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This paper introduces and critically analyzes an emerging form of global infrastructure development by China's infrastructure construction companies, known as "integrated investment, construction, and operation" (IICO). This model has been promoted by the Chinese infrastructure industry, financial institutions, and policymakers in recent years, as a response to the moral hazard problems exposed in the past sovereign loan-based infrastructure engagements, the industry's need to upgrade, and the global rise of PublicPrivate Partnerships. IICO can be understood as a form of market-seeking foreign direct investment. Compared to past forms of globalization of Chinese state capital, it has a much more complicated risk profile and less clear pay-off. While Chinese state capital actors are not yet well equipped to manage such new risks, they have been driven to make such attempts by the political pressure to become globally leading firms. A case study of Lekki Port in Nigeria serves to illustrate the challenges in the transition toward IICO. This paper calls for continued attention to this emerging form of Chinese state capital's engagement in global infrastructure development, especially on how risks are managed and the implications for the relationships between Chinese actors and host country stakeholders.

Ein Großteil des europäischen Warentransports erfolgt mit dem Schiff. Häfen, die die Infrastruktur für maritime Aktivitäten bereitstellen, sind wichtige Akteure im maritimen Sektor und von hoher Bedeutung für die europäische Wirtschaft. Um internationale Klimaabkommen erfüllen zu können, müssen Hafenanlagen künftig nachhaltiger und emissionsärmer betrieben werden, damit an den jeweiligen Standorten die lokalen CO2-Fußabdrücke reduziert werden können. Maritime activities are an important part of the European economy as many goods are transported by ship. Ports are important players in the maritime sector because they provide the infrastructure for many maritime activities. Therefore, the potential impact of the port on the local carbon footprint should not be underestimated.

Die folgende Diplomarbeit formuliert einen Gebäudevorschlag für die Uferkante in Steinwerder und hinterfragt den aktuellen Umgang des Hamburger Hafengebietes auf der Südseite der Elbe. Grundlage des Entwurfs bildet eine ausführliche Recherche über den finnischen Architekten Alvar Aalto. Die Analyse beleuchtet seine Sichtweisen im Bezug auf die Verwendung von Material, Raumgefüge und Umgang mit dem Kontext.Zur Ausarbeitung dieser Aspekte werden zwei seiner Projekte näher betrachtet, die Stadtbibliothek in Viipuri und die Hochschule in Jyväskylä. Insbesondere das Konzept von Aalto im Hinblick auf eine humane Architektur und Stadtplanung, in welcher der Mensch im Zentrum steht, bieten anschließend Grundlage für das Projekt in Hamburg. Die Entwurfsprinzipien und Theorien Aaltos werden für die Weiterarbeit adaptiert und bieten ein Gerüst für die folgende Bauaufgabe und Projektgestaltung. Das ausformulierte Projekt stellt eine These zu einer Neuausrichtung der Stadtentwicklung Hamburgs und zur besseren Integration des Hafengebietes auf. Basierend darauf wird in dieser Arbeit eine Bibliothek für Steinwerder ausgearbeitet, welche als konkreter Nutzungsvorschlag und Anstoß dieser Stadtentwicklung dienen soll., The following thesis proposes a building design for the waterfront in Steinwerder and questions the current approach to Hamburg's harbor area on the south side of the Elbe. The design is based by a research on the Finnish architect Alvar Aalto. The analysis highlights his perspectives in terms of the use of material, spatial structure and handling of the context. Two of his projects are examined in more detail, the Viipuri City Library and the Jyväskylä University, to elaborate on these aspects. The basis for the project in Hamburg is provided in particular by Aalto's conception of humanly architecture and urban planning, in which the human stands in the center. Aalto's design principles andtheories are adapted for the further work and form a frame for the following building task and project design. The formulated project establishes a thesis for a new orientation of Hamburg's urban development and for a better integration of the harbor area. On this basis, a library for Steinwerder is elaborated to provide a concrete proposal and impulse for this urban development.

Illustrationen, Diagramme

COVID-19 stellt unsere Gesellschaft seit Januar 2020 vor große Herausforderungen. Durch den globalen Reiseverkehr konnte sich das neue Coronavirus rasch weltweit ausbreiten. In diesem Artikel sollen übersichtsartig die Herausforderungen bei der Implementierung von Maßnahmen im Flug- und Schiffsverkehr aus Sicht des Öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes (ÖGD) dargestellt werden. Dies erfolgt anhand einer Auswahl von Ereignissen und Maßnahmen zwischen Januar und August 2020. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse werden diskutiert COVID-19 has been challenging our society since January 2020. Due to global travel, the new coronavirus has rapidly spread worldwide. This article aims to provide an overview of the challenges in implementing measures in the air and maritime transport sector from the perspective of the German Public Health Service (Öffentlicher Gesundheitsdienst, ÖGD). Significant events and measures for air and maritime transport between January and August 2020 were selected. Lessons learned are discussed.

COVID-19 stellt unsere Gesellschaft seit Januar 2020 vor große Herausforderungen. Durch den globalen Reiseverkehr konnte sich das neue Coronavirus rasch weltweit ausbreiten. In diesem Artikel sollen übersichtsartig die Herausforderungen bei der Implementierung von Maßnahmen im Flug- und Schiffsverkehr aus Sicht des Öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes (ÖGD) dargestellt werden. Dies erfolgt anhand einer Auswahl von Ereignissen und Maßnahmen zwischen Januar und August 2020. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse werden diskutiert, COVID-19 has been challenging our society since January 2020. Due to global travel, the new coronavirus has rapidly spread worldwide. This article aims to provide an overview of the challenges in implementing measures in the air and maritime transport sector from the perspective of the German Public Health Service (Öffentlicher Gesundheitsdienst, ÖGD). Significant events and measures for air and maritime transport between January and August 2020 were selected. Lessons learned are discussed.

Die Diplomarbeit beschäftigt sich mit den deutschen Kolonialbauten und den Hafenanlagen, welche während der Wilhelminischen Zeit in der Kolonie Deutsch-Südwestafrika, dem heutigen Namibia,erbaut wurden. Der Schwerpunkt der Betrachtungen liegt auf der Historie der eisernen Landungsbrücke von Swakopmund (folglich Landungsbrücke;Jetty). Da zu jenem Thema lediglich marginale Bezüge ausfindig gemacht werden konnten, reiste die Autorin im Jahr 2019 für einen Forschungsaufenthalt nach Namibia. Im Zuge dessen wurde es möglich, bisher unbekanntes Quellenmaterial zusichten, welches im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit erstmalig einer breiteren Öffentlichkeit zur Verfügung gestellt werden kann. Der formale Rahmen der Arbeit folgt den Methoden der erkenntnisorientierten Grundlagenforschung. Jener Ansatz dient nicht nur einer ganzheitlichen Betrachtung, sondern ebenfalls dem Zweck, ein Elementarwissen für weiterführende Forschungsfelder zu generieren.Ziel der Arbeit ist es, anhand einer Chronologie über die Entstehungs- und Entwicklungsgeschichte der Landungsbrücke sowie über ihren zeit-, kultur- und bauhistorischen Stellenwert innerhalb der namibischen Baukultur aufzuklären., The diploma thesis deals with the colonial buildings and the port structures that were built during the Wilhelminian Era in the protectorate of German South West Africa, today’s Namibia. The focus of considerations lies on the history of the iron landing bridge in Swakopmund (Jetty). Because of the fact, that, inrelation to that topic, only marginal references had been found, the author went on a research trip to Namibiain 2019. Therefore, it became possible to get former unknown source material, that can be made available to a wide range of public for the first time.The formal frame follows the methods of knowledge-oriented basic research – thus serves the purpose of generating elementary knowledge for further research fields. Based on chronological descriptions the work explains the origin and development of Jetty as well as its temporal, cultural and historical relevance within the building culture of Namibia.

Ziel dieser Masterarbeit ist es, die Bedeutung und Effizienz der Infrastruktur in Form von Häfen und Flughäfen und ihre Rolle bei der Entwicklung eines Schwellenlandes zu untersuchen. Im ersten Teil werden die Geschichte der Häfen und Flughäfen sowie die wirtschaftlichen Auswirkungen auf die Länder erläutert. Die Auswirkungen auf die Lieferketten und die Umwelt werden ebenfalls erwähnt und die Effizienz wird ausführlich beschrieben. Der theoretische Rahmen gibt einen guten ersten Überblick und bildet die Grundlage für die folgenden Teile. Nach dem Literaturteil wurde eine Fallstudie erstellt, um die Unterschiede in der Effizienz von zwei Städten, nämlich Hongkong und Durban in Südafrika, aufzuzeigen. Die wichtigsten Key Performance Indicators werden verglichen und erläutert. Die wichtigsten Fragen, die in dieser Arbeit beantwortet werden sollen, betreffen die Bedeutung von Häfen und Flughäfen für Schwellenländer sowie die Herausforderungen und Chancen, die sich aus der COVID-19-Krise ergeben. Um Antworten auf alle Fragen zu finden, wurden Interviews mit Experten aus der Branche geführt. In diesen Interviews wurde ein klarer Trend zu einer zunehmenden Bedeutung für die Länder festgestellt, da die Länder Infrastrukturen benötigen, um Handel zu treiben und Teil der globalen Wirtschaft zu sein. Darüber hinaus berichteten alle Experten von massiven Schwierigkeiten während der COVID-19-Pandemie, bei der die Lieferketten durch gestrichene Flüge und massive Kapazitätsengpässe unterbrochen wurden. Die Häfen und Flughäfen sind jedoch gut vernetzt und haben ihre Vorgehensweise bei der Bewältigung der Krise besprochen. Daher waren ihre Prozesse weltweit einheitlich, und die Geschäfte konnten normal weiterlaufen. This Master Thesis aims to find out about the importance and efficiency of infrastructure in terms of ports and airports and their role in the development of an emerging country. In the first part, the history of ports and airports is explained as well as the economic impact for countries. Effects on supply chains and the environment are noted as well with an important description on efficiency. The theoretical framework gives a good first overview and sets up the following parts. After the literature part, a case study was created to show the differences in efficiency of two cities, which were Hong Kong and Durban in South Africa. The most important Key Performance Indicators are compared and explained. The main questions to be answered in this thesis are about the importance of ports and airports for emerging markets as well as questioning the challenges and opportunities which derived from the COVID-19 crisis. In order to find answers to all the questions, interviews with experts from the industry were held. In these interviews, a clear trend of increasing importance for countries was identified, as countries need infrastructure to trade and be part of the global economy. Adding to that, all experts reported massive difficulties during the COVID-19 pandemic with supply chains getting disrupted with canceled flights and a massive lack of capacity. However, ports and airports are well-connected and discussed their approaches in handling the crisis. Therefore, they had consistency in their processes worldwide and business could continue normally. Philipp Asen

Der Beitrag fasst die Ergebnisse eines von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) im Rahmen des SPP 1630 von 2012 bis 2018 geförderten Projekts zusammen. Während der Feldkampagnen wurden archäologische, baugeschichtliche, geoarchäologische und geophysikalische Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Der Fokus der Untersuchungen lag auf der topographischen und wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung von Ainos in der Antike, insbesondere in der römischen Kaiserzeit, sowie in der byzantinischen Epoche. Neue Erkenntnisse konnten hinsichtlich der Entwicklung der Stadt und der Lokalisierung von möglichen Hafenstandorten erzielt werden. Dabei zeigte sich, dass die Römische Kaiserzeit in Ainos nicht, wie lange vermutet, als Epoche des Niedergangs zu bewerten ist. Die landschaftlichen Veränderungen, allen voran die Verlandung durch das sich südwestwärts vorschiebende Delta des Hebros, führten erst ab der frühbyzantinischen Zeit zu Einschränkungen hinsichtlich der Landeplätze., This article summarizes the results of a project funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) under the umbrella of the SPP 1630 from 2012 to 2018. During the field campaigns archaeological, architectural, geoarchaeological and geophysical investigations were carried out. The research focus was on the topographical and economic development of Ainos in antiquity, especially during the Roman Empire, as well as during the Byzantine period. New findings were obtained regarding the development of the town and the localisation of possible harbour sites. It became clear that the Roman Imperial era in Ainos is not, as long assumed, to be considered as an epoch of decline. The landscape changes, esp. the sedimentation caused by the southwestward advancing delta of the Hebros, did not lead to restrictions regarding landing sites until the early Byzantine period., Archäologischer Anzeiger, 2. Halbband (2020)

The anthropogenic effects on the ecosystem Wadden Sea at the coast of the industrial town of Esbjerg (Denmark) were studied using the macrozoobenthos as indicator organisms. Organism- and sediment samples were analyzed in order to deduce influences of Esbjerg Harbor, a wastewater treatment plant and other human activities. The number of species and abundances as well as sediment properties were compared to other studies in the trilateral Wadden Sea. As the idea of the study was initiated by current extension plans of Esbjerg Harbor, it was also attempted to estimate the approximate loss of organisms in case of an extension. Moreover, background information was obtained throughout interviews and newspaper articles. In total, 16 organism samples and 12 sediment samples were taken at five sampling locations: The Harbor (H), the Dam (D), the Bay (B) and the Wadden Sea (W, splitted in W1 and W2). Most species were found at the Bay and the Wadden Sea (W2). In total, 19 species were encountered which corresponds to the average in the trilateral Wadden Sea. Polychaete worms dominated the investigation area with about three-fourth of the total encountered organisms. The polychaetes Arenicola marina, Pygospio elegans and Scoloplos armiger were found at all four locations. The ecological quality (M-AMBI-Index) was found “good” on average by Azti’s AMBI program and did not differ much between the sampling locations. According to the disturbance analysis (AMBI-Index), species of AMBI disturbance type III were dominant in all samples, while the Bay showed the highest disturbance and the Dam was assessed to be least disturbed. The number of species at sampling locations W1 and W2 was tested significantly different by R. In this study, there was not proven a significant correlation of the number of species with any sediment parameters. The only correlation of the number of species was found with the disturbance and the ecological quality. At the Harbor, organisms tolerant to heavy contamination like heavy metals, tributyltin (TBT), organic enrichment, anoxia and H2S were found. The encountered species at the Dam featured tolerance for physical disturbance like tidal streams and wave exposure. They prefer high salinity and are intolerant for metals and nutrients. The Bay was inhabited by species that prefer brackish water. W was mostly influenced by H2S generation and W1 was probably also impacted by the percolate from a former waste deposit close by. The share of 17.5 % of AMBI disturbance-indicating species groups IV and V seemed to prove that the investigation area indeed was influenced by additional impacts compared to a study from 2010 in the UNESCO reserve. This supports the assumption that the investigation area could be influenced by anthropogenic effects due to its position close to the industrial area of Esbjerg. In comparison to other studies, the organic carbon content was quite low at most sampling locations, which could be explained by the coarse sediment. A quite low amount of biomass was found which goes along with comparably low densities of the different species. The mean total number of individuals was 1264 individuals per m2 (ind m-2) and the mean density of the species was 124 ind m-2. Compared to the period from 1989 to 1995, the density in the investigation area of the same encountered species had dropped to 45 %. Only 68 % of the average species number in the investigation area between 1987 and 1995 were encountered. This could reveal a significant loss, but one has to take into account that the number of samples was lower in the present study. The share that polychaetes contribute to the population had increased immensely since the former study, while molluscs had declined a lot. The samples of the Bay had an average fresh weight of 4.56 g organisms which can be projected to 257.5 t macroinvertebrates in the area of 1 km2 that will be taken from the tidal flats in case of a harbor extension. This potential loss in organisms could approximately be visualized by the food of 1058 oystercatchers for a whole year, assuming that 40 % of the prey is available for the birds. Even though a particularly negative impact of the harbor was not reflected in the number of species and individuals compared to the other sampling locations in this study, the polychaete worms Capitella capitata and Heteromastus filiformis that can indicate heavy contamination were detected only at the sampling location in the harbor. This study shows a general anthropogenic impact on the investigation area, especially originating from a wastewater treatment plant and harbor drift, and losses in species and densities were detected. Alternative ways like dry harbors or space-saving improvements within the existing harbor area should be chosen instead of extending Esbjerg Harbor into the Wadden Sea area in order to protect the UNESCO World Heritage area from increasing impacts and losses in species.

Economic infrastructure hubs, such as ports, are crucial sites for exploring new political geographies. In such environments, mobilities are enabled and rigidly channelled premised on the stasis of the port-as-checkpoint. Such nodes are part of an ever-growing political geography of zones that requires more attention. This article proposes a ‘topolographical’ approach – a combined heuristic drawing from political topography and topology – to comprehend more fully the transformations in the political geographies of large-scale infrastructures. The cardinal nature of the port of Dar es Salaam makes it a crucial site through which to illustrate the purchase of this framework. The topographical analysis puts forward the port of Dar as archipelago of global territories, within which heterogeneous actors claim graduated authority. Drawing on topology, the article shows what is folded into the port, constantly shaping not only who governs but, more importantly, how power and authority are exercised. It will be shown how imaginaries of the port – as gateway, seamless space, and modernity ‘from scratch’ – as much as new technological devices work to produce historically and geographically distinct political geographies, and indeed bring new ones into being.

Arch��ologischer Anzeiger, 2. Halbband 2017, Mit den 2011 durchgef��hrten Grabungen konnten wichtige Erkenntnisse ��ber den bereits durch geophysikalische Messungen an der Ostbucht des Humeitepe lokalisierten Hafen erlangt werden. So wurden einer seiner Zug��nge wie auch eine Geb��udestruktur arch��ologisch erschlossen. Das ��berwiegend aus Marmorspolien errichtete Tor wurde in eine ��ltere Stadtmauer aus Gneisbl��cken eingef��gt. Diese Bauma��nahme kann anhand bautechnischer Eigenarten in den sp��ten Hellenismus oder die fr��he Kaiserzeit datiert werden, was wiederum mit der Fundkeramik, die seit hellenistischer Zeit eine intensivere Nutzung des Humeitepe erkennen l��sst, korrespondiert. Bei der nordwestlich vom Tor freigelegten Baustruktur aus r��mischer Zeit k��nnte es sich um den Teil einer f��r den Handelshafen zu erwartenden Halle handeln. Im Nordosten des H��gels wurde schlie��lich der Abschnitt einer sp��tr��mischen Befestigungsmauer, der ���Gotenmauer���, (wieder)entdeckt. In diese Mauer war ein Relief aus dem sp��ten 3. Jh. n. Chr. verbaut, das sich allerdings mit der bisherigen Datierung der ���Gotenmauer��� nicht vereinbaren l��sst und eine Neubewertung des Befundes erfordert.

Seaports operate on a highly competitive global transport market. To retain its competitive position a port (terminal) must strengthen its competitive advantages in all fields of activity. Ports are to expand and modernize their infrastructure and superstructure, and develop links with the hinterland and the foreland. The article describes how the port of Gdynia manages to meet these challenges. The author analyses the period 2007—2015. Special attention is paid to the port development plan for 2020. The EU Structural Funds has provided a good opportunity to strengthen the competitive position of the port by making investments in the port infrastructure and superstructure. It allowed the port to strengthen its links with the hinterland. The author uses a set of fundamental, analytical and technical research methods to analyse materials provided by the port authority and the port terminal operators. By the end of 2015, the port authority had completed five investment projects, including the modernization of th ree wharfs and a rail terminal, the development of the port infrastructure aimed to provide services to ro-ro ships. Strategically important projects for the coming years include dredging and widening of the port channel, fairways and the internal basin. Cooperation between the port and the city authorities allowed the port administration to improve road access to the port of Gdynia. The key investment project aims to link the port of Gdynia to the TriCity ring road. Apart from it, there are plans to improve access to the railroad network. Railway line 201 to Bydgoszcz is to be modernised to transport cargoes from Gdynia further inland. The current and future strategic investments create conditions for growth in handling both container and other types of cargo in the port of Gdynia and significantly improve competitiveness of the maritime sector.

Der Entwurf positioniert sich in einer fiktiven Zeitmatrix im Jahr 2153. Emo(tions)sph��ren, Zeitwahrnehmung in Qualit��ten und Empathie als Zahlungsmittel skizzieren den Alltag der Wesen. Jene, teilweise humanoiden, Gesch��pfe offenbaren eine greifbare Verdichtung von Technik und Natur. Sie leben in Symbiose mit anderen biotischen und artifiziellen Lebensformen; und vereint haben sie sich das Sonnensystem der Erde zu eigen gemacht. Ausgehend von einem solaren St��dtebau an den lagrang��schen Punkten haben sich acht H��fen in geostation��ren - und acht in terrestrischen Zonen entwickelt. Vorliegend wird ein terrestrischer B��ndler, ein Hafen auf offener See, welcher als Schnittstelle zwischen Erde und All fungiert, architektonisch ausformuliert. dieser Verteiler von Energieformen ist tief im blauen Planeten verankert. Hyperloop-Str��nge, Flugger��te und Schiffe fungieren im terrestrischen Hafen als Zubringer, w��hrend Wal- und Pinguin ��hnliche Gebilde die Reise in geostation��re Zonen in variablen Geschwindigkeiten erm��glichen., The design aligns itself within a virtual time matrix, taking place in the year 2153. Emo(tion)spheres, perception of time in qualities and empathy as currency are parts of everyday life for any being. These, sometimes humanoid, beings palpably represent a consolidation of technology with nature. The beings live in symbiosis with other biotic or artificial life forms, together spreading across the earth���s solar system. Solar-urban planning across the lagrange points has produced eight geo-stationary and eight terrestrial ports. The design at hand explores the architectural elements making up one such focal point, a port located terra-side at open sea, acting as an interface linking earth and space. This channel of energy forms is anchored deeply within the surface of the blue planet. Hyperloop-strings, aircraft and ships convey earth-side travellers, while whale- and penguin like structures facilitate supersonic voyages into geostationary zones.

The Baltic region consists of coastal areas of nine countries - Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, and Finland. The region's hubs are the port cities located along the Baltic Sea coast. However, Peter Taylor and Saskia Sassen's classification identifies higher status cities and "global cities", which are to be considered in the global context. Seven coastal regions are distinguished within this region, whose organising centers are the global coastal cities of Stockholm, Copenhagen, Helsinki, Riga, Tallinn, St. Petersburg, and Malmö. The concept of a "global city-region" (Sassen) can be used as a methodological framework for analyzing this connection. Within this hierarchy, the dominant alpha group global city is Stockholm. The authors argue that, as a global coastal city, St. Petersburg forms the St. Petersburg coastal region, which can be defined as a typical "global city region". The index method shows that the position of St. Petersburg in the system of global coastal cities of the Baltic region is relatively favorable in view of its transport, logistics, and demographic potential and the advantageous geo-economic situation. St. Petersburg has certain competitive advantages in the region brought about by its demographic potential, port freight capacity, and the favorable geo-economic position of the "sea gate" of Russia. However, the level of high-tech services and "new economy" development is not sufficient for the port to become a match for the top three cities (Stockholm, Helsinki, and Copenhagen). This is increasingly important because transboundary global city networks demonstrate that global cities are functions of global networks. Saint Petersburg is just starting to integrate into these networks through the Pulkovo airline hub and seaports of Ust-Luga, Primorsk, and Saint Petersburg.