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I denne studien har vi forsket på lekens muligheter for matematisk tilnærming, og hvordan lærere i både barnehage og skole benytter den. Gjennom studien har vi benyttes oss av en kvalitativ forskning, med et sosiokulturelt vitenskapssyn og en fenomenologisk tilnærming. Vi har samlet inn våre data ved bruk av observasjon, etterfulgt av intervju med en kontaktlærer på første trinn, og en barnehagelærer på en 5-6 års avdeling. Vi har valgt temaet lek og matematisk tilnærming da vi ønsket å se på hva vi som kommende profesjonsutøvere og nyutdannet lærere kan ha fokus på i overgangen barnehage-skole. I forkant av studien hadde vi selv opplevelser fra praksis hvor lærere benyttet leken som en pauseaktivitet, fremfor å benytte den til å skape læring. Formålet med studien ble dermed på hvilken måte lærere i både skolen og barnehagen benytter seg av lekens muligheter for å skape matematisk tilnærming. Gjennom studien viser våre funn at lærerne benytter seg i større grad av aktiviteter, veiledet lek og lekpregede aktiviteter, fremfor lek. Lærerne vektlegger aktivitetene forskjellig når det kommer til hvordan de tilrettelegger og bruker lek og aktiviteter som metode i undervisningen. Det er også ulike utfordringer som gjør det vanskelig å benytte seg av lek fremfor lekpreget aktiviteter. Likevel har vi kommet frem til at både av lekemateriell og matematiske samtaler under de lekpregede aktivitetene bidrar til å gi barn en form for tilnærming til matematikk.

We report a series of synthetic cationic amphipathic barbiturates inspired by the pharmacophore model of small antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and the marine antimicrobials eusynstyelamides. These N,N'-dialkylated-5,5-disubstituted barbiturates consist of an achiral barbiturate scaffold with two cationic groups and two lipophilic side chains. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of 2-8 μg/mL were achieved against 30 multi-resistant clinical isolates of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including isolates with extended spectrum β-lactamase-carbapenemase production. The guanidine barbiturate 7e (3,5-di-Br) demonstrated promising in vivo antibiotic efficacy in mice infected with clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae using a neutropenic peritonitis model. Mode of action studies showed a strong membrane disrupting effect and was supported by nuclear magnetic resonance and molecular dynamics simulations. The results express how the pharmacophore model of small AMPs and the structure of the marine eusynstyelamides can be used to design highly potent lead peptidomimetics against multi-resistant bacteria.

Data clustering facilitates the identification of biologically relevant molecular features in quantitative proteomics experiments with thousands of measurements over multiple conditions. It finds groups of proteins or peptides with similar quantitative behavior across multiple experimental conditions. This co-regulatory behavior suggests that the proteins of such a group share their functional behavior and thus often can be mapped to the same biological processes and molecular subnetworks.While usual clustering approaches dismiss the variance of the measured proteins, VSClust combines statistical testing with pattern recognition into a common algorithm. Here, we show how to use the VSClust web service on a large proteomics data set and present further tools to assess the quantitative behavior of protein complexes.

Data clustering facilitates the identification of biologically relevant molecular features in quantitative proteomics experiments with thousands of measurements over multiple conditions. It finds groups of proteins or peptides with similar quantitative behavior across multiple experimental conditions. This co-regulatory behavior suggests that the proteins of such a group share their functional behavior and thus often can be mapped to the same biological processes and molecular subnetworks. While usual clustering approaches dismiss the variance of the measured proteins, VSClust combines statistical testing with pattern recognition into a common algorithm. Here, we show how to use the VSClust web service on a large proteomics data set and present further tools to assess the quantitative behavior of protein complexes.

Målet med denne kvalitative studien er å belyse følgende problemstilling; Faglig skjønn i akutte beslutningsprosesser; En kvalitativ studie av barnevernsansattes bruk av skjønn i akutte beslutningsprosesser, med utgangspunkt i vurdering av akutt familieråd. Jeg har søkt å belyse følgende forskningsspørsmål: «Hva kan påvirke barnevernsansattes faglige skjønnsvurderinger i akutte beslutningsprosesser?» Bruk av familieråd i akuttsaker er i de senere årene implementert i det ordinære tiltaksarbeidet med mål om å bidra til mer skånsomme akuttplasseringer, med utspring i Barne- ungdoms og familieetatens pilotprosjekt «Familieråd i akuttarbeid», som ble starter opp i 2013. De siste årene har det vært en tydelig dreining av fokus på medvirkning og nettverksinvolvering i barnevernsarbeid. Akutte situasjoner krever raske løsninger og må baseres på den begrensede informasjonen de barnevernsansatte har på det gitte tidspunkt. Det er ofte svært lite tid til utdypende informasjonsinnhenting, alle drøfter må baseres på skjønnsmessige vurderinger innenfor de rammene som finnes, og en eventuell handling må foretas så raskt som mulig for å sikre barnets omsorgssituasjon. I min masteroppgave hadde jeg derfor hovedfokus på bruk av skjønn i akutte beslutningsprosesser, eksemplifisert ved når det besluttes om en skal tilby familieråd i akutte situasjoner. Denne prosessen er kort og må konkluderes raskt i en akutt og mange ganger uoversiktlig situasjon, og jeg hadde et ønske om å se på hva som styrer den faglige skjønnsutøvelsen i disse prosessene. Studien er basert på kvalitative individuelle og fokusgruppeintervjuer med til sammen 30 informanter, herunder barnevernsledere, kontaktpersoner, miljøarbeider, familierådskoordinatorer og rådgiver innen familieråd. Informantene representerte 7 ulike barnevernstjenester. Den strukturelle oppbyggingen av tjenestene varierte i noen grad, der fire av kommunene hadde egne familierådskoordinatorer imens de resterende benyttet bufetats koordinatorer. Studien er gjennomført med en fenomenologisk og hermeneutisk tilnærming og analyse av funn har vært inspirert av systematisk tekstkondensering. I studien kommer det frem at barnevernsansattes faglige skjønnsutøvelse utøves med lover og nasjonale føringer som rammeverk, men påvirkes blant annet av organisasjonsmessige forhold, tidspress, regler, kompetanse og erfaring. Mitt hovedfunn, som en sum av de nevnte, er at faglig skjønnsutøvelse er personavhengig, og derfor en usikker og inkonsekvent faktor, men også viktig og nødvendig da det er grunnlaget for individuelle vurderinger og tilpassede beslutninger. The aim of this qualitative study is to shed light on the following subject; Professional use of discretion in acute decision-making processes, A qualitative study of child welfare employees' use of discretion in acute decision-making processes, based on assessing emergency family group conferences. I have sought to shed light on to the following research question: "What can influence child welfare employees' professional use of discretion in acute decision-making processes?”. The use of family councils in acute cases has in the recent years been implemented in the ordinary initiative work with the aim of more gentle emergency placements, originating in the Children’s youth and family agency’s pilot project “Family Councils in emergency work”, which was started in 2013. In recent years there has been a clear shift in focus on family’s participation and network involvement in child welfare work. Acute situations require quick solutions and must be based on the limited information that child welfare employees have at the given time. There is often very little time for in-depth information gathering, all discussions must be based on discretionary assessments within the existing framework, and any action must be taken as soon as possible to secure the childs welfare. In my masters thesis, I therefore had main focus on the use of discretion in acute decision-making processes, exemplified by deciding whether to offer family counceling in acute situations. This process is short and must be concluded quickly in an acute and often confusing situation, and I wanted to look at what could control the professional use of discretion in these processes. The study is based on qualitative individual and focus group interviews, with a total of 30 informants, including child welfare leaders, contact persons, social workers, family group conference-coordinators and counsellors within family group conference. The informants represented 7 different child welfare services. The structure of the services varied to some extent, with four of the municipalities having their own family council coordinators, while the remaining ones used the ministry of Children and families coordinators. The study was conducted with a phenomenological and hermeneutic approach and analysis of findings has been inspired by systematic text condensation. The study shows that the professional exercise of discretion of child welfare employees is exercised with laws and national guidelines as a framework, but is influenced, among other things, by organizational factors, time pressure, rules, competence and experience. The main finding, as a sum of the aforementioned, is that the professional exercise of discretion is person-dependent, and therefore an uncertain and inconsistent factor, but also important and necessary as it is the basis for individual assessments and custom decisions.

1. Introduction On 14 and 17 November 2009 approximately 3 000 foreigners (mostly Zimbabweans) were chased from their homes in the town of De Doorns in the Western Cape, South Africa. Their homes were looted and burned. Up until the further outbreak of xenophobia in April 2015, those xenophobic attacks of 2009 had been the most extensive of their kind since May 2008, when 62 people were reportedly killed and over 100 000 people displaced throughout South Africa (Monson and Arian 2011: 26). In the light of the April 2015 attacks on foreigners in the cities of Durban and Johannesburg, which left at least seven dead, closer scrutiny of the underlying causes and instigators of the De Doorns case provides some understanding of the persistence of xenophobia in South Africa. This article looks into the explanations for the xenophobic events in De Doorns. The research includes reviewing reports of the case as well as key informant interviews. Particular focus has been given to the report of Jean Pierre Misago (2009) from the Forced Migration Studies Programme, namely Violence, labour and the displacement of Zimbabweans in De Doorns. Interviews were conducted with a local farmers' organisation, namely, the Hex River Valley Table Grape Association (HTA); (1)) a provincial farmers' organisation, namely Agri Western Cape; (2)) and a human rights organisation, People Against Suffering Oppression and Poverty (PASSOP). (3)) The research was guided by the theory of ethnic violence as presented by Donald Horowitz (2001) and Jean Pierre Misago's (2011) explanation based on "the micro-politics of violence", which focuses on the role of local politicians in cases of xenophobia. 2. Explanations for xenophobia Horowitz (2001: 8), a leading academic in ethnic conflicts, developed a theory of ethnic violence; such violence is termed ethnic in that it "is not directed against a regime but against members of other groups". The outbreak of an ethnic riot thus provides clues to the nature of group relations; it is the "acting out of ethnic-group sentiments" (Horowitz 2001: 14). Although such riots are concentrated in time and space, and tend to be episodic, the event is still characterised as being a purposive and organised activity. The aim of the violence is to do physical harm to members of a specific group and their property. There is therefore a combination of rational-purposive behaviour with irrational brutal behaviour; a "fusion of coherence and frenzy" (Horowitz 2001: 13-14). In the case of De Doorns, the target group was clearly the Zimbabwean migrants who had moved into the area in search of employment on the local farms. Although no Zimbabweans were killed during the events of 14 and 17 November 2009, they were threatened with violence and their homes were looted and destroyed by the local communities. Horowitz (2001: 71-123) argues that external contextual causes in addition to immediate locality-bound causes need to be considered when looking at such violent outbursts. Locality-bound causes imply that local and short-term issues are involved and therefore also explain the spontaneity and the deep-seated emotions associated with outbreaks of violence. According to this theory, violence against foreigners would emerge under very specific structural conditions. It is likely to flare up where there is little fear that the police will protect the victims; in other words, police ineffectiveness or bias works in favour of the perpetrators of violence. In this context of impunity, the authorities implicitly condone the actions of the perpetrators, the police do not act against them, and the perpetrators do not fear reprisals from the targets of the violence. Horowitz (2001: 17-23; 72-73) also explains who is likely to conduct a riot and how this will develop. A lethal ethnic riot, which is how some have described the similar May 2008 xenophobic attacks (Bekker 2010), entails assaults by one ethnic group on another. …

Conference web site at https://www.eaa2020.org/. The marine natural product mimic MHP 88 is a novel synthetic molecule based on unique structures found in molecules from an arctic marine bryozoan. Initial studies showed that MHP88 kills cancer cells efficiently, but is not hemolytic. In this study, we look closer at the mode of death induced by MHP88 in oral cancer (HSC-3) and lymphoma (Ramos) cell lines. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is a mode of death that can be induced by some anticancer molecules and is characterized by the release and expression of certain damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) which have immune stimulating effects. Specifically, the release of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and ATP, as well as the translocation of calreticulin from the ER lumen to the outside of the cell membrane, constitute the major hallmarks of ICD. In vivo ICD induced in cancer cells has a vaccination effect, protecting the host from future challenge with the same cancer cells. Animal studies on the molecule LTX-401, which has similar properties as MHP88 have successfully demonstrated this effect.

Overexpression of phytoglobins (formerly plant hemoglobins) increases the survival rate of plant tissues under hypoxia stress by the following two known mechanisms: (1) scavenging of nitric oxide (NO) in the phytoglobin/NO cycle and (2) mimicking ethylene priming to hypoxia when NO scavenging activates transcription factors that are regulated by levels of NO and O2 in the N-end rule pathway. To map the cellular and metabolic effects of hypoxia in barley (Hordeum vulgare L., cv. Golden Promise), with or without priming to hypoxia, we studied the proteome and metabolome of wild type (WT) and hemoglobin overexpressing (HO) plants in normoxia and after 24 h hypoxia (WT24, HO24). The WT plants were more susceptible to hypoxia than HO plants. The chlorophyll a + b content was lowered by 50% and biomass by 30% in WT24 compared to WT, while HO plants were unaffected. We observed an increase in ROS production during hypoxia treatment in WT seedlings that was not observed in HO seedlings. We identified and quantified 9694 proteins out of which 1107 changed significantly in abundance. Many proteins, such as ion transporters, Ca2+-signal transduction, and proteins related to protein degradation were downregulated in HO plants during hypoxia, but not in WT plants. Changes in the levels of histones indicates that chromatin restructuring plays a role in the priming of hypoxia. We also identified and quantified 1470 metabolites, of which the abundance of &gt, 500 changed significantly. In summary the data confirm known mechanisms of hypoxia priming by ethylene priming and N-end rule activation, however, the data also indicate the existence of other mechanisms for hypoxia priming in plants.

Statistical testing remains one of the main challenges for high-confidence detection of differentially regulated proteins or peptides in large-scale quantitative proteomics experiments. PolySTest provides a user-friendly web service for statistical testing, data browsing and visualization, including a new method that simultaneously tests for missingness and feature abundance, thereby complementing common statistical tests by rescuing otherwise discarded data features. By combining different statistical tests, PolySTest improves robustness and confidence for simulated, experimental ground truth, and biological data., Graphical Abstract Highlights • Novel statistical test combining missingness and quantitative profiles. • Unification of different statistical tests into a PolySTest FDR provides higher robustness and confidence. • PolySTest provides higher coverage of relevant biological pathways. • User-friendly interactive web service for statistical analysis and visualization., Statistical testing remains one of the main challenges for high-confidence detection of differentially regulated proteins or peptides in large-scale quantitative proteomics experiments by mass spectrometry. Statistical tests need to be sufficiently robust to deal with experiment intrinsic data structures and variations and often also reduced feature coverage across different biological samples due to ubiquitous missing values. A robust statistical test provides accurate confidence scores of large-scale proteomics results, regardless of instrument platform, experimental protocol and software tools. However, the multitude of different combinations of experimental strategies, mass spectrometry techniques and informatics methods complicate the decision of choosing appropriate statistical approaches. We address this challenge by introducing PolySTest, a user-friendly web service for statistical testing, data browsing and data visualization. We introduce a new method, Miss test, that simultaneously tests for missingness and feature abundance, thereby complementing common statistical tests by rescuing otherwise discarded data features. We demonstrate that PolySTest with integrated Miss test achieves higher confidence and higher sensitivity for artificial and experimental proteomics data sets with known ground truth. Application of PolySTest to mass spectrometry based large-scale proteomics data obtained from differentiating muscle cells resulted in the rescue of 10–20% additional proteins in the identified molecular networks relevant to muscle differentiation. We conclude that PolySTest is a valuable addition to existing tools and instrument enhancements that improve coverage and depth of large-scale proteomics experiments. A fully functional demo version of PolySTest and Miss test is available via http://computproteomics.bmb.sdu.dk/Apps/PolySTest.

Source at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111671. The rapid emergence and spread of multi-resistant bacteria have created an urgent need for new antimicrobial agents. We report here a series of amphipathic α,α-disubstituted β-amino amide derivatives with activity against 30 multi-resistant clinical isolates of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including isolates with extended spectrum β-lactamase – carbapenemase (ESBL-CARBA) production. A variety of halogenated aromatic side-chains were investigated to improve antimicrobial potency and minimize formation of Phase I metabolites. Net positive charge and cationic character of the derivatives had an important effect on toxicity against human cell lines. The most potent and selective derivative was the diguanidine derivative 4e with 3,5-di-brominated benzylic side-chains. Derivative 4e displayed minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 0.25–8 μg/mL against Gram-positive and Gram-negative reference strains, and 2–32 μg/mL against multi-resistant clinical isolates. Derivative 4e showed also low toxicity against human red blood cells (EC50 > 200 μg/mL), human hepatocyte carcinoma cells (HepG2: EC50 > 64 μg/mL), and human lung fibroblast cells (MRC-5: EC50 > 64 μg/mL). The broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and low toxicity of diguanylated derivatives such as 4e make them attractive as lead compounds for development of novel antimicrobial drugs.

Despite abundant surface water in Norway, groundwater can be a better resource for drinking water due to the good natural protection and filtration properties of the groundwater aquifer. In Norway, 70 % of the groundwater is found in unconsolidated aquifers, hence it is fundamental to understand the sedimentary characteristics of these aquifers if one want to utilize the groundwater as a drinking water supply. The connection between groundwater and sedimentology can be referred to as aquifer sedimentology. Bø municipality uses groundwater as their main water supply, serving drinking water to approximately 4900 inhabitants. The water wells are placed in Hagadrag aquifer, in Bø Valley-fill deposits from the Quaternary time period. The Quaternary history for Bø Valley has been said to contain a glacier front terminating in a former fjord, and stagnating in a narrow part of the valley. Because of this, the area of interest is anticipated to contain large successions of glaciomarine deposits, of which this paper has analyzed. This thesis comprises a survey executed to generate a 3D subsurface model for better understanding of the sedimentary characteristics of Hagadrag aquifer. The main method used is a Ground Penetrating Radar, collecting radargrams of the subsurface from the floor of Verpe gravel pit. The radargrams were interpreted with radar stratigraphic analysis, highlighting radar sequences/packages and their radar facies, and suggesting a depositional history with corresponding depositional environments for the analyzed sedimentary successions (lithofacies). A geodatabase was put together to aid interpretation of what grain sizes the identified subsurface packages may consist of. The geodatabase includes data from several previous drilling surveys done in and around the study area, and yields important geological information for this thesis. A 3D model of the subsurface sedimentary packages and their bounding surfaces has been generated in Voxler and ArcScene. A bedrock grounding-line zone for a preexisting glacier was identified, together with several deposits derived from this grounding-line zone as glacial outwash material; stratified tills, gravity flow deposits, subaquatic grounding-line fan, scour pool infill deposits, and an ice-contact ridge (moraine ridge) on top of the bedrock threshold. The 3D subsurface model from this survey can be further used as a model for hydrogeological prospecting and groundwater modeling.