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Recently, new network systems have begun to emerge (for instance, 5G, IoT, and ICN) that require capabilities beyond that provided by existing IP networking. To fulfill the requirements, some new networking technologies are being proposed. The promising approach of the new networking technology is to try to overcome the architectural limitations of IP networking by adopting an identifier (ID)-based networking concept in which communication objects are identified independently from a specific location and mechanism. However, we note that existing ID-based networking proposals only partially meet the requirements of emerging and future networks. This paper proposes a new ID-based networking architecture and mechanisms, named IDNet, to meet all of the requirements of emerging and future networks. IDNet is designed with four major functional blocks-routing, forwarding, mapping system, and application interface. For the proof of concept, we develop numeric models for IDNet and implement a prototype of IDNet.

Objectives: The current study aims to examine whether the influence of National Long-term Care Insurance(NLCI) on the quality of life(QoL) trajectory of older adults with disabilities is more positive than its influence on those without disabilities. Methods: Sample consisted of 5,362 elderly aged 65 and over who participated in the Korean Welfare Panel Study from Wave1 to Wave7. Data were analyzed using latent growth curve modeling. Results: Major findings are as follows. (1) Before the NLCI, the trajectories of QoL between older adults with disabilities and those without were same. (2) After the NLCI, elders with disabilities showed lower levels of QoL at the beginning, but the gaps gradually decreased with time. These results indicate that the implementation of NLCI more positively affected elders with disabilities than those without disabilities. Conclusions: These results suggest that the NLCI functions properly as one of social security nets to cope with the needs of older adults with disabilities. In conclusion, it is critical to develop a sustainable NLCI system to enhance the QoL of older adults with disabilities. Key words: Long-term care insurance, quality of life, older adults with disabilities, latent growth curve modeling

In ubiquitous environment, data are changing rapidly and new data is coming as times passes. And sometimes all of the past data will be lost if there is not sufficient space in memory. Therefore, there is a need to make rules and combine it with new data not to lose all the past data or to deal with large amounts of data. In making decision trees and extracting rules, the weight of each of rules is generally determined by the total number of the class at leaf. The computational problem of finding a minimum finite state acceptor compatible with given data is NP-hard. We assume that rules extracted are not correct and may have the loss of some information. Because of this precondition. this paper presents a new approach for refining rules. It controls their weight of rules of previous knowledge or data. In solving rule refinement, this paper tries to make a variety of rules with pruning method with majority and minority properties, control weight of each of rules and observe the change of performances. In this paper, the decision tree classifier with extended data expression having static weight is used for this proposed study. Experiments show that performances conducted with a new policy of refining rules may get better. 키워드 : 룰 개선, 이진트리, 중요도, 푸르닝, 확장 데이터 Key word : rule refinement, decision tree, weight, pruning, extended data expression Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering 한국정보통신학회논문지(J. Korea Inst. Inf. Commun. Eng.) Vol. 18, No. 6 : 1283~1293 Jun. 2014

In order to provide for the safe and expeditious passage of maritime traffic in congested waters, every country establishes, operates, and maintains Vessel Traffic Services where needed. In larger areas, a VTS will generally require a communication system to enable the vessel traffic center and the participating vessels to exchange information. There are some kinds of commercial VTS. Generally, these consists of several systems which have its own role such as operating system, video extracting and tracking system, warning and integration system, VTS logging and replaying system and so on. These are connected each other directly. In this paper, we introduce the centralized VTS which is separated by VTS Gateway System between VTS Operating System and the other subsystems. In case of VGWS, three kinds of messages are considered in the message arrival process. First is check in/check out messages which are basic as gateway. Second is VTS operating system supporting message which is always applied to all VTS operating system including VTOS user login, VTOS user environment configuration info setting and common info for VTS system and so on. Last is compulsory message transmission for VTOS logging and playback. The centralized VTS running tests show that the message processing delay of VGWS is acceptable compared to the predefined delay metric for VGWS performance.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial activity of lichen-forming fungi (LFF) against Helicobacter pylori, and to optimize the culture conditions of LFF for maximum production of natural antibiotics against H. pylori. To accomplish this, a screening assay was first conducted among 19 species of LFF. The extract of Nephromopsis pallescens (KOLRI-040516) exhibited the strongest anti-ff. pylori activity. Bioautograghic TLC and HPLC analysis identified usnic acid as the main antibacterial substance produced by JV. pallescens. The growth of JV. pallescens and production of antibacterial substances produced by the fungus were then investigated under several culture conditions including the culture media, initial medium pHs, incubation temperatures, and the degree of aeration. The results indicated that culture in MY medium with an initial pH of 6.0, a temperature of 15°C and a low degree of aeration supported the largest usnic acid production of the fungus (16.4 ug usnic acid/g dry biomass). Especially, aeration was found to be an important factor that affect both growth and usnic acid production of N. pallescens.

Total 222 lichen specimens of North Korea including 23 family, 54 genera and 119 species were newly obtained from the Hungarian Natural History Museum for the last 3 years. Among them, 12 species were added to Korean lichen checklist as new. All the species were deposited at the herbarium of Korea National Arboretum. In addition, unpublished list of lichen species distributed in Mt. Myohang was kindly donated from the Hungarian Natural History Museum. The list was originally prepared by North Korean lichenologists and kept in the museum from 1988. In the list, 26 family, 57 genera and 179 species of lichens were described and 17 species were included as new reports. This list provided 29 lichen species as new to the Korean Peninsula. This information will make significant contribution to lichenological study in the Korean Peninsula.

Lichen-forming fungi (LEF) were isolated from 67 Hungarian lichen species from ascospores or thallus fragments. LFF were successfully isolated from 26 species with isolation rate of 38.8%. Of the total number of isolation from ascospores (27 species) and thallus fragments (40 species), 48% and 32.5% of the species were successfully isolated, respectively. Comparison of rDNA sequences of ITS regions between the isolated LFF and the original thallus confirmed that all the isolates originated from the thallus fragments were LEF. The following 14 species of LEF were newly isolated in this study; Acarospora cervina, Bacidia rubella, Cladonia pyxidata, Lasallia pustulata, Lecania hyaline, Lecanora argentata, Parmelina tiliacea, Parmotrema chinense, Physconia distorta, Protoparmeliopsis muralis, Ramalina pollinaria, Sarcogyne regularis, Umbilicaria hirsuta, Xanthoparmelia conspersa and X. stenophylla. Antifungal activity of the Hungarian LFF was evaluated against plant pathogenic fungi of Colletotrichum acutatum, C. coccodes and C. gloeosporioides, causal agent of anthracnose on hot pepper. Among the 26 isolates, 11 LFF showed more than 50% of inhibition rates of mycelial growth of at least one target pathogen. Especially, LFF of Evernia prunastri, Lecania hyalina and Lecanora argentata were remarkably effective in inhibition of mycelial growth of all the tested pathogens with antibiotic mode of action. On the other hands, five isolates of Cladonia furcata, Hypogymnia physodes, Lasallia pustulata, Ramalina fastigiata and Ramalina pollinaria exhibited fungal lytic activity against all the three pathogens. Among the tested fungal pathogens, C. coccodes seemed to be most sensitive to the LFF. The Hungarian LFF firstly isolated in this study can be served as novel bioresources to develop new biofungicides alternative to current fungicides to control hot pepper anthracnose pathogenic fungi.

Antifungal activities of natural substrances from Eucalyptus darlympleana, E. globules, E. gunnii and E. unigera were evaluated against postharvest pathogens of kiwifruits, Botrytis cinerea, Botryosphaeria dothidea, and Diaporthe actinidiae, to screen effective natural substances as an alternative to chemical fungicides. Methanol extract of the Eucalyptus trees showed strong antagonistic activity against the pathogenic fungi. Among them, E. unigera and E. darlympleana effectively inhibited mycelial growth of the pathogens. For chemical identification of the antifungal substances, the methanol extract of E. darlympleana leaves was successively partitioned with CH(2)Cl(2), EtOAc, n-BuOH and H(2)O. Among the fractions, CH,Cl, and n-BuOH showed strong inhibitory activity of mycelial growth of the fungi. Five compounds were isolated from EtOAc and n-BuOH fractions subjected to SiO(2) column chromatography. Two phenolic compounds (gallic acid and 3,4-dihydroxy-benzoic acid) and three flavonoid compounds (quercetin, quercetin-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnoside, quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucoside) were identified by (1)H-NMR and (13)C-NMR spectroscopy. Among them, only gallic acid was found to be effective in mycelial growth and spore germination of B. cinerea at relatively high concentrations. The results suggest that gallic acid can be a safer and more acceptable alternative to current synthetic fungicides controlling soft rot decay of kiwifruit during postharvest storage.

Antifungal activity of Korean and Chinese lichen-forming fungi (LFF) was evaluated against plant pathogenic fungus of Colletotrichum acutatum, causal agent of anthracnose on hot pepper. This is the first attempt to evaluate antifungal activity of LFF, instead of lichen thalli, against C. acutatum. Total 100 LFF were isolated from the lichens with discharged spore method or tissue culture method. Among the 100 isolates, 8 LFF showed more than 50% of inhibition rates of mycelial growth of the target pathogen. Especially, Lecanora argentata was highly effective in inhibition of mycelial growth of C. accutatum at the rate of 68%. Antifungal activity of other LFF was in the order of Cetrelia japonica (61.4%), Ramalina conduplicans (59.5%), Umbilicaria esculenta (59.5%), Ramalina litoralis (56.7%), Cetrelia braunsiana (56.5%), Nephromopsis pallescensn (56.1%), and Parmelia simplicior (53.8%). Among the tested LFF, 61 isolates of LFF exhibited moderate antifungal activity against the target pathogen at the inhibition rates from 30 to 50%. Antifungal activity of the LFF against C. acutatum was variable at the species level rather than genus level of LFF. This study suggests that LFF can be served as a promising bioresource to develop novel biofungicides.

The main usage pattern of internet is shifting from traditional host-to-host central model to content dissemination model. It leads to the pretty prompt growth in Internet content. CDN and P2P are two mainstream techmologies to provide streaming content services in the current Internet. In recent years, some researchers have begun to focus on CDN-P2P-hybrid architecture and ISP-friendly P2P content delivery technology. Web applications have become one of the fundamental internet services. How to effectively support the popular browser-based web application is one of keys to success for future internet projects. This paper proposes ID based browser with caching in IDNet. IDNet consists of id/locator separation scheme and domain-insulated autonomous network architecture (DIANA) which redesign the future internet in the clean slate basis. Experiment shows that ID web browser with caching function can support how to disseminate content and how to find the closet network in IDNet having identical contents.

With the pretty prompt growth in Internet content, the main usage pattern of internet is shifting from traditional host-to-host model to content dissemination model. To support content distribution, content delivery networks (CDNs) gives an ad-hoc solution and some of future internet projects suggest a clean-slate design. Web applications have become one of the fundamental internet services. How to effectively support the popular browser-based web application is one of keys to success for future internet projects. This paper proposes the IDNet-based web applications. IDNet consists of id/locator separation scheme and domain-insulated autonomous network architecture (DIANA) which redesign the future internet in the clean slate basis. We design and develop an IDNet Browser based on the open source Qt. IDNet browser enables ID fetching and rendering by both ‘idp:/’ schemes URID (Universal Resource Identifier) and ‘http:/’ schemes URI in HTML The experiment shows that it can well be applicable to the IDNet test topology.

Antifungal activity of Korean and Chinese lichen-forming fungi(LFF) was evaluated against plant pathogenic fungi of Botryosphaeria dothidea, Botrytis cinerea, Diaporthe actinidiae, Pestalotiopsis longiseta, Pythium sp., Rhizoctonia solani, and Sclerotium cepivorum. The LFF were isolated from Cladonia scabriuscula, Melanelia sp., Nephromopsis asahinae, Nephromopsis pallescens, Parmelia laevior, Pertusaria sp., Ramalina conduplicans, Ramalina sinensis, Ramalina sp., Umbilicaria proboscidea and Vulpicida sp. with discharged spore method. The isolates were deposited in the herbarium of Korean Lichen Research Institute(KoLRI) in Sunchon National University. The LFF of Melanelia sp., P. laevior, Pertusaria sp., R. conduplican and Ramalina sp. exhibited strong antifungal activity against all of the pathogenic fungi examined. Among them, LFF of P. laevior showed more than 90% of inhibition in fungal hyphae growth, compared with control. The results imply that LFF can be served as a promising bioresource to develop novel biofungicides. Mass cultivation of the LFF is now under progress in laboratory conditions for chemical identification of antifungal substances.

With the emerging population of the oldest-old (those ages 85 and older), it is crucial to understand and prepare for their psychosocial needs. Worry is linked to psychological well-being and physical health, but little is known about the oldest-old's everyday worries. The authors explored four research questions: (1)What are the worries of the oldest-old? (2)What are their specific dimensions of worry? (3) How alike or different are the worry patterns over time? (4) What factors are related to variations in the pattern of change in worry? A convenience sample of 193 community-dwelling people ages 85 and older was recruited to examine various aspects of health and well-being between 1986 and 1995. This article reports on the survivors (N = 23) across three time points, waves 1,4, and 5. The findings suggest that the very old mainly worry about health and memory and that, although worry increased over the study period, there were variations in the pattern of worry over time. Results of t tests show that at wave 4 elderly respondents with a higher level of worry reported more frequent social contact than those with a lower level of worry. Implications for social work practice and future research are discussed. KEY WORDS: oldest-old; social support; very old; worry ********** Little is known about the lives of those who are very old, in particular, their everyday worries. Worry is among the more prevalent psychological conditions that people experience at all ages (Carmin, Pollard, & Gillock, 1999), conveying negative thinking about future events (Babcock, Laguna, Laguna, & Urusky, 2000), and it is associated with mental and physical well-being (Skarborn & Nicki, 1996; Wisocki, 1988; Wisocki, Handen, & Morse, 1986). With many very old people facing diminishing physical and social resources, as well as uncertain futures because of advanced age, it would seem that they could have many things to worry about, but it is unclear what their worries are, what specifically contributes to them, and if these worries increase with advancing age. Most of the work exploring everyday worry has focused on young adults, but in recent years the topic of worry has emerged as a research area of interest among elderly people (Cappeliez, 1989; Powers, Wisocki, & Whitbourne, 1992; Skarborn & Nicki, 1996; Wisocki, 1988; Wisocki et al., 1986). Research findings show there is age variation in degree of worry as well as content of worry. In general, older adults are relatively less worried than younger adults (Babcock et al., 2000; Powers et al., 1992). Babcock and associates suggested that there are a variety of reasons for this age variation. Younger adults are developmentally in a transition stage that may cause greater reason to worry. Older adults may be less willing to acknowledge problems dealing with stressful events and less likely to be in a state of ambiguity about their future. Also, older adults tend to experience various stressful situations as they age. Over time, elderly people might have learned better coping strategies to deal with worry more effectively, resulting in less worry than their younger counterparts. Research findings have also suggested that there are age differences in what people worry about. Powers and colleagues (1992) found that older adults expressed less worry about finances and social events than younger adults, whereas both age groups worried about health issues, although the specific dimensions of health were not identified. Similarly, Babcock and associates (2000) found that younger adults were more worried than older adults about work, relationships, and finances. Less is known about degree of worry and content of worry among the oldest-old. A study examining worry among the oldest-old reported that the greatest worries among oldest-old subjects were related to their health and functioning, such as concerns about falls, not having enough energy, or forgetting things (Dunkle, Roberts, & Haug, 2001). …

Isolation of Inonotus obliquus from Betula costata in KoreaTaxonomic Study on Some Unrecorded Taxa of Korean AphyllophoralesSurveys of Host Plants of Pestalotiopsis spp. in KoreaBacillus subtilis B...

Classification is very imprtant research in knowledge discovery and machine learning. The decision tree is one of the well-known data mining methods. In general, a decision tree can be grown so as to have zero eeor on the training data set. If there is any noise in the data set or it does not completely cover the decision space, then over-fitting occurs and the tree needs to be pruned in order to accurately generalize the test data set. In this paper, we propose a pre-pruning method with majority and minority properties for the decision tree. It uses two kinds of qualifying criteria to consider whether the ration of the highest class of a subtree is the majority of the subtree or a minority of the overall tree. New measures for these are added to the classifier with the extended data expression. Experiments show that a clasifier using this pruning method can improve classification accuracy as well as reduce the size of the tree.

Stress and psychosocial resources play a crucial role in late-life depression. While most studies focus on predominantly those who are young-old, this study used a sample aged 85 and older.The authors’ study aims to examine three research questions: (1) What are the trajectories of depression and its associated factors such as types of stress and psychosocial resources among the oldest-old? (2) What are the longitudinal relationships among the changes in stress, psychosocial resources, and depressive symptoms? (3) Are the effects of the changes in stress on depression trajectory mediated by changes in psychosocial resources? The study used a convenience sample of 193 community-dwelling elders aged 85 and older with four interviews every six months from 1986 to 1988. Using multilevel modeling analyses, longitudinal results showed that changes in positive life events, daily hassles (worries), and mastery were significantly associated with changes in late-life depression among the oldest-old.

본 연구는 정신요양시설 생활인의 정신과적 특징(진단, 유병기간, 정신과적 증상, 정신장애로 인한 차별경험)이 정신건강효능감에 미치는 영향을 자기존중과 자기비하의 2요인 자아존중감의 매개효과를 중심으로 살펴보고자 한다. 분석대상은 정신요양시설 실태조사에 참석한 정신요양시설 생활인 1,762명으로, 측정모형과 구조모형의 단계적 접근을 사용한 구조방정식을 통해 분석하였다. 주요결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 정신과적 특성변수들과 2요인 자아존중감 간의 관계를 보면, 정신과적 증상 및 차별경험 수준이 낮을수록 자기존중수준이 높았고, 유병기간이 짧고 정신과적 증상과 차별경험 수준이 높을수록 자기비하 수준이 높았다. 둘째, 자아존중감과 효능감 간의 관계를 보면 자기존중수준이 높고 자기비하 수준이 낮을수록 효능감수준이 높았다. 셋째, 정신과적 특징변수들 중에서 유일하게 정신과적 증상만 자기효능감에 유의한 총효과를 나타내어 증상수준이 높을수록 효능감이 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 효과분해 결과 정신과적 증상이 직접 효능감에 영향을 주기보다는 자기존중과 자기비하를 통한 매개효과가 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 요양시설 입소 정신장애인의 경우 정신과적 증상이 높을수록 효능감이 낮게 나타난 반면, 요양시설 정신장애인들 사이에서는 진단, 유병기간, 차별경험은 효능감에 미치는 영향이 유의하지 않게 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 지역사회적응을 준비하는 정신요양시설 생활인의 정신건강효능감에 대한 함의를 논의하였다.

As the demographic landscape of the world changes, people are curious about those who live well beyond their life expectancy; those people referred to as the oldest old. Their chronological age has been a fascination to researchers and practitioners. This chapter reports findings in the main areas of function and well-being, sociodemographic factors, mental health, social support, and health. Where possible, findings regarding the very old (85+) are compared and contrasted with those on the young old (65-75 years of age) and the old (75-85 years of age). Racial and ethnic variations are addressed, as well as caregiving and service delivery issues, and culturally competent care for the very old.

Transferring Ethernet over SONET/SDH (EoS) is a simple and robust technique to connect LANs within a private and public network. But until now, when mapping Ethernet frame into SDH stream, Ethernet have to be forced into an oversized SDH carrier, and which will inevitably cause a huge waste of bandwidth. We utilize virtual concatenation technique to 'right-size' the SDH pipes for Ethernet - transport Gigabit Ethernet data using a group of virtually concatenated STS-1 timeslots within a 2.5 Gbps SDH carrier. In this paper, we use virtually concatenated channel to perform an address resolution protocol on EoS. By using this technique, we can reduce the traffic size of broadcast and have an effect on using channel on EoS.

The effect of plant hormones on the growth of lichen-forming fungi (LFF) was evaluated. The use of 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid and indole-3-butyric acid resulted in a 99% and 57% increase in dry weight of the lichen-forming fungus Nephromopsis ornata. The results suggest that some plant hormones can be used as inducers or stimulators of LFF growth for large-scale culture.