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Pakistan's external sector vulnerabilities have plunged into a completely "messy" situation, and it is yet to be determined how the upcoming 10th and 11th reviews under the IMF programme will be accomplished by the end of June 2023. Now the external sector vulnerabilities have increased manifold, and it is yet to be determined how the exchange rate will respond when the floodgates of imports are opened after the revival of the IMF programme. [Extracted from the article]

Pakistan's energy investment needs range from $62 billion to $155 billion until 2030 based on three different scenarios. For example, although hydropower is generally considered a renewable energy resource across the world, the Alternative and Renewable Energy Policy has categorised hydropower sources as nonrenewables (Government of Pakistan 2019). [Extracted from the article]