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The digenetic trematode parasite, which is a member of the genus Fasciola and has two species: Fasciola Hepatica and Fasciola Gigantica, is the source of the snail-borne trematode disease known as Fascioliasis. Fasciola gigantica is found in tropical regions of Africa and Asia, whereas Fasciola hepatica is primarily found in temperate zones. 2.4 million people are thought to be affected with fascioliasis worldwide, which has recently been recognized as a significant zoonotic parasitic illness that infects humans. Both species spread by snails belonging to the Lymnaeidae family and pose a concern to domestic ruminants and public health. Ingestion of encysted metacercariae of Fasciola species causes infection in both humans and animals. In Egypt, fascioliasis in humans and animals is endemic and causes both clinical and epidemiological health problems. Economic losses from fascioliasis include mortality, decreased carcass weight, decreased meat and milk output, decreased growth and quality of wool, liver damage, and decreased resistance, which makes animals more susceptible to subsequent consequences and other diseases. The parasite's history, taxonomic position, biology, pathophysiology, epidemiology, geographic distribution, economic losses, diagnosis, and control of infection in humans and animals are only a few of the topics covered by the authors in this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fascioliasis is an important worldwide zoonotic parasitic disease. In Egypt, fascioliasis in humans and animals is endemic and causes both clinical and epidemiological health problems. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of related risk factors in two regions of the New Valley Governorate, Egypt, as well as the prevalence of fascioliasis in humans and farm animals based on fecal examination. The fecal sedimentation technique was used to look for Fasciola eggs in the fecal samples. Between December 2022 and June 2023, 180 human stool samples and 370 animal fecal samples (300 cattle, 70 sheep) were collected. Depending on coprological examination, the prevalence of fascioliasis was 0 % (0/180) in human and 1.6% (6 out of 370) in animals, sheep showed higher infection 2.9% (2 out of 70) than cattle 1.3% (4 out of 300) with non-significant association between infection and species, age range, sex of animals, locality, and time of infection. In conclusion, even though human fascioliasis was not found in this investigation, the animal fascioliasis existence can pose a risk to public health. Thus, it's critical to implement policies that will minimize the chance that animals in the governorate of New Valley may become infected with Fasciola. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novelty of this work is the simultaneous analysis of sulbactam (SUL), ampicillin (AMP), and paracetamol (PARA) in human urine samples, using the environmentally benign RP-HPLC method. A C18 column was used in chromatographic separation using potassium dihydrogen phosphate (10 mmol L–1, pH 5)/ethanol (90 %, V/V) as the mobile phase; flow rate was 1.00 mL min–1. UV detection at 220 nm was used for quantification. The proposed method showed good linearity in the concentration ranges of 2.20–250.00 μg mL–1 for SUL, 2.50–250.00 μg mL–1 for PARA, and 14.50–250.00 μg mL–1 for AMP. Direct injection of urine samples with no prior extraction was performed. This method was found successful in moving towards greener studies of drugs’ urinary excretion, by decreasing hazardous solvent consumption and waste. Moreover, the method was applied to investigate the urinary excretion of the drugs and possible interaction between ampicillin and paracetamol.

Background: Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) (H5N1) has been endemic in Egypt for almost two decades, profoundly impacting both the poultry industry and public health. Egypt stands as a prominent epicenter for HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in Africa, marked by the highest number of positive human cases. Despite continuous governmental efforts, prior research underscored the inadequacy of strategies in controlling the virus spread. Aim: This study identified spatiotemporal patterns and high-risk clusters of HPAI H5N1 outbreaks at the subdistrict level. Methods: This study involved trial tracking of HPAI H5N1 endemicity dynamics, enabling tailored interventions at a regional level based on robust epidemiological investigations to address the persistent challenge of HPAI H5N1 in Egypt. This study illuminated spatiotemporal outbreak dynamics, with specific attention on Menofia governorate. Results: Despite the region's early poultry impacts, initial outbreaks did not originate from Menofia in studied epidemic waves (EWs). Outbreak risk spatial distribution displayed an escalating pattern at the northern border, followed by risk reduction through the sixth EW. The predominant hot spot region was localized within rural districts, particularly villages, while urbanization coincided with lower outbreak density. Observed smoothed densities revealed epidemic propagation within urban centers, preceding its transition to new areas and establishing direct connections with neighboring cities. Primary cluster prognostication was plausible, occurring in regions previously hosting elevated relative risk clusters during preceding EWs. Identification of enduring pinpoint clusters, persistent for extended durations, indicated close contact dynamics and localized viral circulation within populations. Conclusion: This study highlights the significance of customized regional interventions based on the rigorous epidemiological framework. This approach is pivotal in the profound comprehension of endemicity dynamics, efficiently limits geographical infection spread, and contains outbreaks within delineated areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the stability of three major antioxidants of Nigella sativa: thymoquinone (TQ), carvacrol (CR) and thymol (THY), under different stress conditions using HPLC and LC-MS/MS. Forced degradation for each compound was performed under different conditions, including oxidation, hydrolysis, photolysis and thermal decomposition. The results showed that both CR and THY were stable under the studied conditions, whereas TQ was not affected by acidic, basic and oxidative forced conditions but the effect of light and heat was significant. The degradation products of TQ were further investigated and characterized by LC-MS/MS. HPLC-UV method has been fully validated in terms of linearity and range, the limit of detection and quantitation, precision, selectivity, accuracy and robustness. The method was successfully applied to quantitative analysis of the principal antioxidants of Nigella sativa TQ, CR and THY in different phytopharmaceuticals.

The microbial analysis of fish is critical for ensuring overall health. Uncooked fish can serve as a conduit for transmitting several types of microbes; the current investigation sought to assess the bacterial levels in various kinds of fish from Nasser Lake, Aswan, Egypt, considered the chief source of potable water in Egypt. Two hundred and fifty fish samples, including 50 of each Oreochromis niloticus, Sander lucioperca, Lates niloticus, Clarias gariepinus, and Mormyrus kannume, from Nasser Lake, Aswan, Egypt, were collected to detect the bacterial load, isolation, and identification of Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus and their virulence genes. The findings revealed that Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus exhibited higher bacterial loads than other fish species. Incidences of bacterial contamination among examined fishes were 28.8%, 20.4%, and 16% for Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, respectively. Additionally, PCR analysis detected the presence of aerA (60%) and Act (40%) genes in A. hydrophila, rpoB (70%) and LasB (30%) genes in P. aeruginosa, and ToxR (70%) and tdh (50%) genes in V. parahaemolyticus. The study suggested that the bacterial contamination levels in Oreochromis niloticus and Clarias gariepinus could be notably more significant than in other species that could potentially be harmful to the consumers, especially considering the identification of particular bacteria known to cause foodborne illnesses. Further recommendations emphasized that regular monitoring and assessments are required to preserve their quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most common features of many different clinical conditions is pain; hence, there is a crucial need for eliminating or reducing it to a tolerable level to retrieve physical, psychological and social functioning. A first derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry technique is proposed for the simultaneous determination of celecoxib and tramadol HCl, a recent coformulation authorized for treating acute pain in adults. The method includes using synchronous spectrofluorimetry at ∆λ = 80 nm where tramadol HCl was determined using first derivative technique at λ = 230.2 nm, while celecoxib was determined at λ = 288.24 nm. The proposed method was successfully applied to their co‐formulated dosage forms in addition to spiked human plasma and validated in agreement with the guidelines of the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH). The linear ranges were found to be 0.50–5.0 and 0.15–0.50, the limits of detection to be 0.088 and 0.011 and the limits of quantification to be 0.266 and 0.032 μg/ml for celecoxib and tramadol, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference when compared with previously reported methods as evidenced by the values of the variance ratio F‐test and Student t‐test. The proposed method was successfully applied to commercial dosage forms and spiked human samples. Moreover, the greenness of the proposed method was investigated based on the analytical eco‐scale approach, with the results showing an excellent green scale with a score of 95. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eplerenone (EPL) and spironolactone (SPR) belong to the class of potassium-sparing diuretics. Both drugs are prescribed for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. Spironolactone is structurally like progesterone and binds to progesterone, androgen and mineralocorticoid receptors. Eplerenone is a selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, so it lacks the anti-androgenic side effects of spironolactone. Using a thorough computer assisted literature survey; this review article touches upon the reported analytical methods for the quantification of both drugs in raw materials, pharmaceutical dosage forms and biological fluids. Bioanalytical methods are widely used for quantitative estimation of drugs and their metabolites in biological matrices. Various analytical methods such as spectrophotometry, spectrofluorimetry, HPLC, TLC, and UPLC have been used in laboratories for the quantitative analysis of these drugs in biological samples and pharmaceutical preparations. Therefore, the aim of this review is to give a summary of the current analytical methods used for the assay of both drugs. The review represents a guide for the QC labs and the bioequivalence centers to analyze the studied drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]