Search

The Kobresia pastures of the Tibetan Plateau represent the world's largest alpine grassland ecosystem. These pastures remained stable during the last millennia of nomadic animal husbandry. However, strongly increased herds' density has promoted overgrazing, with unclear consequences for vegetation and soils, particularly for cycles of carbon (C), nutrients and water. Vegetation-free patches of dead root-mat covered by blue-green algae and crustose lichens (crusts) are common in overgrazed Kobresia pastures, but their effect on C turnover processes is completely unknown. We tested the hypothesis that the crusts strongly affect the C cycle by examining: (i) the long-term C stock measured as soil organic matter content; (ii) medium-term C stock as dead roots; (iii) recent C fluxes analyzed as living roots and CO2 efflux; and (iv) fast decomposition of root exudates. Up to 7. 5 times less aboveground and 1. 9 times less belowground living biomass were found in crust patches, reflecting a much smaller C input to soil as compared with the non-crust Kobresia patches. A lower C input initially changed the long-term C stock under crusts in the upper root-mat horizon. Linear regression between living roots and CO2 efflux showed that roots contributed 23% to total CO2 under non-crust areas (mean July-August 5. 4 g C m-2 day-1) and 18% under crusts (5. 1 g C m-2 day-1). To identify differences in the fast turnover processes in soil, we added 13C labeled glucose, glycine and acetic acid, representing the three main groups of root exudates. The decomposition rates of glucose (0. 7 day-1), glycine (1. 5 day-1) and acetic acid (1. 2 day-1) did not differ under crusts and non-crusts. More 13C, however, remained in soil under crusts, reflecting less complete decomposition of exudates and less root uptake. This shows that the crust patches decrease the rates of medium-term C turnover in response to the much lower C input. Very high 13C amounts recovered in plants from non-crust areas as well as the two times lower uptake by roots under crusts indicate that very dense roots are efficient competitors with microorganisms for soluble organics. In conclusion, the altered C cycle in the overgrazing-induced crustose lichens and blue-green algae crusts is connected with strongly decreased C input and reduced medium-term C turnover.

This study analyzed the extent to which root exudates diffuse from the root surface towards the soil depending on topsoil and subsoil properties and the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal hyphae on root-derived C distribution in the rhizosphere. Alfalfa was grown in three-compartment pots. Nylon gauze prevented either roots alone or roots and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal hyphae from penetrating into the rhizosphere compartments. 14CO2 pulse labeling enabled the measurement of 14C-labeled exudates in dissolved (DOC) and total organic carbon (TOC) in the rhizosphere, distributed either by diffusion alone or by diffusion, root hair and hyphal transport. Root exudation and microbial decomposition of exudates was higher in the rhizosphere with topsoil compared to subsoil properties. Exudates extended over 28 mm (DOC) and 20 mm (TOC). Different soil properties and mycorrhization, likely caused by the low arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of roots (13 ± 4 % (topsoil properties) and 18 ± 5 % (subsoil properties)), had no effect. Higher microbial decomposition compensated for higher root exudation into the rhizosphere with topsoil properties, which resulted in equal exudate extent when compared to the rhizosphere with subsoil properties. Higher 14C activity used for labeling compared with previous studies enabled the detection of low exudate concentrations at longer distances from the root surface.