. Guglielmi, M. Videla, J. Pallotta, K. Louedec, David Wittkowski, M. Urban, A. C. Rovero, Paula Gina Isar, C. Bleve, E. J. Quel, Pedro Brogueira, F. Salesa Greus, T. Bergmann, G. Cataldi, A. Filipcic, Azadeh Keivani, Béatrice Fuchs, Niraj Dhital, Octavian Fratu, W. Gotink, I. Valiño, D. Lebrun, U. Froehlich, G. Salina, Danielle LaHurd, Olivier Deligny, Nicolás González, W. Rodrigues de Carvalho, Sofia Andringa, J. W. Cronin, R. Speelman, P. van Bodegom, P. Lebrun, K. Gibbs, M. Palatka, A. Aab, E. Colombo, L. Caramete, M. I. Micheletti, Vincenzo Rizi, D. Martello, M. Ziolkowski, V. B. B. Mello, O. Martínez Bravo, J. Neuser, D. D'Urso, Corinne Berat, M. Giller, G. Toma, van den Ad M Berg, Luca Latronico, Nataliia Borodai, N. Scharf, P. Heimann, W. Tkaczyk, A. C. Fauth, Lukas Middendorf, H. Bolz, E. Trovato, Diego Harari, Christine Peters, A. Horneffer, P. Petrinca, Jose A. Bellido, B. Gookin, E. Kemp, J. Stasielak, S. Coutu, Norberto Fazzini, Serguei Vorobiov, P. H. Nguyen, A. Tapia, E. M. Santos, Balázs Kégl, Jaime Rosado, Mariangela Settimo, Alexey Yushkov, Max Malacari, Bruce R. Dawson, Tim Huege, G. Rodriguez Fernandez, Piotr Homola, Hernán Asorey, S. Le Coz, R. Cester, P. Facal San Luis, C. Porowski, O. A. Taborda, F. Schuessler, A. Cordier, H. Bluemer, I. C. Mariş, Hernan Wahlberg, Denise Boncioli, German Ros, R. R. Prado, Libor Nozka, Marcus Niechciol, E. D. Fraenkel, A. Parra, R. J. Lauer, P. Ristori, V. M. Olmos-Gilbaja, B. Courty, B. García, R. Pelayo, S. Querchfeld, R. López, Karen S. Caballero-Mora, A. Castera, L. Niemietz, B. Caccianiga, N. Pacheco, A. Porcelli, Tim Niggemann, M. Mallamaci, M. Ludwig, S. Hartmann, Martin Erdmann, G. Yuan, M. L. Díaz Castro, G. Farrar, G. Vitali, Francesca Zuccarello, Roger W Clay, Maurice Stephan, Johannes Schulz, M. Ave, J. Pouthas, M. Pimenta, P. Clark, A. Tonachini, C. Bonifaz, J. Baeuml, Tobias Winchen, M. Zimbres Silva, P.F. Gómez Vitale, J. Stapleton, Giovanni Marsella, D. Nosek, A. Weindl, N. Hollon, V. Verzi, David Schmidt, Paulo J. S. Gonçalves, T. Suomijaervi, I. Jandt, Ralf Ulrich, Paul M. Mantsch, R. Piegaia, M. Zavrtanik, A. Kaeaepae, N. Giudice, K. Arisaka, H. Glass, V. M. Aranda, Petr Schovanek, J. Kleinfeller, M. Barkhausen, Daniel Kuempel, S. Maldera, Ivone F. M. Albuquerque, Ke Fang, Darko Veberič, R. Bonino, Marc Weber, M. Buscemi, M. Hrabovsky, Jan Ebr, Sergio Petrera, H.O. Klages, S. Messina, A. P. Ferguson, G. Woerner, C. J. Todero Peixoto, C. H. Wiebusch, J. Maller, N. Krohm, B. Sarkar, Christian Glaser, J. Espadanal, H. Wilczyński, P. Billoir, L. del Peral, M. Avenier, N. Awal, D. Martraire, S. Grebe, R. Squartini, T. Paul, Olivier Ravel, E. Menichetti, G. Medina-Tanco, G. van Aar, K. Link, Research unit Astroparticle Physics, Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire SUBATECH Nantes (SUBATECH), Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Fundación Antorchas, Gobierno De La Provincia de Mendoza, Municipalidad de Malargüe, NDM Holdings and Valle Las Leñas, in gratitude for their continuing cooperation over land access, Argentina, the Australian Research Council, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) Grants # 2010/07359-6 and # 1999/05404-3, Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia (MCT), Brazil, MSMT-CRLG13007, 7AMB14AR005, CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0058 and the Czech Science Foundation Grant 14-17501S, Czech Republic, Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Conseil Régional Ile-de-France, Département Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire (PNC-IN2P3/CNRS), Département Sciences de l׳Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS),Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Finanzministerium Baden-Württemberg, Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF), Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung, Nordrhein Westfalen, Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst, Baden-Württemberg, Germany, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Ministero dell׳Istruzione, dell׳Università e della Ricerca (MIUR), Gran Sasso Center for Astroparticle Physics (CFA), CETEMPS Center of Excellence, Italy, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Mexico, Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap, Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM), Netherlands, National Centre for Research and Development, Grant nos. ERA-NET-ASPERA/01/11 and ERA-NET-ASPERA/02/11, National Science Centre, Grant nos. 2013/08/M/ST9/00322, and 2013/08/M/ST9/00728 and HARMONIA 5 – 2013/10/M/ST9/00062, Poland, Portuguese national funds and FEDER funds within COMPETE – Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundação para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal, Romanian Authority for Scientific Research ANCS, CNDI-UEFISCDI partnership projects nos. 20/2012 and nr.194/2012, project nos. 1/ASPERA2/2012 ERA-NET, PN-II-RU-PD-2011-3-0145-17, and PN-II-RU-PD-2011-3-0062, the Minister of National Education, Programme for research – Space Technology and Advanced Research – STAR, project number 83/2013, Romania, Slovenian Research Agency, Slovenia, Comunidad de Madrid, FEDER funds, Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, Xunta de Galicia, Spain, Science and Technology Facilities Council, United Kingdom, Department of Energy, Contract no. DE-AC02-07CH11359, DE-FR02-04ER41300, DE-FG02-99ER41107 and DE-SC0011689, National Science Foundation, Grant no. 0450696, The Grainger Foundation, USA, NAFOSTED, Vietnam, Marie Curie-IRSES/EPLANET, European Particle Physics Latin American Network, European Union 7th Framework Program, Grant no. PIRSES-2009-GA-246806, and UNESCO., Pierre AUGER, ANR-11-IDEX-0004,SUPER,Sorbonne Universités à Paris pour l'Enseignement et la Recherche(2011), European Project: 328826,EC:FP7:PEOPLE,FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IEF,AUGER2FUTURE(2013), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Scientifique de la Station de Nançay (USN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Mines Nantes (Mines Nantes), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Fiocruz Minas - René Rachou Research Center / Instituto René Rachou [Belo Horizonte, Brésil], Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), STMicroelectronics [Crolles] (ST-CROLLES), Dipartimento de Ingenieria Quimica y Quimica Inorganica, Universidad de Cantabria [Santander], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania (INFN), Università degli studi di Catania [Catania], Département d'Astrophysique, de physique des Particules, de physique Nucléaire et de l'Instrumentation Associée (DAPNIA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Aab, A., Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Ahn, E. J., Al Samarai, I., Albert, J. N., Albuquerque, I. F. M., Allekotte, I., Allen, J., Allison, P., Almela, A., Alvarez Castillo, J., Alvarez Muñiz, J., Alves Batista, R., Ambrosio, M., Aminaei, A., Anchordoqui, L., Andringa, S., Aramo, C., Aranda, V. M., Argirò, S., Arisaka, K., Arneodo, F., Arqueros, F., Asch, T., Asorey, H., Assis, P., Aublin, J., Ave, M., Avenier, M., Avila, G., Awal, N., Badescu, A. M., Balzer, M., Barber, K. B., Barbosa, A., Barenthien, N., Bäuml, J., Baus, C., Beatty, J. J., Becker, K. H., Bellido, J. A., Benzvi, S., Berat, C., Bergmann, T., Bertaina, M. E., Biermann, P. L., Bilhaut, R., Billoir, P., Blaess, S. G., Blanco, M., Bleve, C., Blümer, H., Boháčová, M., Bolz, H., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Bonino, R., Boratav, M., Borodai, N., Bracci, F., Brack, J., Brancus, I., Bridgeman, A., Brogueira, P., Brown, W. C., Buchholz, P., Bueno, A., Buitink, S., Buscemi, Mario, Caballero Mora, K. S., Caccianiga, B., Caccianiga, L., Camin, D., Candusso, M., Caramete, L., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Castera, A., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cester, R., Chavez, A. G., Chiavassa, A., Chinellato, J. A., Chiosso, M., Chudoba, J., Cilmo, M., Clark, P. D. J., Clay, R. W., Cocciolo, G., Colalillo, Roberta, Coleman, A., Collica, L., Colombo, E., Colonges, S., Coluccia, M. R., Conceiçáo, R., Contreras, F., Cooper, M. J., Coppens, J., Cordier, A., Courty, B., Coutu, S., Covault, C. E., Cronin, J., Curutiu, A., Dallier, R., Daniel, B., Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., De Almeida, R. M., De Domenico, M., De Donato, C., De Jong, S. J., De Mello Neto, J. R. T., De Mitri, I., De Oliveira, J., De Souza, V., De Vries, K. D., Del Peral, L., Deligny, O., Dembinski, H., Dhital, N., Di Giulio, C., Di Matteo, A., Diaz, J. C., Díaz Castro, M. L., Diogo, F., Dobrigkeit, C., Docters, W., D'Olivo, J. C., Dolron, P., Dorofeev, A., Dorosti Hasankiadeh, Q., Dova, M. T., D'Urso, D., Ebr, J., Engel, R., Epele, L. N., Erdmann, M., Erfani, M., Escobar, C. O., Espadanal, J., Etchegoyen, A., Facal San Luis, P., Falcke, H., Fang, K., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fazzini, N., Ferguson, A. P., Fernandes, M., Ferrero, A., Fick, B., Figueira, J. M., Filevich, A., Filipčič, A., Fox, B. D., Fraenkel, E. D., Fratu, O., Freire, M. M., Fröhlich, U., Fuchs, B., Fulgione, W., Fujii, T., García, B., Garcia Gamez, D., Garcia Pinto, D., Garilli, G., Gascon Bravo, A., Gate, F., Geenen, H., Gemmeke, H., Genolini, B., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Giammarchi, M., Gibbs, K., Giller, M., Giudice, N., Glass, H., Gómez Berisso, M., Gómez Vitale, P. F., Gonçalves, P., Gonzalez, J. G., González, N., Gookin, B., Góra, D., Gordon, J., Gorgi, A., Gorham, P., Gotink, W., Gouffon, P., Grebe, S., Griffith, N., Grillo, A. F., Grubb, T. D., Grygar, J., Guardone, N., Guarino, Fausto, Guedes, G. P., Guglielmi, L., Habraken, R., Hampel, M. R., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harmsma, S., Harrison, T. A., Hartmann, S., Harton, J. L., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Heck, D., Heimann, P., Herve, A. E., Hill, G. C., Hojvat, C., Hollon, N., Holt, E., Homola, P., Hörandel, J. R., Horneffer, A., Horvat, M., Horvath, P., Hrabovský, M., Huber, D., Hucker, H., Huege, T., Iarlori, M., Insolia, A., Isar, P. G., Jandt, I., Jansen, S., Jarne, C., Johnsen, J. A., Josebachuili, M., Kääpä, A., Kambeitz, O., Kampert, K. H., Kasper, P., Katkov, I., Kégl, B., Keilhauer, B., Keivani, A., Kelley, J., Kemp, E., Kieckhafer, R. M., Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Kleinfeller, J., Knapp, J., Kopmann, A., Krause, R., Krohm, N., Kröpmer, O., Kuempel, D., Kunka, N., La Hurd, D., Latronico, L., Lauer, R., Lauscher, M., Lautridou, P., Le Coz, S., Leão, M. S. A. B., Lebrun, D., Lebrun, P., Leiguide Oliveira, M. A., Letessier Selvon, A., Lhenry Yvon, I., Link, K., López, R., López Casado, A., Louedec, K., Lozano Bahilo, J., Lu, L., Lucero, A., Ludwig, M., Malacari, M., Maldera, S., Mallamaci, M., Maller, J., Mandat, D., Mantsch, P., Mariazzi, A. G., Marin, V., Mariş, I. C., Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martin, L., Martinez, H., Martinez, N., Martínez Bravo, O., Martraire, D., Masías Meza, J. J., Mathes, H. J., Mathys, S., Matthews, J., Matthews, J. A. J., Matthiae, G., Maurel, D., Maurizio, D., Mayotte, E., Mazur, P. O., Medina, C., Medina Tanco, G., Meissner, R., Melissas, M., Mello, V. B. B., Melo, D., Menichetti, E., Menshikov, A., Messina, S., Meyhandan, R., Mićanović, S., Micheletti, M. I., Middendorf, L., Minaya, I. A., Miramonti, L., Mitrica, B., Molina Bueno, L., Mollerach, S., Monasor, M., Montanet, F., Morello, C., Mostafá, M., Moura, C. A., Muller, M. A., Muller, G., Muller, S., Mussa, R., Navarra, G., Navas, S., Necesal, P., Nellen, L., Nelles, A., Neuser, J., Nguyen, P. H., Nicotra, D., Niechciol, M., Niemietz, L., Niggemann, T., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Novotny, V., Nožka, L., Ochilo, L., Ohnuki, T., Oikonomou, F., Olinto, A., Oliveira, M., Olmos Gilbaja, V. M., Pacheco, N., Pakk Selmi Dei, D., Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Palmieri, N., Papenbreer, P., Parente, G., Parra, A., Patel, M., Paul, T., Pech, M., Pȩkala, J., Pelayo, R., Pepe, I. M., Perrone, L., Petermann, E., Peters, C., Petrera, S., Petrinca, P., Petrov, Y., Phuntsok, J., Piegaia, R., Pierog, T., Pieroni, P., Pimenta, M., Pirronello, V., Platino, M., Plum, M., Porcelli, A., Porowski, C., Porter, T., Pouryamout, J., Pouthas, J., Prado, R. R., Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Pryke, C. L., Purrello, V., Quel, E. J., Querchfeld, S., Quinn, S., Randriatoamanana, R., Rautenberg, J., Ravel, O., Ravignani, D., Revenu, B., Ridky, J., Risse, M., Ristori, P., Rizi, V., Robbins, S., Roberts, M., Rodrigues De Carvalho, W., Rodriguez Fernandez, G., Rodriguez Rojo, J., Rodríguez Frías, M. D., Rogozin, D., Ros, G., Rosado, J., Rossler, T., Roth, M., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Saffi, S. J., Saftoiu, A., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Saleh, A., Salesa Greus, F., Salina, G., Sánchez, F., Sanchez Lucas, P., Santo, C. E., Santos, E., Santos, E. M., Sarazin, F., Sarkar, B., Sarmento, R., Sato, R., Scharf, N., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schiffer, P., Schmidt, A., Schmidt, D., Scholten, O., Schoorlemmer, H., Schovánek, P., Schreuder, F., Schröder, F. G., Schulz, A., Schulz, J., Schüssler, F., Schumacher, J., Sciutto, S. J., Segreto, A., Sequeiros, G., Settimo, M., Shadkam, A., Shellard, R. C., Sidelnik, I., Sigl, G., Sima, O., ͆miałkowski, A., Šmída, R., Smith, A. G. K., Snow, G. R., Sommers, P., Sorokin, J., Speelman, R., Spinka, H., Squartini, R., Srivastava, Y. N., Stanič, S., Stapleton, J., Stasielak, J., Stephan, M., Stutz, A., Suarez, F., Suomijärvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Sutherland, M. S., Sutter, M., Swain, J., Szadkowski, Z., Szuba, M., Taborda, O. A., Tapia, A., Tcherniakhovski, D., Tepe, A., Theodoro, V. M., Timmermans, C., Tkaczyk, W., Todero Peixoto, C. J., Toma, G., Tomankova, L., Tomé, B., Tonachini, A., Torralba Elipe, G., Torres Machado, D., Travnicek, P., Trovato, E., Trung, T. N., Tunnicliffe, V., Tusi, E., Ulrich, R., Unger, M., Urban, M., Valdés Galicia, J. F., Valiño, I., Valore, Laura, Van Aar, G., Van Bodegom, P., Van Den Berg, A. M., Van Velzen, S., Van Vliet, A., Varela, E., Vargas Cárdenas, B., Varnav, D. M., Varner, G., Vasquez, R., Vázquez, J. R., Vázquez, R. A., Veberič, D., Verkooijen, H., Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Videla, M., Villaseñor, L., Vitali, G., Vlcek, B., Vorenholt, H., Vorobiov, S., Voyvodic, L., Wahlberg, H., Wainberg, O., Walker, P., Walz, D., Watson, A. A., Weber, M., Weidenhaupt, K., Weindl, A., Werner, F., Westerhoff, S., Widom, A., Wiebusch, C., Wiencke, L., Wijnen, T., Wilczyńska, B., Wilczyński, H., Wild, N., Winchen, T., Wörner, G., Wundheiler, B., Wykes, S., Yamamoto, T., Yapici, T., Yuan, G., Yushkov, A., Zamorano, B., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, M., Zepeda, A., Zhou, J., Zhu, Y., Zimbres Silva, M., Zimmermann, B., Ziolkowski, M., Zuccarello, F., Ahn, E. . J., Albuquerque, I. . F. . M., Aranda, V. . M., Arsene, N., Badescu, A. . M., Barber, K. . B., Beatty, J. . J., Becker, K. . H., Bellido, J. . A., Bertaina, M. . E., Bertou, X., Biermann, P. . L., Blaess, S. . G., Blanco, A., Bleve, Carla, Brown, W. . C., Buscemi, M., Caballero Mora, K. . S., Chavez, A. . G., Chinellato, J. . A., Clay, R. . W., Colalillo, R., Coluccia, MARIA RITA, Conceição, R., Cooper, M. . J., Covault, C. . E., Dawson, B. . R., de Almeida, R. . M., de Jong, S. . J., De Mauro, G., de Mello Neto, J. . R. . T., DE MITRI, Ivan, de Oliveira, J., de Souza, V., del Peral, L., Diaz, J. . C., Díaz Castro, M. . L., D’Olivo, J. . C., Dova, M. . T., Escobar, C. . O., Fauth, A. . C., Ferguson, A. . P., Figueira, J. . M., Fox, B. . D., Freire, M. . M., Gherghel Lascu, A., Ghia, P. . L., Głas, D., Glaser, C., Golup, G., Gómez Vitale, P. . F., Grillo, A. . F., Grubb, T. . D., Guardincerri, Y., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. . P., Hampel, M. . R., Harrison, T. . A., Harton, J. . L., Herve, A. . E., Hill, G. . C., Hörandel, J. . R., Isar, P. . G., Johnsen, J. . A., Kampert, K. . H., Kieckhafer, R. . M., Klages, H. . O., Krömer, O., Lahurd, D., Leigui de Oliveira, M. . A., Lopes, L., Mariazzi, A. . G., Mariş, I. . C., Marsella, Giovanni, Martello, Daniele, Masías Meza, J. . J., Mathes, H. . J., Matthews, J. . A. . J., Mazur, P. . O., Mello, V. . B. . B., Micheletti, M. . I., Minaya, I. . A., Moura, C. . A., Muller, M. . A., Müller, G., Müller, S., Navarro, J. . L., Nguyen, P. . H., Niculescu Oglinzanu, M., Pepe, I. . M., Perrone, Lorenzo, Prado, R. . R., Quel, E. . J., Riggi, S., Rodrigues de Carvalho, W., Rodríguez Frías, M. . D., Rovero, A. . C., Saffi, S. . J., Santos, E. . M., Scarso, C., Schauer, M., Scherini, Viviana, Schröder, F. . G., Sciutto, S. . J., Shellard, R. . C., Śmiałkowski, A., Snow, G. . R., Srivastava, Y. . N., Stanca, D., Supanitsky, A. . D., Sutherland, M. . S., Taborda, O. . A., Theodoro, V. . M., Tiffenberg, J., Todero Peixoto, C. . J., Valdés Galicia, J. . F., Valore, L., van Aar, G., van Bodegom, P., van den Berg, A. . M., van Velzen, S., van Vliet, A., Vázquez, J. . R., Vázquez, R. . A., Watson, A. . A., Wittkowski, D., Yang, L., Zavrtanik, D., Physics, Elementary Particle Physics, Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz / Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Università degli studi di Catania = University of Catania (Unict), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
detector [cosmic radiation], interaction [cosmic radiation], FLUORESCENCE YIELD, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Air fluorescence detectors, hybrid observatory, Astronomy, Air fluorescence detector, Astrophysics, Auger, High energy cosmic ray, design [detector], Observatory, SURFACE DETECTOR ARRAY, High energy cosmic rays, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, fluorescence [air], Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray, ATMOSPHERIC MULTIPLE-SCATTERING, GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries), Instrumentation, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, performance [detector], Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Pierre Auger Observatory, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), water Cherenkov detectors, LIGHT, Water Cherenkov detector, network [detector], LOWER IONOSPHERE, ddc:620, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Hybrid observatory, Water Cherenkov detectors, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, physics, air fluorescence detectors, Air fluorescence detectors, High energy cosmic rays, Hybrid observatory, Pierre Auger Observatory, Water Cherenkov detectors, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Instrumentation, [PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Cosmic ray, EXTENSIVE AIR-SHOWERS, Particle detector, VHE [cosmic radiation], ddc:530, RECONSTRUCTION, Cosmic-ray observatory, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Engineering & allied operations, Astrophysique, Ciencias Exactas, Nuclear and High Energy Physic, fluorescence [detector], high energy cosmic rays, Física, ASTROFÍSICA, ULTRA-HIGH ENERGY, Pierre Auger Observatory, High energy cosmic rays, Hybrid observatory, Water Cherenkov detectors, Air fluorescence detectors, Experimental High Energy Physics, RADIATION, EMISSION
Abstract

The successful installation, commissioning, and operation of the Pierre Auger Observatory would not have been possible without the strong commitment and effort from the technical and administrative staff in Malargüe. We are very grateful to the following agencies and organizations for financial support: Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Fundación Antorchas, Gobierno De La Provincia de Mendoza, Municipalidad de Malargüe, NDM Holdings and Valle Las Leñas, in gratitude for their continuing cooperation over land access, Argentina; the Australian Research Council; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) Grants # 2010/07359-6 and # 1999/05404-3, Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia (MCT), Brazil; MSMT-CR LG13007, 7AMB14AR005, CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0058 and the Czech Science Foundation Grant 14-17501S, Czech Republic; Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Conseil Régional Ile-de-France, Département Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire (PNC-IN2P3/CNRS), Département Sciences de l'Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS), Institut Lagrange de Paris, ILP LABEX ANR-10-LABX-63, within the Investissements d'Avenir ProgrammeANR-11-IDEX-0004-02, France; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Finanzministerium Baden-Württemberg, Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF), Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung, Nordrhein Westfalen, Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst, Baden-Württemberg, Germany; Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (MIUR), Gran Sasso Center for Astroparticle Physics (CFA), CETEMPS Center of Excellence, Italy; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Mexico; Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap, Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM), Netherlands; National Centre for Research and Development, Grant nos. ERA-NETASPERA/01/11 and ERA-NET-ASPERA/02/11, National Science Centre, Grant nos. 2013/08/M/ST9/00322, and 2013/08/M/ST9/00728 and HARMONIA 5 – 2013/10/M/ST9/00062, Poland; Portuguese national funds and FEDER funds within COMPETE – Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundação para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal; Romanian Authority for Scientific Research ANCS, CNDI-UEFISCDI partnership projects nos. 20/2012 and nr.194/2012, project nos. 1/ASPERA2/2012 ERA-NET, PN-II-RU-PD-2011-3-0145-17, and PN-II-RU-PD-2011- 3-0062, the Minister of National Education, Programme for research – Space Technology and Advanced Research – STAR, project number 83/2013, Romania; Slovenian Research Agency, Slovenia; Comunidad de Madrid, FEDER funds, Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, Xunta de Galicia, European Community 7th Framework Program, Grant no. FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IEF-328826, Spain; Science and Technology Facilities Council, United Kingdom; Department of Energy, Contract no. DE-AC02-07CH11359, DE-FR02-04ER41300, DE-FG02-99ER41107 and DE-SC0011689, National Science Foundation, Grant no. 0450696, The Grainger Foundation, USA; NAFOSTED, Vietnam; Marie Curie-IRSES/EPLANET, European Particle Physics Latin American Network, European Union 7th Framework Program, Grant no. PIRSES-2009- GA-246806; and UNESCO., The Pierre Auger Observatory, located on a vast, high plain in western Argentina, is the world׳s largest cosmic ray observatory. The objectives of the Observatory are to probe the origin and characteristics of cosmic rays above 1017 eV and to study the interactions of these, the most energetic particles observed in nature. The Auger design features an array of 1660 water Cherenkov particle detector stations spread over 3000 km2 overlooked by 24 air fluorescence telescopes. In addition, three high elevation fluorescence telescopes overlook a 23.5 km2, 61-detector infilled array with 750 m spacing. The Observatory has been in successful operation since completion in 2008 and has recorded data from an exposure exceeding 40,000 km2 sr yr. This paper describes the design and performance of the detectors, related subsystems and infrastructure that make up the Observatory., Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica, Fundacion Antorchas, Gobierno De La Provincia de Mendoza, Municipalidad de Malargue, NDM Holdings and Valle Las Lenas, Australian Research Council, National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Ciencia Tecnologia e Inovacao (FINEP), Carlos Chagas Filho Foundation for Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) 2010/07359-6 1999/05404-3, Ministerio de Ciencia e Tecnologia (MCT), Brazil, Ministry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech Republic LG13007 7AMB14AR005 CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0058, Grant Agency of the Czech Republic Czech Republic Government 14-17501S, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Region Ile-de-France, Departement Physique Nucleaire et Corpusculaire PNC-IN2P3/CNRS, Departement Sciences de l'Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS), Institut Lagrange de Paris, French National Research Agency (ANR) ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02 ANR-10-LABX-63, Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF), German Research Foundation (DFG), Finanzministerium Baden-Wurttemberg, Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Helmholtz Association, Ministerium fur Wissenschaft und Forschung, Nordrhein Westfalen, Ministerium fur Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany, Istituto Nazionale Astrofisica (INAF), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR), Gran Sasso Center for Astroparticle Physics (CFA), CETEMPS Center of Excellence, Italy, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT), Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), FOM (The Netherlands) Netherlands Government, National Centre for Research and Development ERA-NET-ASPERA/01/11 ERA-NET-ASPERA/02/11, National Science Centre, Poland 2013/08/M/ST9/00322 2013/08/M/ST9/00728 HARMONIA 5 - 2013/10/M/ST9/00062, Portuguese national funds, FEDER funds within COMPETE - Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal, Romanian Authority for Scientific Research ANCS, CNDI-UEFISCDI 20/2012 194/2012 1/ASPERA2/2012 ERA-NET PN-II-RU-PD-2011-3-0145-17 PN-II-RU-PD-2011-3-0062, Programme for research - Space Technology and Advanced Research - STAR, Romania 83/2013, Slovenian Research Agency - Slovenia, Comunidad de Madrid Instituto de Salud Carlos III, European Union (EU), Spanish Government, Xunta de Galicia, European Community, Spain FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IEF-328826, Science & Technology Facilities Council (STFC), United States Department of Energy (DOE) DE-AC02-07CH11359 DE-FR02-04ER41300 DE-FG02-99ER41107 DE-SC0011689, National Science Foundation (NSF) 0450696, Grainger Foundation, USA, National Foundation for Science & Technology Development (NAFOSTED), Marie Curie-IRSES/EPLANET, European Particle Physics Latin American Network, European Union (EU) PIRSES-2009-GA-246806, UNESCO

Published
2015
Full Text
View/download PDF

32. Ancient DNA from latrines in Northern Europe and the Middle East (500 BC-1700 AD) reveals past parasites and diet.

Author

Søe MJ, Nejsum P, Seersholm FV, Fredensborg BL, Habraken R, Haase K, Hald MM, Simonsen R, Højlund F, Blanke L, Merkyte I, Willerslev E, and Kapel CMO

Subjects
Agriculture, Animals, Archaeology methods, Biodiversity, DNA, Mitochondrial, DNA, Plant, Eggs, Europe, History, Ancient, Humans, Metagenome, Middle East, Parasites genetics, Parasitic Diseases epidemiology, Parasitic Diseases history, Phylogeny, Sequence Analysis, DNA, DNA, Ancient, Diet, Feces chemistry, Feces parasitology, Toilet Facilities
Abstract

High-resolution insight into parasitic infections and diet of past populations in Northern Europe and the Middle East (500 BC- 1700 AD) was obtained by pre-concentration of parasite eggs from ancient latrines and deposits followed by shotgun sequencing of DNA. Complementary profiling of parasite, vertebrate and plant DNA proved highly informative in the study of ancient health, human-animal interactions as well as animal and plant dietary components. Most prominent were finding of soil-borne parasites transmitted directly between humans, but also meat-borne parasites that require consumption of raw or undercooked fish and pork. The detection of parasites for which sheep, horse, dog, pig, and rodents serves as definitive hosts are clear markers of domestic and synanthropic animals living in closer proximity of the respective sites. Finally, the reconstruction of full mitochondrial parasite genomes from whipworm (Ascaris lumbricoides) and roundworm species (Trichuris trichiura and Trichuris muris) and estimates of haplotype frequencies elucidates the genetic diversity and provides insights into epidemiology and parasite biology.

Published
2018
Full Text
View/download PDF

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources
See catalog results