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Background The purpose of this study is to assess the incidence and clinical characteristics of adolescent tibial tubercle fractures (TTFs) during the COVID-19 pandemic by sharing our experiences. Methods Pediatric patients aged between 0 and 18 years old with confirmed diagnosis of TTFs who were treated at our center between April 2020 and May 2020 were included in the study. In addition to demographics, mechanism injury, treatment modalities, complications were also noted. Results Sixteen patients were included in the study. The mean age was 14.8 ± 0.9 years (range: 13–16 years). The mean BMI of patients was 26.3 ± 2.3 kg/m2 (range: 23.2–30.4 kg/m2). According to the BMI-for-age percentiles growth chart, eight patients (50%) were overweight, and eight patients (50%) were at a risk of being categorized as overweight. The most common cause for the injury was jumping due to basketball (50%). Twelve of 16 patients were treated operatively by open reduction and internal fixation. The remaining 4 patients were treated non-operatively with long leg cast. Conclusion The incidence of TTFs was 16 cases over about two months during the pandemic isolation period. Our results demonstrated that all adolescent TTFs occurred during periods when outdoor activities were permitted. This finding may be explained by sudden athletic activity after prolonged immobilization. We observed that all of our patients were male and either overweight or at risk of being overweight.

Bu araştırmanın amacı Sosyal Bilgiler eğitimde tarih konuları ile ilgili yapılan tezleri yöntemsel ve tematik açıdan incelemektir. Araştırma kapsamına alınan tezlere YÖK tez tarama merkezinin veri tabanından ulaşılmıştır. Bu çerçevede, 2021 yılının ilk yarısına kadar olan Sosyal Bilgiler eğitimde tarih konuları ile ilgili yapılan tezler incelenmiştir. Sosyal Bilgiler eğitimde tarih konuları ile ilgili yapılan tezlerde “Sosyal Bilgiler”, “Tarihsel empati”, “Tarihi şahsiyetler”, “Sözlü tarih”, “Tarihi mekanlar” “Tarihi konular”, “Yerel tarih” ve “Tarihsel kavramlar” anahtar kelimeleri ile arama yapılmıştır. Bunun sonucunda; 108 yüksek lisans tezi ve 13 doktora tezi olmak üzere toplam 121 adet teze ulaşılmıştır. Bu tezler; tezlerin türü, yayımlandığı yıl, araştırmacının cinsiyeti, tezlerin yapıldığı üniversite, araştırmanın yöntemi ve deseni, örneklem grubu ve büyüklüğü, veri toplama aracı, tezlerdeki konular ve yapılan analizler vs. açısından incelenmiştir. Yapılan inceleme neticesinde; Sosyal Bilgiler eğitimde tarih konuları ile ilgili yapılan tezler içerisinde en fazla tarih konuları, yerel tarih ve sözlü tarih konularına ağırlık verildiği görülmüştür. Bunun yanı sıra, tezlerde genel olarak nitel yöntemin kullanıldığı ve tarama modelin tercih edildiği, en çok görüşme formunun veri toplama aracı olarak kullanıldığı, kullanılan analizler içerisinde nitel analizlerin başı çektiği, örneklem grubu olarak en fazla ortaokul öğrencileri ve öğretmenlerin tercih edildiği ve daha çok küçük örneklem grupları kullanıldığı tespit edilmiştir.

Bu araştırmanın amacı Sosyal Bilgiler öğretmen adaylarının eğitimde kısa mesaj servislerini kullanmaya yönelik kabullerinin WhatsApp örneği ile Teknoloji Kabul Modeli çerçevesinde incelenmesidir. Araştırma nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden durum çalışması modelinde gerçekleştirilmiş olup, Sosyal Bilgiler öğretmen adaylarının eğitim amaçlı WhatsApp kullanımı Teknoloji Kabul Modeli çerçevesinde oluşturulan açık uçlu görüşme formu ile 30 öğretmen adayından toplanan verilerden edilen bulgularla değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma kapsamında toplanan veriler betimsel ve içerik analizi yoluyla yorumlanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarından elde edilen bulgular incelendiğinde sosyal bilgiler öğretmen adaylarının WhatsApp uygulamasını en çok derslerle ilgili paylaşım, sohbet, fotoğraf paylaşımı, video paylaşımı, sesli görüşme, görüntülü görüşme, durum paylaşımı-kişileri takip etme amacıyla kullandığı, eğitim amaçlı ise derslerle ilgili bilgi/duyuru paylaşımı, ödev paylaşımı, işbirliği, fikir alışverişi yapma ve iletişim kurmak amacıyla kullandığı görülmektedir. Sosyal bilgiler öğretmen adaylarının eğitim amacıyla kullanımlarına ilişkin kullanışlılık algısına yönelik bulgular incelendiğinde öğretmen adaylarının en çok bilgi paylaşımı, derslere ilişkin gelişmelerle ilgili haber alışverişi, zaman kazandırması, iletişimi ve işbirliğini artırması ve grup bilinci oluşturması, fikir alışverişi açısından kullanışlı buldukları, ekonomiklik, yaygınlık, işlevsellik ve performans açısından whatsapp uygulamasının tercih sebebi olduğu ve ileriki mesleki yaşamlarında WhatsApp uygulamasını eğitim amacıyla öğretmen-öğrenci etkileşimi, öğretmen-veli etkileşimi, öğrenci-öğrenci etkileşimini kurmak amacıyla kullanacaklarını belirtmişlerdir

T.C. İnkılap Tarihi ve Atatürkçülük dersi; milli ve tarihi değerlerimizi, Cumhuriyetimizin kuruluş esaslarını, Atatürk ilke ve inkılaplarını, yakın tarihimizi, milli birlik ve beraberliğimizi, ulusal bilincimizi, vatan ve millet sevgisini, çağdaş, ulusal ve demokratik değerleri konu edinen ve tüm bunları Türk gençliğine aktarmayı ve benimsetmeyi amaçlayan bir derstir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, 8. Sınıf T.C İnkılap Tarihi ve Atatürkçülük dersi ile ilgili yapılan tezleri yöntemsel ve tematik açıdan inceleyerek bu alandaki genel eğilimleri belirlemektir. Bu amaç çerçevesinde, araştırma kapsamında yer alan tezlere YÖK tez tarama merkezi üzerinden “İnkılap tarihi”, “Atatürk ilkeleri”, “Atatürkçülük”, “İnkılap tarihi ve Atatürkçülük dersi” ve “8. Sınıf” anahtar kelimeleri ile arama yapılmış ve bunun neticesinde, 43 yüksek lisans tezi ve 7 doktora tezi olmak üzere toplam 50 adet teze ulaşılmıştır. Bu tezler; tezlerin türü, yayımlandığı yıl, araştırmacının cinsiyeti, tezlerin yapıldığı üniversite, araştırmanın yöntemi ve deseni, örneklem grubu ve büyüklüğü, veri toplama aracı, tezlerdeki konular ve yapılan analizler vs. açısından incelenmiştir. Bu araştırma kapsamına alınan tezlerin verileri öncelikle excel formatına dönüştürülerek incelenmiş ve betimsel istatistik yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Ayrıca, çalışma verilerinin frekans ve yüzde hesapları da yapılmıştır. Yapılan inceleme neticesinde; İnkılap Tarihi ve Atatürkçülük dersi ile ilgili tezler içerisinde en fazla öğrencilerin akademik başarılarının ve derse yönelik tutumlarının belirlenmesi ile İnkılap Tarihi ve Atatürkçülük dersinde çeşitli öğretim strateji, yöntem ve tekniklerinin kullanımı konularına ağırlık verildiği görülmüştür. Bunun yanı sıra, tezlerde genel olarak nitel yöntemin kullanıldığı ve deneysel modelin tercih edildiği, veri toplama aracı olarak görüşme formunun ilk sırada yer aldığı, nitel ve betimleyici analizlerin en fazla kullanılan analizler olduğu, ortaokul öğrencileri ile öğretmenlerin en fazla örneklem grubu olan tercih edildikleri ve daha çok küçük örneklem grupları kullanıldığı görülmüştür, T.R. History of Revolution and Kemalism course; It is a course that focuses on our national and historical values, the principles of the foundation of our Republic, Atatürk's principles and reforms, our recent history, our national unity and solidarity, our national consciousness, love of the country and the nation, contemporary, national and democratic values and aims to transfer and adopt all these to Turkish youth. The aim of this research is to examine the theses made on the 8th grade Turkish Republic History of Revolution and Kemalism course from a methodological and thematic perspective and to determine the general trends in this field. Within the framework of this purpose, the theses within the scope of the research are included in the "History of Revolution", "Atatürk's Principles", "Kemalism", "History of Revolution and Kemalism course" and "8. Class "keywords" and as a result of this, a total of 50 theses including 43 master's theses and 7 doctoral dissertations were reached. These theses; the type of theses, the year they were published, the gender of the researcher, the university where the theses were made, the method and design of the research, the sample group and size, the data collection tool, the topics in the theses and the analysis, etc. It has been examined in terms of. As a result of the examination; Among the theses related to the History of Revolution and Kemalism course, it was observed that the students mostly focused on determining their academic achievements and attitudes towards the course and the use of various teaching strategies, methods and techniques in the History of Revolution and Kemalism course. In addition, in theses, the qualitative method is generally used and the experimental model is preferred, the interview form as the data collection tool is in the first place, qualitative and descriptive analyzes are the most used analyzes, middle school students and teachers are preferred as the most sampling group and more It was observed that very small sample groups were used.

Bu çalışmanın amacı 4. sınıf Sosyal Bilgiler dersi “Bilim, Teknoloji ve Toplum” öğrenme alanında yer alan “İyi ki Var” ünitesi kazanımlarının öğrencilerde gerçekleşme düzeyini çeşitli değişkenler bağlamında tespit etmektir. Bu amaca yönelik olarak çalışma nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden tarama modelinde yapılmıştır. Çalışmada veri toplama aracı olarak araştırmacı tarafından geliştirilen akademik başarı testi kullanılmış olup elde edilen verilerden öğrencilerde ilgili ünitenin kazanımlarının gerçekleşme düzeyi; cinsiyet, ebeveyn eğitim düzeyi, yerleşim yeri ve aile gelir düzeyi değişkenleri bağlamında incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda “İyi ki Var” ünitesi kazanımları ile ilgili öğrencilerin akademik ortalamalarının genel olarak orta seviyede olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Cinsiyet değişkenin akademik ortalamaya istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde etki etmediği görülmüştür. Ayrıca ebeveyn eğitim düzeyi üniversite olan öğrencilerin diğer gruplara göre, yerleşim yeri şehir olan öğrencilerin köyde yaşayanlara göre ve 2500 TL ve üstü geliri olan öğrencilerin daha düşük gelirli olan öğrencilere göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde daha başarı oldukları tespit edilmiştir.

Objectives This study aims to present our experience in the management of fractured femoral stems after primary and revision hip replacements by evaluating the clinical and radiographic characteristics and determining the effectiveness of the extraction methods. Patients and methods A total of 15 patients (5 males, 10 females; mean age 65.9 years; range, 49 to 87 years) who underwent revision hip replacement due to a fractured femoral stem between January 2005 and December 2019 were included in this retrospective study. The mechanisms and risk factors for failure as well as methods applied to extract fractured stem were analyzed through clinical and radiographic data. Results Nine patients had fractured cemented femoral stems, while six patients had fractured fully porous coated cementless revision stems. Lack of proximal buttress in distally fixed femoral stems was detected in 11 patients and identified as the predominant mechanism resulting in fracture. The proximal extraction method with conventional revision instrumentation, the cortical window technique, and extended trochanteric osteotomy (ETO) were used in three, seven, and five cases, respectively. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that the lack of proximal buttress is the most common reason for femoral stem fracture. Moreover, the proximal extraction method was mostly ineffective in fully porous femoral stems. A step-by-step approach should be considered for the extraction of a broken stem. The cortical window method can be considered as the second step if proximal extraction methods fail, and ETO should be considered at the last step if all techniques fail.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of implemented social isolation measures on the characteristics of orthopedic pediatric traumas during this COVID-19 pandemic lockdown period.Patients who were admitted at our center between two time periods: April 3, 2019-May 31, 2019 (no lockdown period) and April 3, 2020-May 31, 2020 (lockdown period) were included to the study. Group 1 comprised 743 patients who were treated during no lockdown period, whereas Group 2 comprised 615 patients who were treated during lockdown period. Patients' medical records and radiographs were reviewed through our hospital's computer database. In addition, we recorded each patients' age and gender, their definite diagnosis, the anatomic location of the trauma, the type of trauma (fracture, dislocation, tendon injury, ligament injury, fracture dislocation, open fracture, etc.), the type of pediatric fracture (displaced fracture, torus fracture, epiphyseal fracture, pathological fracture, etc.), and the treatment method (non-operative/operative).The mean age of the patients was significantly lower in Group 2 (p0.001). There were significant differences between the groups in terms of anatomic locations of the traumas (p0.001). The types of the traumas, pediatric traumas, and treatment were significantly different between the groups (p0.001, p0.001, and p0.001, respectively). The frequency of operative treatment was significantly higher in Group 2 (p0.001).Our results demonstrated significant differences in patients' demographics as well as trauma characteristics during COVID-19 pandemic.

Minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) and intramedullary nailing (IMN) are the two most commonly used methods for distal tibial extra-articular fractures; however, the ideal treatment is still on debate. The aim of this study was to compare MIPO and IMN in the treatment of distal tibial extra-articular fractures in terms of cost analysis according to health insurance records in Turkey.The data of patients who underwent either MIPO or IMN for the treatment of distal tibial extra-articular fractures between 2013 and 2018 were analyzed in this retrospective study. Patients' clinical data, as well as the overall expenses from the first admission until return to work including hospitalization, and all outpatient controls had been reviewed from the hospital's billing department. The total amount of money paid per month by Turkish National Social Security Institution to the patient until the patient's returns to work were also recorded.118 consecutive patients (35 female-83 male) with the mean age of 37.2±13.4 were participated to the study. IMN group consisted of 57 patients with a mean age of 36.7±12.8 years, and MIPO group consisted of 61 patients with a mean age of 37.8±13.6 years. No significant differences were observed between study groups in terms patients' age, gender, fracture classification (AO/OTA: Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen/Orthopedic Trauma Association), soft-tissue injury (Tscherne classification), presence of type 1 open fracture, and presence of accompanying fibula fracture. There was no statistical difference between two groups in terms of pre-operative hospital stay (p=0.713). However, the mean length of hospital stay was significantly higher in the MIPO group (p=0.001). The means of number of total outpatient controls, time to union, and return to work were also significantly higher in the MIPO group (p=0.005, p0.001 and p0.001, respectively). The mean hospital cost until discharge and the mean total cost until return to work were significantly higher in the MIPO group (p=0.001 and 0.001, respectively). The mean total costs of hospital stay and outpatient controls were also significantly higher in the MIPO group (p=0.001 and 0.004, respectively). The mean implant costs did not significantly differ between groups (p=0.179).According to the results acquired from the present study, IMN is a better option compared to MIPO for the treatment of extra-articular distal tibial fractures in terms of costs paid by the national health insurance in Turkey.

Proje tabanlı öğrenme, öğretme-öğrenme sürecinin proje odaklı olarak sürdürülmesidir. Belli bir zaman diliminde yürütülen proje çalışmaları, temelde öğrencinin merkezde olduğu, aktif rol aldığı, kendi öğrenmelerini kendisinin oluşturduğu, sorumluluk aldığı ve arkadaşlarıyla iş birliği içerisinde bulunduğu bir anlayışa dayanmaktadır. Proje tabanlı öğrenme ile ilgili olarak daha ziyade fen ve matematik alanında çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Ancak, özellikle son zamanlarda Sosyal Bilgiler eğitiminde de bu alanda yapılmış çok sayıda çalışmalarla karşılaşmak mümkündür. Bu araştırmada ise, Sosyal Bilgiler eğitiminde proje tabanlı öğrenme ile ilgili yapılmış tez, makale ve bildirilerin meta-sentez yöntemi kullanılarak incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu araştırmada, Sosyal Bilgiler eğitiminde proje tabanlı öğrenme ile ilgili ilgili yapılan çalışmaların nitel yöntemler kullanılarak analiz edilmesi ve bu bağlamda genel eğilimlerin tespit edilmesi hedeflendiği için, nitel araştırma desenleri kapsamında değerlendirilen meta-sentez yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen veriler, proje tabanlı öğrenme ile ilgili çalışmaların; amaçları, yöntemleri, örneklem grupları, veri toplama araçları, sonuçları ve önerileri bağlamında analiz edilmiştir. Toplanan veriler, tablolar ve şekiller ile görselleştirilip yorumlanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, Sosyal Bilgiler eğitimde, proje tabanlı öğrenme ile ilgili çok sayıda çalışmanın yapıldığı ve bu çalışmalarda genellikle konu ile ilgili öğretmenlerin, öğretmen adaylarının ve öğrencilerin görüşlerini belirlemeye yönelik olarak gerçekleştirildiği tespit edilmiştir.

This study was carried out in order to determine what kinds of injustices 7th grade students experienced in Turkey, what they felt about these injustices, in what ways they sought their rights and what they suggested to avoid injustice in the school environment. Participants were selected from a total of 5 schools in Adiyaman and Gaziantep, 3 in the city centers and 2 in the villages. In this qualitative study, semi-structured interview form was used as the data collection tool and data were analyzed using descriptive analysis. At the end of the study, it was found that the students experienced injustices in various ways by their teachers, school administrators and friends in the school environment. It has been determined that students are trying to seek their rights by using the means of communication and consultation to school officials or teachers. The students expressed their willingness to help their friends by not being insensitive to their injustice. The students also expressed that they were angry, saddened and felt lonely when they were in a state of injustice, and stated that in order to avoid injustice in the school environment, there should be more discipline, everyone should respect each other's rights, everyone should be equal and fair and students should be informed about the issue.

Aims The aim of our study is to investigate alterations in visual evoked potentials (VEP) and brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) in children with obesity. Methods A total of 96 children, with a mean age of 12.1 ± 2.0 years (range 9–17 years, 63 obese and 33 age and sex-matched control subjects) were included in the study. Laboratory tests were performed to detect insulin resistance (IR) and dyslipidemia. The latencies and amplitudes of VEP and BAEP were measured in healthy and obese subjects. Results The VEP P100, BAEP interpeak latency (IPL) I–III and IPL I–V averages of obese children were significantly longer than the control subjects. When the obese group was divided into two subgroups, those with IR and without IR, BAEP wave I, wave III and P100 wave latencies were found to be longer in the group with IR. A statistically significant correlation was observed between BAEP wave I latency, IPL I–V, IPL I–III and the homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA IR) index and fasting insulin level. Conclusions Our findings suggest that VEP and BAEP can be used to determine early subclinical on auditory and visual functions of obese children with insulin resistance.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of digital stories on academic achievement. In order to achieve this purpose, meta analysis method was used in the study. Within the scope of the study, ERIC, Google Academic, YÖK Thesis Center, ProQuest, Science Direct and ULAKBİM databases were scanned and 23 studies (10 theses, 13 articles) were included in the meta-analysis using the criteria determined by the researchers. Cochran’s X2 (Q = 285,155, p < .05) test was conducted to test whether the studies included in the study were heterogeneous. Random effects model was used to calculate effect size since heterogeneity was determined between studies. At the end of the study, it was seen that the general effect size (Hedge’s g = 1.081) regarding the effect of digital stories on academic achievement was strong, that there was a positive effect in all areas according to the lessons which was higher for Science. It was also observed that the effect was positive in all dimensions according to the education level, there was a difference between the education levels and the highest effect occurred at university and middle school levels.

The aim of this research is to determine Social Studies teacher candidates' intended uses of social networks in terms of various variables. The research was carried out by using screening model of quantitative research methods. In the study, "The Social Network Intended Use Scale" was used as a data collection tool. As a result of the research, it was observed that students used social networks mostly for research, maintaining communication and communicating and following these, they used social networks for collaboration, entertainment, content sharing and starting communication. In the sub-dimensions of cooperation, starting communication and content sharing of students' intended uses of the social network, a significant difference in favor of male students was observed. It was observed that there was a significant difference only in the dimensions of entertainment from students' intended uses of a social network according to grade level. When analyzing the sub-dimensions of cooperation, starting communication, communicating and entertainment in terms of frequency of students' internet use, it was observed that there was a significant difference between groups in favor of students who used the internet more often. In the sub-dimensions of cooperation, starting communication, content sharing, and entertainment in terms of the frequency of social network use of the students who participated in the research, a significant difference was observed in favor of the students who used social network more often. Also, it was observed that the students who connected to the internet via mobile connections used social networks more in the sub-dimensions of collaboration, maintaining communication and content sharing.

In the USA, 20 million patients suffer from neuropathy caused by peripheral nerve injuries, which costs approximately $150 billion annually. For longer nerve gaps and multiple injury sites, it is essential to use nerve guidance conduits for healthy pathfinding of regenerating axons. Here, extracellular matrix mimetic peptide nanofiber hydrogels were used for functionalizing guidance conduits to enhance neuronal regeneration in the distal stump of full transaction sciatic nerve injury in rats with functional repair. Conduits filled with heparan sulfate and laminin mimetic peptide nanofibers significantly improved electromyography response and promoted neuronal regeneration in a rat model of sciatic nerve defect. In addition, Schwann cells cultured on these nanofibers showed increased viability and significantly enhanced nerve growth factor (NGF) release. Overall, these results suggest that extracellular matrix mimetic peptide nanofibers present a promising treatment option for peripheral nerve injuries.

Objective Primary aim is to compare the diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced 3D GRE T1-weighted sequences with unenhanced MR venography and conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in detection of dural venous sinus (DVS) and cortical venous thrombosis; secondary aim is to determine the relationship between DVS thrombosis/site and gender, age, infarction or hemorrhage. Methods We retrospectively reviewed conventional MR images, unenhanced MR venography and immediate post-contrast 3D GRE T1-weighted MR images in 30 patients (17 male and 13 female, 21–70 years old, mean age 40.1) with clinically suspected DVS thrombosis. MR examinations had been performed with 1.5T or 3T MR Scanners. DVSs were evaluated in 10 sub-segments, including cortical veins. Each set of MR images were examined separately, blinded to the final diagnosis. Associated findings were also noted and sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of each MRI technique were calculated. Results Final diagnosis of cortical venous and/or dural sinus thrombosis was established in 24 (80%) of 30 cases and 67 (22.3%) out of 300 segments. For detection of the thrombotic segment, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 83.6%, 95.3%, and 92.7% by conventional MR sequences, 89.6%, 91.8%, and 91.3% by unenhanced MR venography, and 92.5%, 100%, and 98.3% by contrast-enhanced 3D GRE T1-weighted sequence, respectively. Infarction and hemorrhage were more frequent in cases with cortical venous thrombosis, while gender and age had no significant relation with DVS thrombosis or its site. Conventional MR sequences and unenhanced MR venography were helpful due to additional information they provided in some cases with isolated cortical venous thrombosis, with hyperintense thrombus material and with associated hemorrhage or infarction. Conclusion Contrast-enhanced 3D GRE T1-weighted MRI is the most accurate imaging method for the detection of DVS and/or cortical venous thrombosis. Infarction and hemorrhage were more frequent in cases with cortical venous thrombosis.

Migraine is a neurovascular disorder characterized by autonomic nervous system dysfunction and severe headache attacks. Studies have shown that changes in the intracranial vessels during migraine have an important role in the pathophysiology. Many studies have been conducted on the increased risk of stroke in patients with migraine, but insufficient data are available on the mechanism underlying the increase. This study aimed to evaluate basal cerebral blood flow velocity and vasomotor reactivity in patients with chronic migraine. We evaluated 38 patients with chronic migraine. Three of them were excluded because they had auras and four of them were excluded because of their use of medication that can affect cerebral blood flow velocity and breath holding index (beta or calcium channel blockers). Our study population consisted of 31 patients with chronic migraine without aura and 29 age- and gender-matched healthy individuals who were not taking any medication. The mean blood flow velocity and breath holding index were measured on both sides from the middle cerebral artery and posterior cerebral artery, with temporal window insonation. The breath holding index for middle cerebral artery and posterior cerebral artery was significantly lower in the migraine group compared to that of the control group (p < 0.05).The vasomotor reactivity indicates the dilatation potential of a vessel, and it is closely related to autoregulation. According to our results, the vasodilator response of cerebral arterioles to hypercapnia was lower in patients with chronic migraine. These findings showed the existence of impairments in the harmonic cerebral hemodynamic mechanisms in patients with chronic migraine. This finding also supports the existing idea of an increased risk of stroke in patients with chronic migraine due to impaired vasomotor reactivity.

Today, the value given to children is increased and with the increased of this value, children's rights has started to appear among the issues that are often raised. In this respect, to teach rights effectively to children is very important from very young age. The aim of this study is to determined pre-school teachers' attitudes toward children's rights. Sample of the study consists of 382 teacher candidates who are training in Adiyaman, Kilis 7 Aralik, Inonu, Ataturk, Kafkas, and Mus Alparslan Universities Pre- school Education Programme. The study is realized descriptive research approaches, based on the model of survey. As a means of data collection is used “Children’s Rights Attitude Scale” The data obtained were analysed by using SPSS program and suggestions were made in accordance with the results. There has been found no significant difference between the attitudes of pre-service teachers towards the child rights according to the variables of class level, educational level of parents, monthly income level of the family and taking the lesson concerning child rights however there has been noticed a significant difference according to the variables of number of siblings. Ozet Gunumuzde cocuga verilen deger artmis ve cocuga verilen degerin artmasiyla birlikte cocuk haklari da sik sik gundeme gelen konular arasinda yer almaya baslamistir. Bu acidan cocuklara cok kucuk yaslardan itibaren haklarini etkili bir sekilde ogretmek oldukca onemlidir. Bu calisma, okul oncesi ogretmen adaylarinin cocuk haklarina iliskin goruslerini belirlemek amaciyla yapilmistir. Calismanin evrenini okul oncesi ogretmenligi programlarinda ogrenim goren ogretmen adaylari; orneklemini ise Adiyaman, Kilis 7 Aralik, Inonu, Ataturk, Kafkas ve Alpaslan Universitelerinin okul oncesi ogretmenligi programinda ogrenim goren toplam 382 ogretmen adayi olusturmaktadir. Calisma tarama modeline dayali olarak gerceklestirilmistir. Veri toplama araci olarak “Cocuk Haklari Tutum Olcegi” (CHTO) kullanilmistir. Elde edilen veriler SPSS 15.00 analiz programi kullanilarak analiz edilmis ve sonuclar dogrultusunda onerilerde bulunulmustur. Okul oncesi ogretmen adaylarinin cocuk haklarina iliskin tutumlari arasinda sinif seviyesi, ailelerinin gelir duzeyi ve ebeveyn egitim duzeyi ve cocuk haklarina iliskin ders alma durumlarina gore anlamli bir fark bulunmazken kardes sayisi degiskenine gore anlamli bir fark bulunmustur.

ResumoIntroduçãoO período de silêncio cutâneo (PSC) é um reflexo protetor inibitório da coluna vertebral e seus aferentes consistem em fibras nervosas A-delta. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar pacientes com fibromialgia (FM) e controles saudáveis para determinar as diferenças entre os grupos em relação à duração e latência do PSC, e quando presente, determinar se há alguma relação com as características da doença, distúrbios psicológicos e qualidade de vida.Materiais e métodosTrinta e dois pacientes com FM e 32 voluntários saudáveis foram incluídos no estudo. Os dois grupos foram comparados em relação à latência e duração do PSC em ambos os membros superiores e inferiores. Características da doença, distúrbios psicológicos e qualidade de vida dos pacientes foram avaliados utilizando o Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), e o Short Form-36 (SF-36). Os pacientes com medida de PSC igual ou inferior às do grupo controle foram comparados com aqueles com valores mais elevados do que os controles em termos de características da doença, estado psicológicos e qualidade de vida.ResultadosLatências significativamente prolongadas de PSC nos membros superiores e inferiores foram determinadas em pacientes comparados com os controles. Observou-se que a prolongamento da latência do PSC no membro inferior estava associado com a gravidade da doença e incapacidade funcional.ConclusõesLatências do PCS nos membros superiores e inferiores em pacientes com FM são mais longas do que em voluntários saudáveis. Além disso, o prolongamento da latência do PSC no membro inferior está associado com a gravidade da doença e incapacidade funcional física.AbstractIntroductionCutaneous silent period (CSP) is an inhibitory spinal protective reflex and its afferents consist of A-delta nerve fibers. We aimed to evaluate patients with fibromyalgia (FM) and healthy controls to determine any differences between the groups in terms of CSP duration and latency, and if present, to determine whether there is any relationship with disease characteristics, psychological disorders and quality of life.Materials and methodsThirty-two patients with FM and 32 healthy volunteers were included in the study. The patient and control groups were compared in terms of CSP latency and duration in both upper and lower extremities. Disease characteristics, psychological disorders and quality of life of patients were assessed using the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) and Short Form-36 (SF-36). Patients with CSP measurements equal to or lower than those of the control group were compared with those with higher values than controls in terms of disease characteristics, psychological status and quality of life.ResultsSignificantly prolonged CSP latencies in both upper and lower extremities were determined in patients compared to controls. We found that prolongation of CSP latency in the lower extremity is associated with disease severity and functional disability.ConclusionsCSP latencies in both upper and lower extremities in patients with FM are longer than in healthy volunteers. Moreover, prolongation of CSP latency in the lower extremity is associated with disease severity and physical functional disability.

Introduction Creating vascularized nerve conduits for treatment of nerve gaps have been researched, however, these methods need microsurgical anastomosis thereby complicating the nerve repair process. Thus, the concept of vascularized nerve conduits has not popularized up till now. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of vascularized and non-vascularized biological conduits on peripheral nerve regeneration. Material and methods Following ethical board approval, 15 Sprague-Dawley rats were used in the study. The rats were equally divided into three groups. In group I, a silicon rod was inserted next to the sciatic nerve of the rat and connective tissue generated around this rod was used as a vascularized biological conduit. In group II, a silicon rod was inserted into the dorsum of the rat and connective tissue generated around this rod was used as a non-vascularized biological conduit. In group III, autogenic nerve graft was used to repair the nerve gap. The contralateral sciatic nerve is used as a control in all rats. Macroscopic, electrophysiological and histomorphometric evaluations were performed to determine the nerve regeneration. Results There was no statistically significant difference between groups, in terms of latency. However, the mean amplitude of group I was found to be higher than other groups. The difference between group I and II was statistically significant. Myelinated axonal counts in group I was significantly higher than groups II and III. Conclusion Our results showed that vascularized biological conduits provided better nerve regeneration when compared to autografts and non-vascularized biological conduits. Creation and application of vascularized conduits by using the technique described here is easy. Although this method is not an alternative to autogenic nerve grafts, our results are promising and encouraging for further studies.

Arastirma kapsaminda Tunceli Il merkezinde yasayan kisilerin balik tuketim durumlarinin tespit edilmesi amaclanmistir. Bu amacla rastgele ornekleme yontemi kullanilarak secilen 215 kisiye anket uygulanmistir. Anket uygulanan bireylerin yas araligi 15-55 arasinda degismekte olup %72’si beslenmelerinde hayvansal ve bitkisel urunleri birlikte tuketenlerden olusmustur. Ilde balik tuketiminin genellikle taze olarak (%92) yapildigi belirtilirken, baligi aldigi gun tuketenlerin orani %82’dir. Haftada bir balik tuketenlerin orani %33 olurken, %36 oranla deniz baliklarinin daha fazla tuketildigi saptanmistir. En fazla tuketim sekli firinda (%34) ve kizartma (%27) seklindedir. Yaptigimiz calismada Ilde balik tuketiminin dusuk oldugu belirlenirken, egitim kurumlari basta olmak uzere toplumun her kesimini icine alan kampanyalarla balik eti tuketiminin oneminin halka duyurulmasi gerektigi kanaatine varilmistir.

A 43-year-old female was referred to our clinic for an electromyographic (EMG) examination due to weakness in both the lower extremities. Conduction blocks were indicated through nerve conduction studies (NCS). Because of demyelinating polyneuropathy findings and elevated protein levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the patient was diagnosed with acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP) and was treated with intravenous immunoglobulin. In the follow-up examination, a distal quadriparesis was found that was markedly pronounced in the lower left extremity, and a second EMG examination showed asymmetrical worsening. These findings combined with the lack of demyelination suggested axonal degeneration, and the partial conduction blocks observed during the first NCS were determined to be pseudo-blocks. Vasculitic syndromes were considered and the associated laboratory tests were performed. Following a sural nerve biopsy, non-infectious necrotizing arteritis was found and the patient was diagnosed with polyarteritis nodosa (PAN). Therefore, clinicians should be aware that conduction blocks observed in nerve conduction studies may potentially be pseudo-blocks and an indication of vasculitic neuropathy.

The present study was designed to describe the socio-demographic, clinical, and polysomnographic features of patients diagnosed with narcolepsy in our sleep center. This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on 181 patients diagnosed with narcolepsy based on the results of clinical evaluation, polysomnography (PSG), and multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) between 1993 and 2009. Approximately 70% of the patients had cataplexy, whereas 42% had hallucinations and 55.8% had sleep paralysis. Although sleep efficiency was higher (91.28 ± 5.89%) in patients with narcolepsy, they woke frequently during the night, and their percentages of deep sleep were low (stage 3, 5.12 ± 3.08%, stage 4, 9.60 ± 7.10%). Our study group was divided into two based on age: individuals aged30 years (n = 152) and30 years (n = 29). REM latency on PSG was shorter (t = 2.96, p = 0.004) and sleep onset REM (SOREM) on MSLT was higher (t = 2.56, p = 0.011) in the older group than in the younger group. Cataplexy is seen in most patients with narcolepsy. In older patients, REM latency on PSG is shorter and the number of SOREM on MSLT is higher.

We present a case of breast cancer whose initiating symptom was painful ophthalmoplegia and had pachymeningitis. A 70-year-old female admitted because of left ocular pain and ptosis. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed pachymeningitis and contrast enhancement and thickening of left cavernous sinus. Bone marrow pathology was associated with metastatic carcinoma. Bone scintigraphy indicated diffuse metastatic activity in skeleton particularly in cranium. Painful ophthalmoplegia and pachymeningitis are thought to be associated with metastatic carcinomatosis. Primary tumor indicated infiltrating ductal cancer of breast. Clinicians should consider that metastatic breast cancer may first be presented by painful ophthalmoplegia.

Background/Aims: We aimed to electrophysiologically evaluate the autonomic function in acromegalic patients using sympathetic skin response (SSR) as a reflection of the sympathetic sudomotor activity and RR interval variation (RRIV) as an indicator of the cardiovagal autonomic function. Methods: The study group consisted of 18 male acromegalics, and the control group was composed of 18 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects. Participants underwent SSR and RRIV tests. Beginning latencies and amplitudes of the median and tibial SSRs were compared among the groups. The RRIV values recorded at rest and during hyperventilation were compared among the patients and controls. Results: Latencies of SSRs recorded from the palms (median) and soles (tibial) of acromegalics were significantly longer than in healthy subjects (p = 0.004, p < 0.001). The amplitude of SSR recorded from the sole (tibial) was significantly decreased (p = 0.028). The RRIVs obtained from acromegalics at rest and during hyperventilation were significantly decreased compared with those of controls (p < 0.001). The RRIVs obtained from controls prolonged significantly during hyperventilation (p < 0.001); however, in the acromegaly group, hyperventilation did not cause a significant change in RRIV (p = 0.983). Conclusions: The present study suggests that an autonomic dysfunction exists in patients with acromegaly. Dysautonomia in acromegalics may be documented by means of SSR and RRIV.

The objective of this study is to determine the level of fulfilment of five acquisitions aimed to gain the students in the “Adventure of Democracy” unit of “Power, Management and Society” learning area of sixth grade social studies lesson taught in Turkey, in terms of different variables. The number of researches investing the level of fulfilment of Social Studies lesson’s acquisitions in Turkey is quite limited, and one of the quantitative research methods, the survey method was used in this study carried out for filling this gap in the literature. The academic success test was used in order to collect the research data, the data obtained were analyzed using the SPSS program. At the end of the research, it was observed that the level of fulfilment of the unit’s acquisitions is at intermediate level among students; the level of learning increases with the increase in the level of education of the parents, but this difference is not statistically significant; the academic success of the students living in the city is significantly higher than the students living in the village; and the academic success of the students whose family income level is below 750 TL is significantly lower than the students whose family income is above 750 TL, The objective of this study is to determine the level of fulfilment of five acquisitions aimed to gain the students in the “Adventure of Democracy” unit of “Power, Management and Society” learning area of sixth grade social studies lesson taught in Turkey, in terms of different variables. The number of researches investing the level of fulfilment of Social Studies lesson’s acquisitions in Turkey is quite limited, and one of the quantitative research methods, the survey method was used in this study carried out for filling this gap in the literature. The academic success test was used in order to collect the research data, the data obtained were analyzed using the SPSS program. At the end of the research, it was observed that the level of fulfilment of the unit’s acquisitions is at intermediate level among students; the level of learning increases with the increase in the level of education of the parents, but this difference is not statistically significant; the academic success of the students living in the city is significantly higher than the students living in the village; and the academic success of the students whose family income level is below 750 TL is significantly lower than the students whose family income is above 750 TL.Keywords: Social Studies Education in Turkey, Democracy Education, Adventure of Democracy

The anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) arises from the lower side of the basilar artery and supplies blood to the rostral olfactory bulb, rostral pontine base, and cerebellar regions. The AICA syndrome was first defined by Adams in 1943. Here, we present a case of a patient with a left AICA occlusion who suddenly started experiencing dizziness and had abnormal gait; he was subsequently diagnosed with ischemia in the left cerebellar hemisphere. A 55-year-old man was admitted to the hospital with complaints of sudden onset of vertigo, speech disorder, and imbalance. The neurological examination revealed gait disturbance, and left-sided ataxia. In addition, dysarthric speech left peripheral facial paralysis, loss of pain and heat sensations in the left half of the face and right half of the body. Bilateral horizontal nystagmus was observed. Babinski and Hoffman signs were also observed on the left side. The patient was evaluated with diffusion weighted (DW) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. On DW image and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps precisely determined diffusion restrictions in the antero-inferior part of the left cerebellar hemisphere and the left part of the inferior vermis. MR angiography revealed occlusions in the right internal carotid artery and left AICA; hence, he was administered antiagregan treatment. We have presented this case because infarctions in the AICA have different clinical features from those observed in other cerebellar arteries, and such cases are rarely observed in neurological practice.

Ensuring that students reach the determined goals of the courses at the desired level is one of the primary goals of teaching. In order to achieve this purpose, educators use a variety of teaching strategies and methods, and teaching materials appropriate to the content and the subject of the courses in the teaching process. As a matter of fact, it is known that the methods and materials that appeal to different sense organs of the students influence the learning process positively. In addition, the use of various teaching methods, techniques and materials in the teaching process both attract students’ attention and save the lesson from boredom, which affects the learning positively. In the process of teaching students sometimes have problems using their theoretical knowledge in real life situations. In this context, various teaching methods are also used for the practicalization of theoretical knowledge in the teaching processes. The case study method is one of the effective methods to achieve this purpose, because the case study method is a teaching method that enables students to acquire the knowledge and skills to deal with the problem they are working on and to produce information-based solutions in real life situations similar to the situations they are working with. In this study, the literature related to the case study method was examined and the application of the method, its history, application types, points to be considered in the application process, advantages of using the method in the teaching process and its limitations and teaching techniques to be used with the method are explained.

Buanket çalışması, Elazığ ili balık tüketim alışkanlığı ve tercihinin belirlenmesiamacı ile yapılmıştır. Çalışma, rastgele örnekleme yöntemiyle, il merkezindeikamet eden 350 kişiye 23 soruluk anket uygulanarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elazığ’dakitüketicilerin % 16’sı hayvansal gıda ağırlıklı, %13’ü bitkisel gıda ağırlıklı ve% 71’i her iki tür ürünü de birlikte tükettikleri belirlenmiştir. Tüketiciler,hayvansal gıda ürünlerinden öncelik sırasıyla %41 kırmızı eti, %23 beyaz eti (kanatlı), %3 balık eti ve %32 herüç et türünü de eşit ağırlıklı tüketmektedir. % 1’inin ise hiçbir hayvansalürünü tüketmedikleri tespit edilmiştir. Katılımcıların %95’inin balık etitükettiği, % 5’inin ise hiç balık eti tüketmediği belirlenmiştir. Balık etini,%86 çoğunluğun sevdiği, % 14 azınlığın ise sevmediği ortaya çıkmıştır.Tüketiciler öncelikli olarak %38 deniz balığı, %22 tatlı su balığı ve %35 her iki türü de tüketmektedir.%5’lik bir tüketici diliminin hiçbir türü tercih etmediği görülmüştür. Tüketimien fazla olan balık türleri %28 hamsi, %28alabalık, %14 istavrit, %11 sazan, %7 çipura ve %12 diğerleridir. Tüketicilerin% 10’unun ise balık haricinde diğer (midye, karides, istakoz, kalamar v.b) suürünlerini de tükettiği belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucuna göre Elazığ’da kişi başınayıllık balık tüketimi 3.30 kg/yıl olarak hesaplanmıştır., This questionnaire was carried out to determine the habit and the preference of fish consumption in Elazýð. The study was achieved by asking 23 questions to 350 people who lived in city center. It has been determined that 16% percent of the consumers in Elazýð use the food of animal origin, 13% percent of them use phytonutrient, and 71% percent consume both products. The consumers eat food of animal origin, in turn, 41% red meat, 23% white meat, 3% plump, and 32% all three kinds. It has been found that 1% proportion of people consume no any food of animal origin. 95% percent of the participants consume plump, and 5% percent of them do not eat any plump. It turned out that the majority 86% likes plump, and the minority 14% does not. The consumers primarily eat 38% water fish, 22% freshwater fish, and 35% both. It has been seen that 5% percent of the consumers do not prefer any kind. Mostly-consumed types of fish are 28% anchovy, 28% salmon, 14% horse mackerel, 11% carp, 7% bream, and 12% the others. It has been determined that 10% percent of the consumers eat other (mussels, shrimp, lobster, squid and so on.) seafood except for fish. According to the study result, the annual fish consumption per person in Elazýð was estimated 3.30 kg.