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Moxifloxacin is a 4th generation fluoroquinolone. Study was planned on renal clearance and urinary excretion of moxifloxacin on healthy male volunteers by applying sensitive, rapid and accurate HPLC-UC analytical method. For this study 8 healthy male subjects similar in all physical conditions were selected. Moxifloxacin (Avelox® 400 mg) was administered orally under fasting conditions. First sample of urine and blood was collected before administration of moxifloxacin and other samples of blood were taken at 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 hr and urine samples were withdrawn at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hr. The pH of the samples was measured by pH meter. Blood and urine samples were analyzed with HPLC for drug determination. Endogenous creatinine was measured by reagent kit method. The plasma concentration of endogenous creatinine and drug were 12.61 ± 0.85 µg/mL and 1.678 ± 0.062 µg/mL. The renal clearance of endogenous creatinine ranges from 1.17 to 3.18 ml/min/kg with an average ± SE value of 2.67 ± 0.24 mL/min/Kg. Renal clearance of moxifloxacin was 0.476 ± 0.04 mL/min/Kg ranged between 0.27 – 0.609 mL/min/Kg. Urinary excretion of moxifloxacin calculated as cumulative percent dose excreted 20.48 ± 0.88. A positive relationship was found between diuresis and renal clearance of drug indicated that besides glomerular filtration passive diffusion is also involved at kidney tubular level.

The study was designed to assess the various pharmacokinetic parameters of a commercially available clarithromycin Tablet (Klaricid® 250 mg Abbot, Pakistan) in plasma sample of healthy adult female volunteers by applying a rapid, sensitive and accurate HPLC-UV analytical method. The human plasma samples were evaluated by using an isocratic High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) system of Sykam consisted of a pump with a column C18 column (250×4.6mn, 5µm) UV-detector. The mobile phase comprises of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (50 mM, pH 6.8, contained 0.7% triethylamine), methanol and acetonitrile (30:25:45, v/v/v) was delivered with injection volume of 20µL at flow rate of 1 mL/min. The detection was performed at λmax 275 nm. By applying this method, important pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax, Tmax, Area under curve (AUC), half-life (t1/2), Volume of distribution (Vd) and Clearance (Cl) were measured. The parameters of pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin were calculated by software (APO) pharmacological analysis. Maximum plasma concentrations Cmax 2.78 ±0.33 µg/ml, time to reach maximum co ncentration tmax 2.82 ± 0.11 h and Area under curve AUC was 20.14h.µg/ml. The mean ± SD values obtained for the pharmacokinetic parameters showed a significant difference in pharmacokinetic parameters observed in previous literature which emphasizes the need for dose adjustment of clarithromycin in Pakistani population.

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a consortium of seven states, located in the region of Middle East and North Africa (MENA); it has the second largest economy in the Arab world. In 2012, it has a gross domestic product (GDP) of $377 billion. Due to the support of the ruler of the government, tremendous advances have been made in the field of oil, gas, tourism, and healthcare since its independence. Health is identified as a prime concern of the country; hence, remarkable advancement and phenomenal growth have been exhibited by the healthcare industry of the UAE. As a result of increase in the immigration population, the UAE healthcare system is striving to meet the expanding healthcare needs. Ministry of Health (MoH), Health Ministers’ Council for Gulf Cooperation (GCC), Health Authority of Abu Dhabi (HAAD), and Dubai Health Authority (DHA) are the major regulatory bodies of the UAE. Various pharmaceutical legislations and policies majorly concerning accessibility, availability, affordability, quality, and pricing of medicines have been devised by these bodies; however, implementation is still a concern. This chapter describes the health system of the UAE, its regulatory structure, and present challenges with prime focus on pharmaceutical policies and medicines regulation in the UAE.