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Existing treatments for androgenetic alopecia (AGA) are unsatisfactory, owing to the two major reasons: (1) Oxidative stress and vascularization deficiency in the perifollicular microenvironment provoke the premature senescence of hair follicles, limiting the transformation of hair growth cycle from the telogen to the anagen phase; (2) The amount of drug delivered to the perifollicular region located in the deep dermis is very limited for passive drug delivery systems. Herein, we developed a gas-propelled microneedle patch integrated with ferrum-chelated puerarin/quercetin nanoparticles (PQFN) to increase drug accumulation in hair follicles and reshape the perifollicular microenvironment for improved hair-regenerating effects. PQFN can rejuvenate testosterone (Tes)-induced senescence of dermal papilla cells by scavenging ROS, restoring mitochondrial function, regulating signaling pathways related to hair regeneration, and upregulating hair growth-promoting genes. PQFN more efficiently promoted endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation than ferrum-chelated quercetin nanoparticles (QFN) because of puerarin's proangiogenic effects. Compared with passive MNs, gas-propelled MNs promoted drug diffusion and permeation into deeper skin layers, resulting in significantly higher drug accumulation in hair follicles. Pharmacodynamic studies on an AGA mouse model further showed that PQFN-loaded active MNs achieved higher hair coverage by alleviating oxidative stress, promoting angiogenesis, and rejuvenating senescent cells. Therefore, this study presents a novel "anti-hair follicle aging" treatment strategy for AGA. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renowned for its invaluable undercoat, the cashmere goat is well known. The growth of cashmere fibre initiates when the relatively inactive telogen stage transitions to the anagen stage, which involves active proliferation. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for this process are still unclear. Here, SWATH mass spectrometry (MS), a comparative proteomic analysis, was conducted to examine the proteomic alterations in Inner Mongolia cashmere goat skin samples at two different developmental stages (anagen and telogen). In total, 2414 proteins were detected, with 631 proteins showing differential regulation (503 upregulated proteins and 128 downregulated proteins). Bioinformatic analysis revealed that these proteins, which are differentially regulated, play crucial roles in the pathways associated with metabolism and fatty acids according to the GO and KEGG analyses. Furthermore, interactome analysis revealed that differentially regulated keratins have a crucial impact. The localization of KRT25, KRT71, and KRT82 using immunohistochemistry revealed that these proteins were expressed in the secondary hair follicles of cashmere goat skin. The keratin family plays an irreplaceable and important role in the process of hair follicle growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a critical analysis of the links between modernization and masculinities in Türkiye through the case of the regulation of men’s hair in the civil service. The Turkish civil service is an institution where the state has accumulated and deployed power, disciplined its civil servant employees, and shaped and transformed masculinities as part of the broader process of modernization. Both the civil service as a research field, and men’s hair, despite its powerful symbolic importance in politics, have been neglected in critical studies on men and masculinities. To fill this gap, four momentous changes in civil service history in Türkiye are examined, as a part of the modernization project over the last two centuries and simultaneous reciprocal interrelations of macro- and meso-processes with men’s facial hair. These changes have been targeted towards or resulted in transformations of men’s facial hair in the civil service, in turn constructing state-sanctioned masculinities in the civil service and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hair follicles are essential appendages of human skin that function in protection, sensation, thermoregulation and social interactions. The multicellular components, particularly the dermal papilla, matrix and bulge housing stem cells, enable cyclic hair growth postnatally. However, miniaturization and loss of hair follicles can occur in the context of ageing, trauma and various alopecia-related diseases. Conventional treatments involve the redistribution of existing follicles, which may not be viable in patients lacking follicular resources. Recent progress in the comprehension of morphogenesis and the development of biomaterials has significantly advanced follicle reconstruction, incorporating organ germ assembling, stem cell induction and bioprinting techniques. Despite these advancements, fully restoring hair follicles remains challenging due to the complexities of replicating embryonic signals and sustaining growth cycles. Identifying suitable cell sources for clinical applications also presents a hurdle. Here, we retrospect the progress made in the field of hair follicle regeneration, aiming to offer an exhaustive analysis on the benefits and limitations of these methods, and to foster the development of innovative solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For pets, healthy hair not only represents their beautiful appearance, but also reflects their overall health status. Nutritional imbalance, skin parasites, and stress can all cause a large amount of hair loss in pets, leading to skin-related diseases and posing a threat to their health. So, it is very important to understand and find solutions to alleviate or treat pet hair loss. The Wnt/β-catenin signal plays a core role in the hair regeneration process. Here, we report that keratin hydrolyzed, egg yolk lecithin, and fish collagen peptide promote β-catenin nuclear translocation and significantly enhance the expression of their target genes in canines and cats skin cell lines, indicating that these nutrients are likely to play a beneficial role in promoting hair regeneration in canines and cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclodextrin metal-organic frameworks (CD-MOF) as delivery carriers have gained great attention in the biomedical field. However, limited by challenges of moisture-sensitive nature, the design and application of CD-MOF-based hair follicle delivery for androgenic alopecia (AGA) has rarely been explored. We developed the metal-organic frameworks as hair follicle-targeted delivery system (SA-MOF), stearic acid (SA) was used to modify metal-organic frameworks to form a protective hydrophobic layer on the surface and provide the additional hair growth-promoting effect. Cardamonin (CAR), a newly discovered biosafety natural product, was encapsulated in SA-MOF (CAR@SA-MOF) to promote the therapeutic efficacy on AGA. CD-MOF surface-engineered nanoparticles modified by SA avoided the rapid hydration and disintegration of CD-MOF in water, which improved the drug release and follicular deposition of drug. Assisted by the delivery of SA-modified CD-MOF carriers, the drug significantly promoted cell proliferation and migration, achieving the promoting effect on hair follicle differentiation and hair regeneration in testosterone-challenged C57BL/6 mice. Simultaneously, SA modification provided additional promoting effects on human dermal papilla cell proliferation, regulating effect on keratinocyte growth factor, and activating effect of key signaling pathways. The surface engineering design of CD-MOF hair follicle drug delivery based on SA modification exhibits significant potential for the treatment of hair follicle and sebaceous gland-related diseases. Highlights: Cyclodextrin metal-organic frameworks (CD-MOF) surface-engineered nanoparticles (CAR@SA-MOF) modified by stearic acid (SA) exhibited a promotion effect on hair growth and could be used as a new therapeutic strategy for androgenetic alopecia. SA-modification avoids the rapid hydration and disintegration of CD-MOF in water, which provides a new strategy for the sustained long-acting release of drugs in the skin and hair follicles. SA-modified cyclodextrin metal-organic frameworks could increase hair follicle delivery and accumulation under the ratchet effect. The therapeutic mechanisms of CAR@SA-MOF on androgenetic alopecia involve regulation of growth factors and activation of Wnt/β-catenin, AKT/ERK, and SHH/Gli signaling pathways. SA-modification provided additional promoting effect on human dermal papilla cell proliferation, regulating effect on keratinocyte growth factor, and activating effect of key signaling pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excimer light was reported to be effective in treating alopecia areata (AA), as it induces T-cell apoptosis, however its combination with topical steroids in the management of AA still needs to be investigated. The study objectives were to determine the efficacy and safety of combining 308 nm–Excimer light and topical steroid versus either Excimer light or topical steroid alone in treating AA. Thirty AA patients were included, each patient had at least three patches, patches in each patient were randomly classified in to 3 groups. Group I patch: was treated by topical steroid only. Group II patch: was treated by Excimer light only. Group III patch: was treated by topical steroid and Excimer light. The response for hair growth was assessed at the baseline, week 8, week 12 then at 3months after the last session using a hair regrowth scale and trichoscopy. Any encountered adverse effects were recorded. All treatment groups showed significant improvement at the end of the study compared to the baseline, although hair regrowth was significantly better in group III where 60% of patches showed > 50% hair regrowth. All treatment groups showed significant decrease in black dots (BD) (trichoscopic sign of activity), and increase in signs of improvement (upright growing and pigtail hairs). However, BD and exclamation mark hair (EMH) were significantly reduced in the mixed therapy group compared to the other two groups. We concluded that excimer light is an effective and safe treatment option for AA, particularly when combined with topical steroid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypotrichosis simplex of the scalp (HSS) is a clinically rare monogenic autosomal dominant disorder associated with variants in the gene CDSN , which encodes the desmosome protein corneodesmosin. Although studies have reported that some medications can improve the symptoms of hair loss in HSS, there is still a lack of definitive and effective treatments for this disease. We report a familial case of HSS in an 8-year-old male child diagnosed with HSS caused by a mutation in CDSN , who was treated with botanical extracts in combination with minoxidil, which resulted in significant hair growth after two treatments. This is the first study describing the improvement of clinical symptoms of HSS with oral botanical extracts. This suggests that botanical extracts in combination with minoxidil may be a therapeutic approach for HSS in the clinic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Alopecia is a hair disorder with a significant impact on quality of life, and its incidence has been increasing in recent years. Current therapeutic options are limited and may cause adverse side effects, highlighting the need to develop safer and more effective formulations. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a formulation based on the bioactive fraction of Bacopa procumbens (BFNB), conjugated with gold nanoparticles, on hair growth through the modulation of apoptosis in C57BL/6 mice. Methods: The potential biological activities of the secondary metabolites of B. procumbens present in BFNB were analyzed in silico. In vivo experiments evaluated the expression of pro-apoptotic markers p53, caspase 3-p11, caspase 9-p10, and Bax, as well as anti-apoptotic marker Bcl-2, through Western blotting. Immunohistochemistry further assessed the expression and localization of some of these markers. Additionally, molecular docking and interactomic analyses were performed, complemented by functional enrichment, to explore molecular pathways modulated by the evaluated proteins. Results: In silico analyses suggested that BFNB metabolites are involved in the modulation of hair growth, hair fragility, and apoptosis. This finding was supported by in vivo experiments in mice, where BFNB significantly decreased the expression of p53, caspase 3-p11, caspase 9-p10, and Bax while increasing Bcl-2 levels. Immunohistochemistry showcased a reduction in pro-apoptotic markers in dermal and follicular bulb cells. Furthermore, molecular docking studies identified BFNB metabolites as potential direct modulators of these key proteins, strengthening evidence of their role in apoptotic regulation. The interactomic analysis highlighted 50 proteins associated with apoptosis, and functional enrichment underscored key processes such as p53 signaling, regulation of the apoptosome, and mitochondrial membrane involvement in the intrinsic apoptosis mechanism, among other pathways. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that BFNB effectively modulates apoptosis through key molecular mechanisms, highlighting its potential as an innovative therapy for promoting hair growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Hair transplantation has become a major method for improving upper facial contour. Hairline contour (HC) and hair growth direction (HGD) are the main factors affecting postoperative aesthetic outcomes. However, studies on natural HC and HGD in Chinese women are scarce. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the HC and HGD of hairlines in Chinese female participants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Standard photographs of the forehead were obtained from healthy Chinese volunteers older than 18 years. Hairline contour features were classified into 5 groups: round, bell-shaped, M-shaped, rectangular, and triangular. Hair growth direction was classified into 5 groups: Type ⅠA, Type ⅠB, Type ⅡA, Type ⅡB1, and Type ⅡB2. The authors performed hairline corrections in female participants. RESULTS: A total of 568 women participated in this study. The proportions of participants with different HC features were as follows: round (8.10%), bell-shaped (15.84%), M-shaped (23.24%), rectangular (44.19%), and triangular (8.63%). The proportions of participants with different HGDs were as follows: Type ⅠA (7.75%), Type ⅠB (27.64%), Type ⅡA (30.81%), Type ⅡB1 (28.34%), and Type ⅡB2 (5.46%). CONCLUSION: Both HC and HGD were categorized into 5 types in Chinese women. Shaping the hairline into a round type along with the preexisting direction was suggested in most instances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The ALLEGRO phase IIa and IIb/III (NCT02974868 and NCT03732807) studies have demonstrated that ritlecitinib is effective and well tolerated in adults and adolescents with alopecia areata (AA) up to 48 weeks. Objectives To assess the efficacy of ritlecitinib through month 24 and safety through data cutoff in the ALLEGRO phase IIb/III study and the ongoing long-term open-label phase III ALLEGRO-LT study (NCT04006457). Methods Patients aged ≥ 12 years with AA and ≥ 50% scalp hair loss from ALLEGRO IIb/III who rolled over to ALLEGRO-LT after up to 48 weeks were included. Proportions of patients with responses based on clinician-reported Severity of Alopecia Tool (SALT) scores of ≤ 20 and ≤ 10, eyebrow assessment (EBA) and eyelash assessment (ELA), patient global impression of change (PGI-C) and patient satisfaction with hair growth were reported through month 24 for patients who received ritlecitinib 50 mg daily with or without a 200-mg 4-week daily loading dose. Observed and imputed data [last observation carried forward (LOCF)] were reported up to 9 December 2022. Safety was assessed throughout. Results At month 12, a SALT score ≤ 20 was achieved by 45.1% and 45.9% (observed) and 40.3% and 41.8% (LOCF) of the 191 and 194 patients who received ritlecitinib 50 mg and ritlecitinib 200 mg/50 mg, respectively. At month 24, these proportions increased to 60.8% and 63.1% (observed) and 46.1% and 50.8% (LOCF), respectively. Patients with abnormal EBA or ELA scores at baseline achieved responses at month 24 [EBA observed: 57.6% (50 mg), 61.0% (200/50 mg); EBA LOCF: 46.8% (50 mg), 50.9% (200/50 mg); ELA observed: 51.2% (50 mg), 62.7% (200/50 mg); ELA LOCF: 43.2% (50 mg), 51.7% (200/50 mg)]. PGI-C response was achieved by patients at month 24 [observed: 70.0% (50 mg), 76.4% (200/50 mg); LOCF: 56.6% (50 mg), 65.5% (200/50 mg)]. Safety profiles for both treatment groups were consistent with the known safety profile of ritlecitinib. Conclusions Ritlecitinib has clinically meaningful and sustained efficacy beyond 1 year with a favourable safety and tolerability profile, supporting its long-term use in patients aged ≥ 12 years with AA. Graphical Abstract Open in new tab Download slide [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exosomes, a subtype of extracellular vehicles (EVs), play a pivotal role in cellular communication and have gained considerable attention in dermatological research. Formed through the inward budding of the endosomal membrane, exosomes facilitate the transfer of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, including microRNAs (miRNAs), thereby influencing the behavior and function of recipient cells. These vesicles are secreted by various cell types, including keratinocytes, and are crucial for maintaining skin homeostasis, regulating immune responses, and promoting wound healing. Exosomes have demonstrated therapeutic potential in addressing dermatological conditions such as hair disorders, skin cancers and photoaging through enhanced regeneration and reduced oxidative stress. However, they are also implicated in disease progression, with pathogens utilizing exosome release to evade host immune responses. Recent studies highlight the diverse origins and functions of exosomes, suggesting their promise as innovative therapeutic agents in dermatology. As research continues to elucidate their multifaceted roles, exosomes represent a frontier in understanding intercellular communication and developing novel treatments for skin-related diseases, underscoring their potential impact on both health and clinical applications. This review synthesizes the existing literature on exosome biology and isolation with a focus on their implications in dermatological contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hair loss is influenced by various stresses and disruptions in the hair growth cycle within hair follicles. The activation of these follicles is primarily driven by dermal papilla cells, which play a central role in the progression of the hair growth cycle and formation. Many studies are being carried out on various natural plants to improve hair loss. In this study, we assessed the potential of Astragalus sinicus, known as a pharmacological herb, in mitigating damage to human follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPCs) caused by dihydrotestosterone (DHT). We found that Astragalus sinicus extracts (ASEs) facilitated wound healing and elevated alkaline phosphatase expression in DHT-damaged HFDPCs. ASEs also significantly reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by DHT and increased ATP levels by restoring mitochondrial membrane potential in damaged cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that ASEs substantially enhanced the phosphorylation levels of the AKT/ERK pathway and activated the Wnt signaling pathway in DHT-damaged HFDPCs. Taken together, we suggest that ASEs may be a potential ingredient for enhancing hair loss treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The onset age of pubertal changes varies widely among girls and has undergone changes over time around the world. This study aimed to determine the age of onset of puberty in healthy Iranian girls living in Isfahan province. Methods: This cross- sectional study was conducted among 13,886 students aged 6–18 years. They were selected by multistage random cluster sampling from urban and rural areas of Isfahan province of Iran. Pubertal stage was determined according the 5-level Tanner stages proposed by Marshall and Tanner. Trained physicians determined the breast development through both visual inspection and palpation, in addition, mothers assessed their daughter's pubic hair growth using Tanner's Sexual Maturation Scale (SMS) by comparison to standard pictures. The data were analyzed by the status quo method. Probit regression analysis was used to evaluate the median age of onset for each characteristic including menarche, breast and pubic hair. Results: A total of 13,886 healthy girls with mean age (SD) of 11.97 (2.9) were studied. Overall 6968 (50.2%) girls experienced menstruation with a median (95%CI) age of 12.05(11.88–12.21) years at its onset. The median age for onset of breast development was 9.89 (95% CI: 9.77 − 10.02) years and for onset of pubic hair development was 10.14 (95% CI: 9.88– 10.39) years. The 3rd percentile for breast stage 2 (B2) and pubic hair stage 2 (PH2) was 6.85 and 6.75 years, respectively, and the 97th percentile for B2 and PH2 was 12.94and 13.54 years, respectively. Conclusion: According to our findings, the onset of puberty before 6.85 years should be considered as precocious puberty for Iranian girls. Our study indicated the secular trend toward earlier menarche in girls. Nationally representative surveys and longitudinal studies are necessary to determine the exact age of puberty for future international comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hair follicle growth depends on the intricate interaction of cells within the follicle and its vascular supply. Current FDA-approved treatments like minoxidil have limitations, including side effects and the need for continuous use. Moracin M, a compound from Moraceae family, was investigated for its effects on hair growth and vascular regeneration. In our study, Moracin M significantly increased cell proliferation in human dermal papilla cells (hDPCs) during both the anagen and catagen phases and promoted cell migration in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) without cytotoxicity at concentrations up to 50 µM. Mechanistic analysis revealed that moracin M enhanced Wnt3a, GSK-3β phosphorylation and increased non-phospho β-catenin levels, activating Wnt signaling and upregulating transcription factors LEF, TCF, and AXIN2. This resulted in elevated levels of growth factors VEGF, FGF2, KGF, HGF and MYC in hDPCs, effects comparable to those of minoxidil. Additionally, moracin M significantly increased protein and mRNA levels of VEGF, FGF2, and KGF in hDPCs under IFN-γ-induced inflammatory conditions. Moracin M treatments also resulted in notable wound width reductions in a dose-dependent manner. Further investigation showed that moracin M stimulated MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression. These findings indicate that moracin M significantly enhances hair growth through the promotion of cell proliferation and angiogenesis, particularly via the activation of the Wnt signaling pathway in dermal papilla cells, presenting it as a promising therapeutic alternative to current treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin D is essential for healthy skeletal growth and is increasingly recognised for its role in chronic disease development, inflammation and immunity. 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) concentrations are an indicator of vitamin D status and are normally analysed in plasma or serum samples in clinical settings, while archaeological studies rely on the identification of skeletal markers of vitamin D deficiency, such as rickets. Here, we determined 25(OH)D3 concentrations in hair specimens ('locks') that had been sampled close to the root, aligned by cut end, and sliced into sequential segments from participants (n = 16), from Aberdeen, Scotland, using a modified protocol designed to minimise sample size. Concentrations were above detectable levels in 14 of 16 individuals, generating a (~ monthly) time-series of 25(OH)D3 concentrations, with fluctuating intra-hair trends consistent with the bioaccumulation of 25(OH)D3. In three participants, fluctuations in intra-hair 25(OH)D3 appear linked to recent significant weight loss, potentially due to the release of stored 25(OH)D3 from adipose tissue and subsequent uptake in hair. For the remaining participants, no statistically-significant correlations were determined between mean hair 25(OH)D3 levels and self-reported data, including age, sex, BMI, vitamin D supplementation, frequency of oily fish consumption, and hours spent outside. For a subset of our cohort (n = 4) isotope analysis highlighted potential relationships between elevated δ18O values (which can indicate season of hair growth) and 25(OH)D3 concentrations in some individuals, which may reflect seasonally-increased UVB exposure. We also present data from an archaeological individual from the same city, with the addition of further isotope analysis (carbon, nitrogen, sulphur) to characterise diet. Results suggest possible positive correspondence of 25(OH)D3 levels with season in this archaeological individual, and possibly with marine protein consumption, highlighting the potential use of this approach in characterising the relationship between past vitamin D levels and diet. While results are promising, we recognise the limits of this study in terms of sample size and use of self-reported data, and further work is needed to better understand the relationship between serum and hair 25(OH)D3 before this approach can further be developed as either a non-invasive medical test or an archaeo-investigative technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the introduction of CO2 fractional laser in dermatology, multiple clinical evidences have shown its effectiveness in treating alopecia areata(AA). However, the extent of efficacy remains under-researched, with a lack of extensive and large-scale comparisons, which is a topic of global discussion. We present a case of a 13-year-old male child with AA. After taking '10 mg oral prednisone acetate' three times daily, applying' compound Siyadan ointment' twice daily, and receiving CO2 fractional laser treatment with different parameters on different area once a month. After three months of treatment, the patient's lesions had fully resolved. It was observed that hair growth varied among different parameter regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 5 (CNGC5), CNGC6, and CNGC9 (CNGC5/6/9 for simplicity) control Arabidopsis root hair (RH) growth by mediating the influx of external Ca2+ to establish and maintain a sharp cytosolic Ca2+ gradient at RH tips. However, the underlying mechanisms for the regulation of CNGCs remain unknown. We report here that calcium dependent protein kinase 1 (CPK1) directly activates CNGC5/6/9 to promote Arabidopsis RH growth. The loss-of-function mutants cpk1-1, cpk1-2, cngc5-1 cngc6-2 cngc9-1 (shrh1/short root hair 1), and cpk1 shrh1 show similar RH phenotypes, including shorter RHs, more RH branching, and dramatically attenuated cytosolic Ca2+ gradients at RH tips. The main CPK1-target sites are identified as Ser20, Ser27, and Ser26 for CNGC5/6/9, respectively, and the corresponding alanine substitution mutants fail to rescue RH growth in shrh1 and cpk1-1, while phospho-mimic versions restore the cytosolic Ca2+ gradient at RH apex and rescue the RH phenotypes in the same Arabidopsis mutants. Thus we discover the CPK1-CNGC modules essential for the Ca2+ signaling regulation and RH growth in Arabidopsis. Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGCs) contribute to root hair growth through mediating Ca2+ influx at root hair tips. Here calcium dependent protein kinase 1 is found to directly activate CNGCs via phosphorylation and promote root hair growth in Arabidopsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Androgenic alopecia (AGA) is the most common form of non-scarring hair loss, characterized by marked hair follicle miniaturization. AGA is a challenging skin condition with limited treatment results. Laser light can promote hair growth at specific wavelengths. The efficacy of fractional CO2 laser in scalp AGA treatment was reported in a few studies. We aimed to compare the efficacy of fractional CO2 laser alone versus the combination of fractional CO2 laser with topical dutasteride in the treatment of male AGA. 30 male patients with AGA were enrolled in the study; they were divided into two groups. All patients received three sessions of ablative fractional CO2 laser one month apart on the scalp, where group (I) patients were subjected to laser sessions only, and group (II) patients were subjected to topical dutasteride, first immediately after each session and secondly fifteen days after each session. The evaluation was done according to dermoscopy (DermLite® DL4) and photographic assessment. Patient satisfaction and side effects were reported. According to the global photo assessment, the combination of fractional CO2 laser with topical dutasteride showed a statistically significant improvement compared to the fractional CO2 laser alone group. The combination of fractional CO2 laser with topical dutasteride is more efficient in improving male androgenic alopecia than fractional CO2 laser alone according to the investigator's global assessment. There was a significant improvement in all dermoscopic parameters in both groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background • Netherton syndrome, a rare autosomal recessive genetic disease, lacks effective treatment options. This article presents a novel case of successful Upadacitinib therapy in a 14-year-old boy with Netherton syndrome. Case Presentation • A 14-year-old male with a lifelong history of dry skin, erythema, scaling, itching, and notable body odor was evaluated. These symptoms, accompanied by irregular hair growth and delayed development, prompted an initial diagnosis of atopic dermatitis at a local hospital. Treatment with antihistamines, moisturizers, and topical corticosteroids failed to alleviate systemic manifestations of red patches and persistent itching. Seeking further evaluation, the patient was presented to our center. Upon examination, the characteristics of "bamboo hair" and "golf tee sign" were observed microscopically in the patient’s hair. Whole exome sequencing identified a paternally inherited mutation in the SPINK5 gene, confirming Netherton syndrome. No mutations were found in the mother. Despite initial positive responses to Secukinumab and Dupilumab, therapeutic efficacy waned over time. Results and Conclusions • Initiation of Upadacitinib at a daily dose of 15 mg yielded significant therapeutic benefits within a short timeframe. This study marks the first documented use of Upadacitinib in pediatric Netherton syndrome treatment. This case highlights the efficacy of Upadacitinib in treating Netherton syndrome, particularly in pediatric patients. Further studies are warranted to elucidate its long-term effects and optimal dosing regimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although angiosperm plants generally react to immunity elicitors like chitin or chitosan by the cell wall callose deposition, this response in particular cell types, especially upon chitosan treatment, is not fully understood. Here we show that the growing root hairs (RHs) of Arabidopsis can respond to a mild (0.001%) chitosan treatment by the callose deposition and by a deceleration of the RH growth. We demonstrate that the glucan synthase‐like 5/PMR4 is vital for chitosan‐induced callose deposition but not for RH growth inhibition. Upon the higher chitosan concentration (0.01%) treatment, RHs do not deposit callose, while growth inhibition is prominent. To understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms underpinning the responses to two chitosan treatments, we analysed early Ca2+ and defence‐related signalling, gene expression, cell wall and RH cellular endomembrane modifications. Chitosan‐induced callose deposition is also present in the several other plant species, including functionally analogous and evolutionarily only distantly related RH‐like structures such as rhizoids of bryophytes. Our results point to the RH callose deposition as a conserved strategy of soil‐anchoring plant cells to cope with mild biotic stress. However, high chitosan concentration prominently disturbs RH intracellular dynamics, tip‐localised endomembrane compartments, growth and viability, precluding callose deposition. Summary statement: The root hairs (RHs) of Arabidopsis, when exposed to elicitor chitosan, deposit callose and change the growth rate. This is accompanied by altered signalling, gene expression, and is linked to altered pectin methylation state. Our research highlights the evolutionarily conserved role of RHs in environmental sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Depletion or permanent quiescence of the hair follicle stem cell (HFSC) pool underlies pathogenesis in androgenetic alopecia (AGA). Reactivation of quiescent HFSCs is considered an efficient treatment strategy for hair loss. The retinoic acid (RA) is critical to ensure stem cell homeostasis and function. However, little is known about whether RA regulates HFSC homeostasis. We aimed to investigate the impact of RA on HFSC homeostasis and the underlying mechanisms, in order to provide new potential targets for medical therapies of AGA. Methods: Microdissected hair follicles from the occipital and frontal scalp in AGA were obtained for RNA sequencing analysis and test. The C57BL/6 mice model in telogen was established to investigate the effect of exogenous RA. Miniaturized hair follicles from frontal scalp were incubated with or without RA in hair follicle organ culture to test the effects on hair shaft elongation, hair cycling and HFSC activities. A strategy to characterize the effect of RA on HFSC in primary culture was developed to identify novel mechanisms that control HFSC activation. A clinical study was performed to test the efficacy of RA treatment in AGA patients. Results: RA signalling was inhibited in the course of AGA pathogenesis along with HFSC dysfunction. Hair regeneration was retarded in AGA miniaturized hair follicles with RA deficiency, but they tended to recover after treatment with RA. In addition, RA treatment during the telogen phase facilitated HFSC anagen entry and accelerated hair growth. Mechanistically, RA promoted hair growth by stimulating stem cells via Wnt/β‐catenin signalling and accelerating the transition from a dormant to an activated state. Furthermore, a clinical study suggested that RA has obvious advantages in the early intervention of AGA by reactivating HFSCs. Conclusions: Our study provides insights into the reactivation of HFSCs in AGA and provides potential targets for medical therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipids are intimately associated with skin condition. This review aims to discuss the function of linoleic acid (LA, 18:2, ω-6), an essential fatty acid, in skin health and hair growth. In skin, LA can be metabolized into ω-6 unsaturated fatty acid, oxidized derivatives and incorporated into complex lipid molecules, including ω-hydroxy-ceramides. Previous research has revealed that skin diseases including acne, atopic dermatitis and psoriasis are associated with disordered LA metabolism. Studies based on animal or skin cell models suggest that LA or LA-rich vegetable oils, topically applied, exhibit diverse biological activities, including the repair of the skin barrier, the promotion of wound healing, skin whitening, photoprotection, anti-inflammatory effects and the stimulation of hair growth. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms of LA's beneficial effects on skin are summarized. Further research on the correlation of LA metabolism and skin disorders, a deeper exploration of the mechanisms underlying the function of LA in skin management and more investigations of its clinical application are required to enhance the understanding and utilization of LA in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Alopecia areata (AA) is a disease that manifests as patchy hair loss on the scalp and other parts of the body; severe disease may result in disfigurement, functional impairment, and significant psychological distress. This condition is understood to be caused by autoimmunity to the hair follicle and subsequent arrest of hair growth. New medications, baricitinib and ritlecitinib, belong to the Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor family and are among the first FDA-approved treatments for severe AA. In this manuscript, we aim to answer the question: What treatment options exist for AA in the military health care system (MHS)? In doing so, we review the pathogenesis, physical and psychosocial impact of AA, conventional treatment of AA, and the efficacy and safety of baricitinib and ritlecitinib. Methods A literature search was performed using PubMed, Embase, and Ovid for the history and pathogenesis of AA, psychosocial impact of disease, functional impairments, and current treatments. Keywords "alopecia areata," "current therapy for alopecia areata," "pathogenesis alopecia areata," "baricitinib," "ritlecitinib," "JAK inhibitor alopecia," "JAK inhibitor safety," "baricitinib efficacy," "alopecia eyelash," "alopecia nails," and "psychosocial impact of alopecia" were used for the search. The TRICARE manual was searched for guidelines applicable to the treatment of AA, DoD Instruction 6130.03 Volume 2 for medical standards for military service, and the U.S. Central Command Modification 15 for fitness of deployment to Central Command area of operations. Results Traditional treatments such as intralesional steroids may be effective for some patients, but difficulty lies in controlling extensive or refractory disease. Janus kinase inhibitors, baricitinib and ritlecitinib, are found effective at improving severe refractory disease; baricitinib induced hair regrowth in 32.6% more patients than placebo, and ritlecitinib was found to be superior to placebo by at least 24%. Currently, there is no coverage for therapeutic treatment of hair growth in the MHS. Additionally, military members are disqualified for continued service if they require immunomodulator medications such as baricitinib and ritlecitinib. Those on immunomodulators are unable to deploy worldwide. Conclusions Baricitinib and ritlecitinib are effective treatments for widespread, progressive, and refractory AA. Although JAK inhibitors demonstrate improved effectiveness compared to non-immunomodulator treatments, their use in the MHS for this purpose is limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hair graying is one of the most intuitive phenotypes of human aging. Although the specific role of genetic factors in gray hair is still uncertain, studies have found that oxidative stress, emotional stress, neuroendocrine regulation, diseases, and trace elements contained in the body may all be related to the generation of white hair. Melanin production in hair follicles is strictly coupled to the nascent stage of the hair growth cycle. Melanin stem cell self-maintenance defects and melanocyte synthesis disorders under the regulation of various hormones and biological factors in the process of pigment synthesis may be the key to the generation of white hair. This article reviews the recent research on the mechanism of white hair formation and the future prospects for the prevention and treatment of white hair from different aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of compound siyadan hair growth tincture in the treatment of female androgenic alopecia (FAGA). Methods A prospective randomized double-blind controlled clinical study design was adopted. From January to December 2023, a total of 60 FAGA patients were included. They were randomly divided into a control group (n=30) and a study group (n=30), and treated with 5% minoxidil tincture and compound siyadan hair growth tincture for 24 weeks, respectively. The dermoscopy data, symptom scores, total effective rate of treatment, and adverse reactions before and after treatment were compared. Results The hair growth of both groups of patients improved after treatment compared to before, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). The hair losssymptoms of two groups of patients improved after treatment compared to before treatment (P<0.05), the difference between the two groups of patients was statistically significant (P<0.05), and the improvement in the study group was better than that in the control group. The overall effective rates of the two groups of patients were comparable, with no statistically significant difference (P>0.05). Both groups of patients had mild adverse reactions, and the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion Compound siyadan hair growth tincture can effectively treat female androgenic alopecia, with good long-term efficacy and safety, and is worthy of further clinical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hair follicle development is closely associated with wool traits. Current studies reveal the crucial role of microRNAs in regulating the specific gene expression by binding to target mRNA involution in hair follicle growth and development, thereby regulating the wool traits. Our previous miRNA sequencing showed that oar-miR-377 has special expression in secondary hair follicle development and SLC24A2 may be a new candidate target using bioinformatics analysis. In this study, the regulatory relationship of oarmiR-377 and its specific target gene SLC24A2 was determined in sheep fibroblasts by dual-luciferase reporter assay, RT-qPCR, and western blot. The variation of oar-miR-377 precursors was detected using PCR and Sanger sequencing, and the association between polymorphisms of oar-miR-377 and wool quality traits was analyzed in Chinese Merino. The result showed that SLC24A2 was a target gene of oar-miR-377. A SNP (276T>C) of oar-miR-377 upstream sequences was identified and extremely significant associated with the coefficient of variation of wool fiber diameter in Chinese Merino sheep (P<0.01). These results suggest that oar-miR-377 promotes secondary hair follicle development by downregulation of SLC24A2 gene expression, and its SNP might be a useful marker for wool quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article published in Stem Cell Reviews & Reports explores the potential of atraric acid (AA) in promoting hair growth by stimulating the Sonic Hedgehog/GLI1 pathway in human dermal papilla cells. The study compares the effects of AA and minoxidil on stemness potential, showing that AA increases the viability of HDP cells and downregulates androgen receptor (AR) signaling genes. Additionally, AA activates the Shh signaling pathway through GLI1, GLI2, or SMO, indicating its potential as a treatment for alopecia. Further research is needed to explore AA's efficacy in animal models and clinical applications for alopecia treatment. [Extracted from the article]

Wounds are physical injuries that results in an opening or breaking of the skin. Proper healing of wounds is very essential for the restoration of disrupted anatomical continuity and disturbed functional status of the skin. Wound healing is a complex but generally orderly process. Sequential waves of specialized cell types first clear the inciting injury and then progressively build the scaffolding to fill in any resulting defect. The antibacterial potential of the crude leaves extracts of Psidium guajava Linn. against some bacteria associated with surgical wound, burns, skin and soft tissue infections were investigated under different conditions. Tridax procumbens (L.) is a spreading annual herb found throughout India. The plant is a native of tropical America and naturalized in tropical Africa, Asia, and Australia. Local people known it as "Ghamara," in English popularly called "coat buttons" and is dispensed for "Bhringraj" by some of the practitioners of Ayurveda. The plant has many pharmacological applications such as hepatoprotective activity, anti-infl ammatory, wound healing, anti-diabetic activity, hypotensive effect, immunomodulating property, bronchial catarrh, dysentery, and diarrhea and to prevent falling of hair promotes the growth of hair, and antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The leaf juice possesses antiseptic, insecticidal and parasiticidal properties, as a remedy against conjunctivitis and is used also to check hemorrhage from cuts, bruises and wounds insect repellent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1) inhibits Wnt signaling and is differentially expressed in human hair dermal papilla cells (DPCs). However, the specific effect of SFRP1 on cell function remains unclear. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) representing telomerase activity was found highly active around the hair dermal papilla. TERT levels can be enhanced by activation of the Wnt pathway in cancer cells and embryonic stem cells. Whether this regulatory mechanism is still present in DPCs has not been studied so far. Methods: In this study, DNA plasmids and siRNAs were constructed against the SFRP1 gene and transfected into DPCs cultured in vitro. We detected the viability, proliferation, and migration of DPCs by Calcein/PI fluorescence, CCK-8, trans-well, or cell scratch experiments, and the expression of potential target genes was also determined through quantitative detection of RNA and protein. Results: The results demonstrate a significant difference in SFRP1 levels from the control group, suggesting successful transfection of the DNA plasmid and siRNA of SFRP1 into IDPCs. Also, SFRP1 regulates the cell proliferation capacity of IDPCs and reduces their migration functions. The DPCs' living activity, proliferation, and migration function exhibited a negative correlation with the level of SFRP1. SFPR1 also inhibits the protein or RNA expression of β-catenin and TERT in DPCs. Conclusion: It was proven that in human DPCs, different levels of SFRP1 change how cells work and control Wnt/β-catenin signaling or telomerase activity. This means that blocking SFRP1 could become a new way to treat hair loss diseases in the future.

Abstract Understanding the underlying mechanisms regulating hair regeneration is crucial, especially given the increasing demand for effective drugs to treat hair loss, which remain not fully elucidated. In the present study, we found that lipid metabolism was attenuated in the scalp tissues of patients with androgenetic alopecia. Lipid supplementation in the culture medium upregulated hair growth-related genes and promoted the proliferation of human dermal papilla cells (DPCs). By using RNA-sequencing analysis and HIF-1α knockdown in DPCs, we found that HIF-1α is a potential candidate that governs lipid-reinforced upregulation of trichogenic genes. Finally, we assessed the hair growth-promoting effects of lipids using in vitro hair follicle organoids and found that lipids accelerated the elongation of hair-shaft-like structures. Our results highlight the importance of lipids in promoting hair growth through HIF-1 signaling, suggesting that this may be a promising target for the treatment of hair loss.

Introduction: Clinical examinations of the scalp have shown that patients may grow hair preferentially at higher density on one side of their scalp, yet review of the literature to date has not yield studies that directly assess differences in scalp hair density laterality. The objective of this study was to examine whether scalp hair growth occurs preferentially and on which side of the scalp, the right or left, in healthy patients. Method: Scalps of healthy subjects with no history of hair loss or scalp disease were imaged with digital trichoscopy at a university dermatology clinic. Bilateral temporal photos were uploaded to trichoscopy software for quantitative analysis. Results: Scalp hair laterality was observed in both male and female, with no trend in left or right preference. While subjects who identified as Asian or Hispanic exhibited a strong laterality preference, statistical significance was not reached among African American or Caucasian subjects. Conclusion: No overall side preference was observed in the study population, yet many of the healthy individuals tend to preferentially grow more hair on one side of their scalp. It is possible that in addition to genetics, certain behavioral or environmental factors may play a role in laterality.

Hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) and dermal papilla cells (DPCs) are crucial in the biogenesis and maintenance of hair follicles (HFs). This study demonstrated that a fragment derived from aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase-interacting multifunctional protein1 (AIMP1) secreted from HFSCs activated DPCs and maintained HF homeostasis. A histological analysis revealed that AIMP1 levels in HF decreased with hair loss. Hair regrowth in AIMP1-induced mice was faster than in non-induced mice. Deletion mapping revealed 41 amino acids (TN41, aa 6-46) as the active region of AIMP1. The N-terminal peptide fragment of AIMP1 generated by MMP1 was secreted from Wnt-treated HFSCs to activate DPCs. TN41 activated Akt and ERK, increased β-catenin, and enhanced DPC activation. TN41 promoted hair shaft elongation in cultured human HFs and improved the hair-inducing activity of cultured DPC spheroids. Our findings suggest that the AIMP1 fragment secreted from HFSCs stimulates active hair regrowth through activating DPCs.