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Abstract Tropical cyclone forecasting relies on accurate sea surface temperature, yet the errors in available sea surface temperature products remain unclear. Here, I evaluate the sea surface temperature errors under tropical cyclones in the western North Pacific based on surface drifters across eight widely-used datasets, including satellite, atmospheric and oceanic analysis-or-reanalysis products, spanning from 2014 to 2023. The ensemble mean bias and root-mean-squared-error are firstly quantified. Both satellite and oceanic analysis sea surface temperatures exhibit a cold bias, while atmospheric analysis-or-reanalysis sea surface temperature shows a warm bias. Specifically, atmospheric analysis-or-reanalysis products consistently show a warm bias in the right-rear quadrant of the tropical cyclone coordinate system. Regarding root-mean-squared-error, for most products, the right side consistently exhibits higher errors than the left side. SST bias significantly impacts tropical cyclone intensity change as indicated by empirical relationship. These results provide direct insights for operational tropical cyclone forecasting and research.

We deployed 8 surface drifters in the western North Pacific in 2022. By integrating the Global Drifter Program’s data, we analyzed the drifter-based sea surface currents and temperatures during tropical cyclones. The maximum in-situ surface current observed was 0.70 m/s during typhoon Hinnamnor. Our surface drifters provided similar observations as compared to an adjacent Global Drifter Program’s drifter. Furthermore, we investigated float profiling observations during tropical cyclones. Based on Argo float 2903647, the SST decreased by 1.4oC after the passage of typhoon Hinnamnor. This study demonstrates the reliability of our newly deployed surface drifters and exhibits the state-of-the-art capability for in-situ observations of tropical cyclone-ocean interaction.

Plant extracts from natural sources are an excellent choice for food additives and natural antioxidants. In this study, the active components of Tulipa edulis were extracted and analysed, and their antioxidant capacity was measured. Then, the crude extract mixture was separated and purified using a Sephadex LH-20 gel, and the antioxidant activity of the purified products was determined. Human umbilical vein endothelial human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) cells were treated with 35 mmol/L glucose to construct a model of oxidative stress. Then, the cells were treated with the active component to observe whether the products of T. edulis could have a good protective effect on HUVEC cells induced by glucose. Transcriptome analysis was also performed on HUVEC cells after same treatment to explore the possible mechanism of the component F2 protecting HUVEC cells from oxidative stress induced by high glucose. The results showed that component F2 obtained from T. edulis has strong antioxidant activity. Moreover, F2 can play a strong antioxidant protective role in HUVEC cells. Meanwhile, the gene expression of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), γ-glutamyl cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) in HUVEC cells was up-regulated after treated with F2. This study provides reference value for the further development and application of T. edulis and the development of functional food.

Sea surface temperature (SST) prediction has received increasing attention in recent years due to its paramount importance in the various fields of oceanography. Existing studies have shown that neural networks are particularly effective in making accurate SST predictions by efficiently capturing spatiotemporal dependencies in SST data. Among various models, the ConvLSTM framework is notably prominent. This model skillfully combines convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with recurrent neural networks (RNNs), enabling it to simultaneously capture spatiotemporal dependencies within a single computational framework. To overcome the limitation that CNNs primarily capture local spatial information, in this paper we propose a novel model named DatLSTM that integrates a deformable attention transformer (DAT) module into the ConvLSTM framework, thereby enhancing its ability to process more complex spatial relationships effectively. Specifically, the DAT module adaptively focuses on salient features in space, while ConvLSTM further captures the temporal dependencies of spatial correlations in the SST data. In this way, DatLSTM can adaptively capture complex spatiotemporal dependencies between the preceding and current states within ConvLSTM. To evaluate the performance of the DatLSTM model, we conducted short-term SST forecasts in the Bohai Sea region with forecast lead times ranging from 1 to 10 days and compared its efficacy against several benchmark models, including ConvLSTM, PredRNN, TCTN, and SwinLSTM. Our experimental results show that the proposed model outperforms all of these models in terms of multiple evaluation metrics short-term SST prediction. The proposed model offers a new predictive learning method for improving the accuracy of spatiotemporal predictions in various domains, including meteorology, oceanography, and climate science.

Numerical weather prediction of sea surface temperature (SST) is crucial for regional operational forecasts. Deep learning offers an alternative approach to traditional numerical general circulation models for numerical weather prediction. In our previous work, we developed a sophisticated deep learning model known as the Attention-based Context Fusion Network (ACFN). This model integrates an attention mechanism with a convolutional neural network framework. In this study, we applied the ACFN model to the South China Sea to evaluate its performance in predicting SST. The results indicate that for a 1-day lead time, the ACFN model achieves a Mean Absolute Error of 0.215 °C and a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.972. In addition, in situ buoy data were utilized to validate the forecast results. The Mean Absolute Error for forecasts using these data increased to 0.500 °C for a 1-day lead time, with a corresponding R2 of 0.590. Comparative analyses show that the ACFN model surpasses traditional models such as ConvLSTM and PredRNN in terms of accuracy and reliability.

In this study, we explore the interannual variability of Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) in the Dotson–Getz Trough located in West Antarctica, focusing on the month of February. Utilizing the oceanic analysis product EN4, we first validate the EN4 SSS with data from a singular ship-based survey, and then delve into potential factors that may influence SSS, with a particular emphasis on surface freshwater flux, sea ice concentration (SIC), and also the surface stress curl, which will induce upwelling via Ekman transport to affect the SSS. Our findings primarily indicate a link between SSS and sea ice concentration, showcasing a negative correlation where the peak (average) coefficient is around −0.6 (−0.4), further affirming the substantial interannual variability of SSS in this region.

Abstract Methane (CH4) is a climate‐relevant trace gas that is emitted from the open and coastal oceans in considerable amounts. However, its distribution in remote oceanic areas is largely unknown. To fill this knowledge gap, dissolved CH4 was measured at nine stations at 75°S in the Ross Sea during austral summer in January 2020. CH4 undersaturation (mean: 82 ± 20%) was found throughout the water column. In subsurface waters, the distribution of CH4 mainly resulted from mixing of water masses and in situ consumption, whereas the CH4 concentrations in the surface mixed layer were mainly driven by air–sea exchange and diapycnal diffusion between the surface and subsurface layers, as well as consumption of CH4. With a mean air–sea CH4 flux density of −0.44 ± 0.34 μmol m−2 d−1, the Ross Sea was a substantial sink for atmospheric CH4 during austral summer, which is in contrast with most oceanic regions, which are known sources.

China has a rich history of cultivating medicinal plants, whose root microbial communities closely interact with the medicinal plants, thereby influencing their growth, health, and medicinal properties. Currently, researchers widely use 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to study these root microbial communities. However, publicly available sequence datasets often lack essential sample information or contain errors, impeding the reuse of the datasets in the future. In this study, we aimed to create a united, reliable, and readily usable source of 16S rRNA gene sequences for medicinal plant root microbiomes. We compiled a catalog of 1392 microbiome samples for 58 medicinal plants from 58 studies, and manually provided essential sample information based on the experimental setup described in the associated papers. We then processed the sequences using a custom pipeline, generating a united catalog of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and conducting taxonomic classification. We also predicted the ecological functions of the communities for each sample. Finally, we used this dataset, to compare the rhizosphere bacterial communities of Pseudostellaria heterophylla from Fujian and Guizhou Provinces, revealing significant differences in the community composition of the same plant from different geographic locations. By providing a comprehensive and united catalog of amplicon sequences and OTUs for medicinal plant root bacterial communities, this study offers an invaluable resource for future comparative studies and data mining.

We present a review of in situ observations regarding the interactions between tropical cyclones and the ocean in the western North Pacific for the year 2023. A total of at least 13 tropical cyclones occurred during this period. According to the Japan Meteorological Agency, Typhoon Mawar recorded the yearly minimum pressure at 900 hPar. On average, each tropical cyclone captured 7.4 surface drifters and 25.2 Argo floats when the search radius is 300 km. During Guchol, the maximum in situ Lagrangian current reached 1.23 m/s, with sustained wind speeds of the tropical cyclone up to 31.7 m/s and a relative position of 174 km. Additionally, several Argo floats were active during tropical cyclones, with maximum sea surface temperature cooling reaching 0.66 °C. This annual review provides a comprehensive summary of the current state of in situ observations regarding tropical cyclone–ocean interaction. These findings serve as valuable references for both scientific research and operational forecasting.

Rice bran is an important byproduct of the rice polishing process, rich in nutrients, but it is underutilized and often used as feed or discarded, resulting in a huge amount of waste. In this study, rice bran was fermented by Lactobacillus fermentum MF423 to obtain a product with high antioxidant activity. First, a reliable and efficient method for assessing the antioxidant capacity of the fermentation products was established using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which ensured the consistency of the batch fermentation. The fermented rice bran product (FLRB) exhibited significant antioxidant activity in cells, C. elegans, and hyperlipidemic mice. Transcriptome analysis of mouse livers showed that the expression of plin5 was upregulated in diabetic mice administered FLRB, thereby preventing the excessive production of free fatty acids (FFAs) and the subsequent generation of large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These studies lay the foundation for the application of rice bran fermentation products.

The east limb of the Ross Gyre approaches the western Amundsen Sea, thereby exerting an influence on the surface circulation dynamics. This study investigates the impact of the zonal movement of the eastern boundary of the Ross Gyre on the surrounding surface geostrophic circulation in January. Specifically, a zonal shift of the eastern boundary of the Ross Gyre induces a substantial shelf-basin circulation within the Amundsen Sea. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the influence of the Ross Gyre on the exchange processes between the Amundsen Sea shelf and basin.

Satellite-based observations and a pan-Arctic coupled sea ice-ocean model are utilized to study the effect of ocean geostrophic currents on large-scale sea ice circulation in the Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean. We find that surface winds primarily drive sea ice drifts in the west–east direction, while the geostrophic currents in the Beaufort Gyre promote north–south ice drifts. Wind fluctuations can create variable ice drifts, yet geostrophic currents respond more slowly due to their larger vertical scale, serving as a slowly-evolving conveyor belt for maintaining the anticyclonic ice circulation. It is further demonstrated that the bathymetry can regulate the movement of sea ice via constraining the expansion of ocean circulation. This mechanism is indirect in the sense that the ice is far from the seafloor. Our research underscores the necessity of considering the bathymetry-constrained geostrophic currents in understanding Arctic sea ice dynamics. With the rapid retreat of Arctic sea ice, the multi-scale interactions between ice drifts and ocean currents may have significant implications for the Arctic ecosystem, climate, and shipping corridors.

We conducted a comparison of sea ice concentration (SIC) in the Amundsen Sea using three satellite datasets: Hadley Centre’s sea ice and sea surface temperature (HadISST1), Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Ice Analysis (OSTIA), and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2). HadISST1 has the longest time period, while AMSR2 has the shortest. In terms of grid resolution, HadISST1 has the coarsest resolution, while AMSR2 has the finest. The sea ice areas (SIAs) observed in HadISST1, OSTIA, and AMSR2 are similar. We studied the decadal variations in SICs by dividing the study period into four temporal segments. We investigated the differences between HadISST1 and OSTIA for each temporal segment. HadISST1 exhibited a more pronounced positive trend compared to OSTIA between 2005 and 2010. Additionally, we compared the interannual and seasonal variations in SICs between HadISST1 and OSTIA. Lastly, it should be noted that the Amundsen Sea polynya area varies across all three datasets.

As a kind of weather phenomenon with destructive wind and heavy rainfall, tropical cyclones (TCs), especially the landing TCs, can cause severer economic damage and losses of life. Philippines is one of the countries mostly affected by Tropical cyclones (TCs). Based on the best-track TC data and global atmospheric and oceanic reanalysis data, the present paper investigates the isolated and combined effects of two intraseasonal oscillations, the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) and the quasi-biweekly oscillation (QBWO), on landfall of TCs in the Philippines during boreal summer (May-September) in 1979-2019. The results show that both the MJO and the QBWO can significantly affect the frequency, landfall intensity, location, and translation speed of TCs that make landfall in the Philippines. During the convective (non-convective) phases of the MJO and the QBWO, more (less) frequent and stronger (weaker) TCs make landfall in the Philippines. This is due to the increased (decreased) frequency of TCs formation in the NWP and environmental factors in the region east of the Philippines that are favorable (unfavorable) for the development of TCs. With the northward propagation of the convective signals of the MJO and QBWO, the Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) shifts eastward, and the steering flow is unfavorable for westward movement of NWP TCs. This, in turn, causes a northward shift in the landfall locations and a decrease in the translation speed of TCs. These results are helpful for the prediction of the TCs affecting the Philippines.

IntroductionDairy products have long been regarded as a controversial nutrient for the skin. However, a clear demonstration of donkey milk (DM) on skincare is required.MethodsIn this study, spectrum and chemical component analyses were applied to DM. Then, the effects of DM on UVB-induced skin barrier damage and melanin pigmentation were first evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Cell survival, animal models, and expression of filaggrin (FLG) were determined to confirm the effect of DM on UVB-induced skin barrier damage. Melanogenesis and tyrosinase (TYR) activity were assessed after UVB irradiation to clarify the effect of DM on whitening activities. Further, a network pharmacology method was applied to study the interaction between DM ingredients and UVB-induced skin injury. Meanwhile, an analysis of the melanogenesis molecular target network was developed and validated to predict the melanogenesis regulators in DM.ResultsDM was rich in cholesterols, fatty acids, vitamins and amino acids. The results of evaluation of whitening activities in vitro and in vivo indicated that DM had a potent inhibitory effect on melanin synthesis. The results of effects of DM on UVB‑induced skin barrier damage indicated that DM inhibited UVB-induced injury and restored skin barrier function via up-regulation expression of FLG (filaggrin). The pharmacological network of DM showed that DM regulated steroid biosynthesis and fatty acid metabolism in keratinocytes and 64 melanin targets which the main contributing role of DM might target melanogenesis, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), and Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) pathway.DiscussionThese results highlight the potential use of DM as a promising agent for whitening and anti-photoaging applications.

This paper investigates the interannual variability of January sea surface temperature (SST) in the Amundsen Sea (AS) during the period 1982–2022. SST in the Pine Island Bay (PIB) is found to exhibit the most significant interannual variation, with a standard deviation up to 0.6°. Composite analysis indicates that, in warmer years, the January SST at PIB is approximately 1° higher on average than that in cooler years, and its variation in warmer (cooler) years corresponds to lower (higher) sea ice concentration (SIC) and more (less) surface heat flux; the latter factor is primarily influenced by the albedo of SIC. Further analysis suggests that variability in January SIC is largely dominated by northward sea ice motion during the previous November (r = −0.82), which is consistent with the presence of a contemporaneous northerly 10 m wind anomaly trigged by the Amundsen Sea Low (ASL). The ASL-associated northerly wind anomaly drives northward sea ice motion, reduces SIC, and thus increases the downward heat flux that ultimately results in warmer SST, and vice versa. This study identifies the possible mechanism of anomalous January SST in the PIB, which could provide an important clue for seasonal forecasts of summer SST in the AS.

To study the cell proliferation and wound healing activity of polysaccharides from Ganoderma amboinense (GAMPS), the polysaccharide was extracted by water extraction and alcohol precipitation method, and its monosaccharide composition and molecular weight were analyzed. The effects of different concentrations of GAMPS on the cell proliferation were determined by cell survival rate test, and the wound healing ability of GAMPS to NIH/3T3 cells was detected. The preliminary evaluation of the antioxidant ability of GAMPS was conducted by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). The results showed that the GAMPS was composed of glucose, mannose, and galactose at a molar ratio of 67.62:14.07:7.50, and the weight-average molecular weights were 5.439 × 106 and 1.704 × 105 g/mol by using high-performance gel-permeation chromatography-multiple angle laser scatter (HPGPC-MALS) analysis. GAMPS (0.2 μg/μL) showed the strongest proliferation ability to THP-1 cells, with cell survival rate of 178.7%. The wound healing effect of GAMPS (0.1 μg/μL) was obvious on NIH/3T3 and 3.75 μg/μL of GAMPS showed the strongest total antioxidant ability. All the results indicate that GAMPS promotes cell proliferation, and has cell wound healing effect and strong antioxidant activity. The results provide theoretical foundation for the development and utilization of GAMPS.

Antibiotics on H2 producing bacteria shall be considered as being one of the critical elements in biological H2 production utilizing livestock manure as raw resources. Despite the fact that the manure stands a significance role in bio-fermentation, the possibility of antibiotics being contained in excreta shall not be eliminated. Findings of whether the above saying might threaten the safety of bio-H2 production needs to be further studied. The experiment subjects include: six single and three combined antibiotics were tested and analyzed by the application of the gradient experiment method. Along with the H2 production rate, CHO content, pH and OD600 were used to analyze the effects of various antibiotics introduction on the hydrolysis, fermentation and H2 production. To a further extent, four typical representative samples were selected for biodiversity analysis from the single antibiotic experiment groups. Amounting more than 6000 pieces of data were obtained in a series of experiments. Data suggested that remarkable measure of antibiotics have various degrees of H2 production inhibition, while some antibiotics, Penicillin G, Streptomycin Sulfate, and their compound antibiotics, could promote the growth of Ethanoligenens sp. and improve H2 yield in the contrary. Correspondent to the transition of key metabolic intermediates and end products, the mechanism of each antibiotic type and dose on H2 production were summarized as follows: the main inhibitory mechanisms were: (1) board-spectrum inhibition, (2) partial inhibition, (3) H2 consumption enhancement; and the enhancement mechanisms were: (1) enhance the growth of H2-producing bacteria, (2) enhanced starch hydrolysis, (3) inhibitory H2 consumption or release of acid inhibition. Meanwhile, data analysis found that the effect of antibiotics on H2 producing was not only related to type, but also to dosage. Even one kind of antibiotic may have completely opposite effects on H2-producing bacteria under different dosage conditions. Inhibition of H2 yield was highest with Levofloxacin at 6.15 mg/L, gas production was reduced by 88.77%; and enhancement of H2 yield was highest with Penicillin G at 7.20 mg/L, the gas production increased by 72.90%.

In-situ coal bio-gasification can be defined as one of the coal bio-mining methodology that fully utilizes the methanogenic bacteria in coal to review the current findings, namely anaerobic digestion of organic components. The following experiment has been done in regards, one vertical well and one multi-branch horizontal well were used as experiment wells and two vertical wells were used as control wells, the pilot test was carried out with single well nutrition injection method. By applying the above mentioned method, the concentration of Cl− ion and number altered in Methanogen spp. were used to trace nutrition diffusion. Furthermore, technical implementation results analysis has been made with the observation of CH4 production changes and coal bed biome evolution.Gas production rates in each well were monitored by using the FLLQ gas roots flow mete. The concentration of CH4 and CO2 were evaluated by using the Agilent 7890A gas chromatograph, on the other hand, concentrations of Cl− were determined by the application of ICS-1100 ion chromatography system. The F420 fluorescence method was adopted to test for the presence of methanogenic bacteria. In the interim of the completion stage, the study stated that the bacterial diversity of underground water of Z-7H well has a high pass sequence with the experimental period of 814 days. Gas production data in Z-159 and Z-7H wells showed the gasification of coal lasted 635 and 799 days, yielded 74817 m3 and 251754 m3 coalbed methane, respectively. Furthermore, experimental data presented that one time nutrition injection in anthracite coalbed methane wells achieved an average of 717 days of continuous gas production among all experimental wells. The above fore-said study dedicated the significance of native bacterial fermentation, as it proven the fact that anthracite can be applied to accomplish coal bio-gasification and coalbed methane production stimulation in-situ.

Abstract Tropical cyclones (TCs) are strong natural hazards that are important for local and global air–sea interactions. This manuscript briefly reviews the knowledge about the upper ocean responses to TCs, including the current, surface wave, temperature, salinity and biological responses. TCs usually cause upper ocean near-inertial currents, increase strong surface waves, cool the surface ocean, warm subsurface ocean, increase sea surface salinity and decrease subsurface salinity, causing plankton blooms. The upper ocean response to TCs is controlled by TC-induced mixing, advection and surface flux, which usually bias to the right (left) side of the TC track in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere. The upper ocean response usually recovers in several days to several weeks. The characteristics of the upper ocean response mainly depend on the TC parameters (e.g. TC intensity, translation speed and size) and environmental parameters (e.g. ocean stratification and eddies). In recent decades, our knowledge of the upper ocean response to TCs has improved because of the development of observation methods and numerical models. More processes of the upper ocean response to TCs can be studied by researchers in the future.

Studies of microorganisms from extreme environments can sometimes reveal novel proteins with unique properties. Here, we identified a novel esterase gene (Est33) from an Antarctic bacterium. The protein was expressed and purified for biochemical characterizations. Site-mutation variants including S94A, D205A, and H233A were constructed to explore the structure–function relationship of the catalytic triad of Est33, and we found mutating Ser94, Asp205, and His233 residues lead to a complete loss of enzyme activity. In addition, the catalytic Ser94 located in a conserved pentapeptide motif GVSWG. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Est33 and its closely related homologs belonged to an independent group apart from other known family members, indicating that Est33 represented a new family of esterase. The Est33 enzyme was found to be a cold-active esterase retaining 25%–100% activity from 10°C to 30°C and to have optimal catalytic activity toward p-nitrophenol acetate (30°C and pH7.5). The serine modifying reagent phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride inhibited the activity of Est33 by 77.34%, while thiol reagents such as dithiol threitol (DTT) activated the enzyme by 3-fold. Metal chelating reagents EDTA had no effects, indicating that Est33 is not a metalloenzyme. Collectively, these results indicate that Est33 constitutes the first member of a novel esterase family XXI that has been identified.

Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) has long been an important fiber crop, but the narrow genetic diversity of modern G. hirsutum limits the potential for simultaneous improvement of yield and fiber quality. It is an effective approach to broaden the genetic base of G. hirsutum through introgression of novel alleles from G. barbadense with excellent fiber quality. In the present study, an interspecific chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) population was established using G. barbadense cultivar Pima S-7 as the donor parent and G. hirsutum cultivar CCRI35 as the recipient parent. A total of 105 quantitative trait loci (QTL), including 85 QTL for fiber quality and 20 QTL for lint percentage (LP), were identified based on phenotypic data collected from four environments. Among these QTL, 25 stable QTL were detected in two or more environments, including four for LP, eleven for fiber length (FL), three for fiber strength (FS), six for fiber micronaire (FM), and one for fiber elongation (FE). Eleven QTL clusters were observed on nine chromosomes, of which seven QTL clusters harbored stable QTL. Moreover, eleven major QTL for fiber quality were verified through analysis of introgressed segments of the eight superior lines with the best comprehensive phenotypes. A total of 586 putative candidate genes were identified for 25 stable QTL associated with lint percentage and fiber quality through transcriptome analysis. Furthermore, three candidate genes for FL, GH_A08G1681 (GhSCPL40), GH_A12G2328 (GhPBL19), and GH_D02G0370 (GhHSP22.7), and one candidate gene for FM, GH_D05G1346 (GhAPG), were identified through RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR analysis. These results lay the foundation for understanding the molecular regulatory mechanism of fiber development and provide valuable information for marker-assisted selection (MAS) in cotton breeding.

Crude enzymes produced by a marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. JS4-1 were used to hydrolyze phycobiliprotein. Enzymatic productions showed good performance on DPPH radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities (45.14 ± 0.43% and 65.11 ± 2.64%, respectively), especially small peptides with MWCO Caenorhabditis elegans under adversity. Then, 25 peptides total were identified from F2 by LC-MS/MS, and the peptide with the new sequence of INSSDVQGKY as the most significant component was synthetized and the ORAC assay and cellular ROS scavenging assay both illustrated its excellent antioxidant property.

Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor in women, its incidence is secret, and more than half of the patients are diagnosed in the middle and advanced stages, so it is necessary to develop simple and efficient detection methods for breast cancer diagnosis to improve the survival rate and quality of life of breast cancer patients. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles secreted by all kinds of living cells, and play an important role in the occurrence and development of breast cancer and the formation of the tumor microenvironment. Exosomes, as biomarkers, are an important part of breast cancer fluid biopsy and have become ideal targets for the early diagnosis, curative effect evaluation, and clinical treatment of breast cancer. In this paper, several traditional exosome detection methods, including differential centrifugation and immunoaffinity capture, were summarized, focusing on the latest research progress in breast cancer exosome detection. It was summarized from the aspects of optics, electrochemistry, electrochemiluminescence and other aspects. This review is expected to provide valuable guidance for exosome detection of clinical breast cancer and the establishment of more reliable, efficient, simple and innovative methods for exosome detection of breast cancer in the future.

Rice bran is an industrial byproduct that exerts several bioactivities despite its limited bioavailability. In this study, rice bran fermented with Lactobacillus fermentum MF423 (FLRB) had enhanced antidiabetic effects both in vitro and in vivo. FLRB could increase glucose consumption and decrease lipid accumulation in insulin resistant HepG2 cells. Eight weeks of FLRB treatment significantly reduced the levels of blood glucose and lipids and elevated antioxidant activity in type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) mice. H&E staining revealed alleviation of overt lesions in the livers of FLRB-treated mice. Moreover, high-throughput sequencing showed notable variation in the composition of gut microbiota in FLRB-treated mice, especially for short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing bacteria such as Dubosiella and Lactobacillus. In conclusion, our results suggested that rice bran fermentation products can modulate the intestinal microbiota and improve T2DM-related biochemical abnormalities, so they can be applied as potential probiotics or dietary supplements.

The development of “CC30A CH4-CO2 combined analyzer” with infrared gas sensor as the core detection device can be widely used in online gas component analysis. In data analysis, the maximum value and arithmetic mean of the sensor data for each test period are not effective value. The characteristics of the dynamic data are: (1) Each DAW completes one test for one parameter, there is a unique effective value; (2) In test state, the fluctuation of the sensor value gradually decreases when approaching to the end of the test. An effective value calculation model was designed using the method of dimensionality reduction of dynamic data. The model was based on the distribution characteristics of the process data, and consists of 4 key steps: (1) Identify the Data Analysis Window (DAW) and build DAW dataset; (2) Calculate the value of optimal DAW dataset segmentation and build DAW subdataset; (3) Calculate the arithmetic mean (Mc) and count the amount of data in each subdataset (Fc), and build the optimal segmentation statistical set; (4) Effective value calculation and error evaluation. Calculation result with 50 sets of monitor data conformed that the EVC model for dynamic data of gas online monitoring meets the requirements of experimental accuracy requirements and test error. This method can be independently calculated without relying on the feedback information of the monitoring device, and it has positive significance for using the algorithm to reduce the hardware design complexity.

In addition to tropical cyclones (TCs) locally formed in the South China Sea (SCS), there are also TCs that initially form over the Northwest Pacific (NWP) and move westward to enter the SCS (often called nonlocal TCs). It is unclear how those nonlocal TCs are modulated by the intraseasonal climate variability. In this study, the impacts of two types of intraseasonal oscillations, namely the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) and the quasi-biweekly oscillation (QBWO), on nonlocally formed TCs over the SCS in summer (May–September) are analyzed based on best-track TC data and global reanalysis during 1979–2018. Results show that in the convective phases of both MJO and QBWO, the western Pacific subtropical high shifted more eastward, and more TCs entered the SCS. This is mainly because more TCs formed in the NWP in the convective phases of intraseasonal oscillations and the genesis locations of the NWP TCs shifted westward and closer to the SCS. In addition to TC count, intraseasonal oscillations also affected the intensity of nonlocal TCs entered the SCS, with the influence of QBWO being more significant than MJO. In the convectively active phases of QBWO (phases 2–5), 34 nonlocal TCs reached typhoon intensity, while only two nonlocal TCs reached typhoon intensity in the convectively inactive phases (phases 1, 6, 7, 8). Further analysis indicates that nonlocal TCs often moved with the northwestward propagating convective signals of QBWO, resulting in more and stronger TCs that entered the SCS in the convective phases of QBWO. The mean location that the nonlocal TC entered the SCS also shifted northward with the northward propagation of intraseasonal oscillations.

Despite recent great advances in microbial culture, most microbes have not yet been cultured, and the impact of medium composition on the isolation of microbes from natural systems has not been elucidated. To optimize media for culturing marine microbes, microbial communities in three sediment samples were described using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and culture-dependent techniques. HTS revealed communities dominated by Gammaproteobacteria, and culture-based methods revealed communities dominated by Actinobacteria. Among the total operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from the HTS dataset, 6% were recovered in the culture collection. Four potentially novel bacterial strains belonging to Oceaniovalibus, Psychrobacter and Salegentibacter were isolated. The combination of media cultured more taxa than any single medium. Nutrient-rich and single-carbon/nitrogen-source media supported the growth of relatively few taxa, and the quality of nitrogen strongly influenced the types of bacteria isolated.

Esterases represent an important class of enzymes with a wide variety of industrial applications. A novel hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) family esterase, Est19, from the Antarctic bacterium Pseudomonas sp. E2-15 is identified, cloned, and expressed. The enzyme possesses a GESAG motif containing an active serine (S) located within a highly conserved catalytic triad of Ser155, Asp253, and His282 residues. The catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) of Est19 for the pNPC6 substrate is 148.68 s−1mM−1 at 40 °C. Replacing Glu154 juxtaposed to the critical catalytic serine with Asp (E154→D substitution) reduced the activity and catalytic efficiency of the enzyme two-fold, with little change in the substrate affinity. The wild-type enzyme retained near complete activity over a temperature range of 10–60 °C, while ~50% of its activity was retained at 0 °C. A phylogenetic analysis suggested that Est19 and its homologs may represent a new subfamily of HSL. The thermal stability and stereo-specificity suggest that the Est19 esterase may be useful for cold and chiral catalyses.

Based on the satellite observed sea surface temperature (SST), the recovery of SST cooling induced by the tropical cyclones (TCs) over the northwestern Pacific Ocean is investigated. The results show that the passage of a TC induces a mean maximum cooling in the SST of roughly −1.25 °C. It was also found that most of this cooling (~87%) is typically erased within 30 days of TC passage. This recovery time depends upon the degree of cooling, with stronger (weaker) SST cooling corresponding to longer (shorter) recovery time. Further analyses show that the mixed layer depth (MLD) and the upper layer thermocline temperature gradient (UTTG) also play an important role in the SST response to TCs. The maximum cooling increases ~0.1 °C for every 7 m decrease in the MLD or every 0.04 °C/m increase in the UTTG. The combined effects of MLD and TC intensity and translation speed on the SST response are also discussed.

The special ecological environment of the Arctic has brought about a large number of salt-tolerant and psychrotolerant microorganisms. We isolated two culturable bacterial strains of the genus Mesonia; one from the Arctic ocean, Mesonia algae K4-1, and one from the tropical sea, Mesonia sp. HuA40. Our genome analysis and phenotypic experiments indicated that Mesonia algae K4-1 is a moderately halophilic and psychrophilic bacterium. Mesonia algae K4-1 can tolerate 3–14% NaCl and grow at a wide range of temperatures from 4 to 50°C. Mesonia sp. HuA40 is a mesophilic bacterium that can only grow with 3–9% NaCl. In addition, the salt adaptation strategy of Mesonia algae K4-1 accumulates organic osmolytes in the cell. RNA helicases, glutathione and organic compatible solutes may play important roles in maintaining the metabolism and physiological function of Mesonia algae K4-1 under cold stress. Moreover, the ability of Mesonia algae K4-1 to adapt to an oligotrophic marine environment is likely due to the synthesis of a large number of extracellular polysaccharides and the secretion of various families of extracellular proteases. This study systematically analyzed the relationship between genomic differentiation and environmental factors of the Mesonia genus and revealed the possible adaptation mechanism of Mesonia algae K4-1 in the extreme Arctic marine environment at the genomic level.

Abstract Microbial communities in sediments play an important role in alpine lake ecosystems. However, the microbial diversity and community composition of alpine lake sediments from the Hengduan Mountains remain largely unknown. Therefore, based on the Illumina MiSeq platform, high‐throughput sequencing analysis of the 16S rRNA gene was performed on 15 alpine lake sediments collected at different locations in the Hengduan Mountains. The abundance‐based coverage estimate (ACE), Chao1, and Shannon indices indicated that the microbial abundance and diversity of these sediments were high. There are some differences in the composition of microbial communities among sediments. However, in general, Proteobacteria accounted for the largest proportion of all sediments (22.3%–67.6%) and was the dominant phylum. Followed by Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Planctomycetes. In addition, the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) interactions network had modular structures and suggested more cooperation than competition in the microbial community. Besides, we also found that temperature has a significant contribution to the sample–environment relationship. This study revealed the diversity and composition of microbial communities in alpine lake sediments from the Hengduan Mountains, and describe the correlation between microbial community structure and different environmental variables.

This study aimed to highlight a general lack of clarity regarding the scale of the temporal averaging implicit in Ekman-type models. Under the assumption of time and depth-dependent eddy viscosity, we present an analytical Fourier series solution for a wave-modified Ekman model. The depth dependence of eddy viscosity is based on the K-Profile Parameterization (KPP) scheme. The solution reproduces major characteristics of diurnal variation in ocean velocity and shear. Results show that the time variability in eddy viscosity leads to an enhanced mean current near-surface and a decrease in the effective eddy viscosity, which finally results in an intensified near-surface shear and wakes a low-level jet flow. Rectification values are dominated by the strength of diurnal mixing, and partly due to the nonlinear depth dependence of the eddy viscosity.

In this paper, a label-free fluorescent method for glutathione (GSH) detection based on a thioflavin T/G-quadruplex conformational switch is developed. The sensing assay is fabricated depending on the virtue of mercury ions to form a thymine–thymine mismatch, which collapses the distance between two ssDNA and directs the guanine-rich part to form an intra-strand asymmetric split G-quadruplex. The newly formed G-quadruplex efficiently reacts with thioflavin T and enhances the fluorescent intensity. In the presence of GSH, Hg2+ is absorbed, destroying the G-quadruplex formation with a significant decrease in fluorescence emission. The proposed fluorescent assay exhibits a linear range between 0.03–5 μM of GSH with a detection limit of 9.8 nM. Furthermore, the efficacy of this method is examined using human serum samples to detect GSH. Besides GSH, other amino acids are also investigated in standard samples, which display satisfactory sensitivity and selectivity. Above all, we develop a method with features including potentiality, facility, sensitivity, and selectivity for analyzing GSH for clinical diagnostics.

Near-inertial waves (NIWs) are a kind of internal wave, which are usually generated by synoptic wind forcing and play an important role in the oceanic energy budget. However, the lack of in situ observations limits our understanding of NIWs to some extent. Through a comparison with in situ observations, in this study, we first showed that the hybrid coordinate ocean model reanalysis results could reasonably reproduce the typhoon-induced NIWs, and we then adopted these data to investigate the NIWs induced by typhoon Megi in 2010 in the South China Sea (SCS). The results indicate that Megi-induced near-inertial kinetic energy was mainly concentrated in the SCS Basin. In the vertical direction, Megi-induced NIWs could propagate to 1000 m depth. The damping and modal content of Megi-induced NIWs were site-dependent: In the region near Megi’s track, NIWs were dominated by the first three baroclinic modes and damped quickly; whereas in two zones to the west of the Luzon Island and Luzon Strait, the e-folding time of Megi-induced NIWs could be longer than 20 days and higher modes (mode-4 to mode-7) were enhanced several days after the passage of Megi. Possible mechanisms of these phenomena were also explored in this study.

The nitrogen (N) cycle is closely related to the stability of marine ecosystems. Microbial communities have been directly linked to marine N-cycling processes. However, systematic research on the bacterial community composition and diversity involved in N cycles in different seas is lacking. In this study, microbial diversity in the Bohai Sea (BHS), Yellow Sea (YS) and South China Sea (SCS) was surveyed by targeting the hypervariable V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology. A total of 2,505,721 clean reads and 15,307 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained from 86 sediment samples from the three studied China seas. LEfSe analysis demonstrated that the SCS had more abundant microbial taxa than the BHS and YS. Diversity indices demonstrated that Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes were the dominant phyla in all three China seas. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that pH (P = 0.034) was the principal determining factors, while the organic matter content, depth and temperature had a minor correlated with the variations in sedimentary microbial community distribution. Cluster and functional analyses of microbial communities showed that chemoheterotrophic and aerobic chemoheterotrophic microorganisms widely exist in these three seas. Further research found that the cultivable protease-producing bacteria were mainly affiliated with the phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. It was very clear that Pseudoalteromonadaceae possessed the highest relative abundance in the three sea areas. The predominant protease-producing genera were Pseudoalteromonas and Bacillus. These results shed light on the differences in bacterial community composition, especially protease-producing bacteria, in these three China seas.

In the summer Arctic, bump-like vertical temperature profiles of the upper layer in the Canada Basin suggest a near-surface temperature maximum (NSTM) beneath the mixed layer. This paper concentrates on describing the decadal variance of these NSTMs. Essentially, the temporal evolution of the summer NSTM revealed three decadal phases. The first period is before 2003, when the summer NSTM could rarely be observed except around the marginal of the Canada Basin. The second period is between 2003 and 2015, when the summer NSTM nearly occurred over the whole basin as accelerated decline of summer sea ice. The third period is from 2016 to 2017, when the summer NSTM almost disappeared due to prevailing warm surface water. Furthermore, for the background behind the decadal variance of summer NSTM, linear trends of the September minimum sea ice extent and surface water heat content in the Canada Basin from 2003 to 2017 were –2.75 ± 1.08 × 104 km2yr−1 and 2.29 ± 1.36 MJ m−2yr−1, respectively. According to a previous theory, if we assume that the trend of the summer surface water heat content was only contributed by NSTM, it would cause a decrease in sea ice thickness of approximately 13 cm. The analysis partially explains the reason for sea ice decline in recent years.

Taking severe typhoon Kalmaegi (2014) as an example, which is chosen due to its good availability of observations from mulitplatforms, the application ability of different wind field models and wave boundary layer model (WBLM) are investigated simultaneously in WAVEWATCH III model (WW3). First, based on the comparisons between measurements of two in situ buoys and model results, a better-quality wind forcing from WRF’s output stands out slightly compared with other two constructed wind fields during the time segment of “During-TY”. Second, the comparisons of simulated results by using different drag coefficient schemes between WBLM and the original parameterisation formula in ST2 package are further implemented. The good performance of drag coefficient from WBLM under high-wind conditions, which is embedded into ST2 wind-input source function, is also verified by several data set of field observations. As a result, on the basis of the observations from buoy-based and radar altimeter measurements (RAs), the values of significant wave height () from simulation with WBLM are weaker at high sea state areas () compared with that from the ST2 scheme, which coincide with the general knowledge that the amount of momentum exchange at the air-sea interface plays a vital role in the development of typhoon waves. Limited by less frequently sampled collocated measurements under high-wind conditions, the effectiveness of improvement for typhoon waves simulation using WBLM in WW3 requires more validation cases in future work.