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Mahmoud Hamdan,1,2 Amar Hisham Jaaffar,3,4 Omar Khraisat,5 Marwan Rasmi Issa,6 Mu’taman Jarrar7,8 1Quality Management and Patient Safety Administration, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 2College of Graduate Studies (COGS), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Putrajaya Campus, Kajang, Selangor, 4300, Malaysia; 3Institute of Energy Policy and Research (Iepre), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Putrajaya Campus, Kajang, Selangor, 4300, Malaysia; 4College of Business Management and Accounting (COBA), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Putrajaya Campus, Kajang, Selangor, 43000, Malaysia; 5Faculty of Nursing, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan; 6Skills Development Training Center, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, 12746, Saudi Arabia; 7Medical Education Department, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia; 8Vice Deanship for Development and Community Partnership, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Mahmoud Hamdan, College of Graduate Studies (COGS), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Putrajaya Campus, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang, Selangor, 4300, Malaysia, Tel +966580405515, Email Mahmoud_hamdan84@yahoo.comBackground: To ensure best possible patient outcomes, patient safety is a major component of healthcare delivery system that needs to be prioritized. Safety practices among nurses are essential to maintain patient safety, especially the practices of medication administration, handover, patient falls and unplanned extubations prevention.Purpose: To investigate the mediating effect of patient safety culture between the relationship of transformational leadership and safety practices among nurses.Methods: The data in this cross-sectional study were gathered from a survey targeted clinical nurses using a random sampling technique. The study was conducted in a medical city in Saudi Arabia, and two hundred nurses were surveyed. The Multifactor Leadership, Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture, and Nursing Safety Practice questionnaires were used in the study.Results: The results revealed significant positive associations between transformational leadership, patient safety culture, and nursing safety practices. Moreover, patient safety culture mediates the association between transformational leadership and safety practices among nurses.Conclusion: Enhancing transformational leadership capabilities among nurse managers should be considered in order to improve nursing safety practices. Additionally, patient safety culture should be measured and improved periodically to ensure better nursing safety practices.Keywords: nurses, safety practices, transformational leadership, patient safety, culture

The main goal of this work is to design an optimized sensor-fault identification and diagnostic system for the Internet of Things (IoT) and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). The challenge is to accomplish this task within the sensors’ limited computing, memory, and energy capabilities. More importantly, identifying errors is time-sensitive, even though the diagnosis does not have to be made quickly. This project aims to provide an enhanced sensor-fault detection and diagnostic system for the IoT and CPS with constrained energy, memory, and computation resources. The system’s goals are to promptly detect defects, lessen the computing burden on sensors, and enhance the recall and accuracy of fault detection. This study used a hybrid approach that combined principal component analysis, autoencoder, and gated recurrent unit to create an optimal sensor-fault detection and diagnostic system. There were 1001 sensor readings in the dataset; 112 were defective, while the remaining 888 were normal. The investigation showed that the suggested method, which detected faults with an accuracy of 95% and recall of 92%, achieved high accuracy and recall in recognizing defects in IoT and CPS. With significantly shorter processing times, the system’s potential to reduce computational strain on sensors was also proved. The findings of this study indicate that the suggested optimized sensor-fault detection and diagnosis system successfully detects faults in IoT and CPS with limited computation, memory, and energy resources. The system’s ability to reduce the computing burden on sensors while improving accuracy and recall makes it an appealing choice for industrial and commercial applications.

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) is a rare neurovascular condition that has been observed in individuals with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This systematic review aimed to explore the sex differences and characteristics of concurrent COVID-19 and CVST cases. A total of 212 CVST patients were included in the study. Women with CVST had a slightly higher mean age compared to men (47.359 years vs 46.08 years). Women were more likely to report symptoms such as fever (56.1%) and decreased sense of smell or taste (71.4%), while men more frequently experienced nausea or vomiting (55.6%), headache (62.9%), and seizures (72%). Notably, current smokers, who were predominantly men, had a higher occurrence of CVST. On the other hand, women had a higher likelihood of CVST risk factors such as oral contraceptive pill (OCP) use and autoimmune diseases. Treatment approaches also showed sex-based differences. Unfractionated heparin was administered more often to women with CVST (63.2%). The in-hospital mortality rate for CVST patients was 21.3%, with men having a significantly higher mortality rate than women (65.2% vs 34.8%, P = .027). Survival analysis revealed that factors such as smoking history, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, OCP use, COVID-19 symptoms, CVST symptoms, and the need for intubation significantly influenced survival outcomes. Understanding these sex differences in COVID-19-related CVST is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective management, ultimately leading to improved patient outcomes. Our findings highlight the importance of considering sex as a factor in the evaluation and treatment of individuals with COVID-19 and concurrent CVST.

Introduction: Latent iron deficiency (LID), in which iron stores in the body are depleted without incidental anemia, poses a key diagnostic challenge. Reticulocyte hemoglobin content (Ret-Hb) is directly correlated with the functionally available iron for heme synthesis in erythroblasts. Consequently, Ret-Hb has been proposed as an efficient iron status marker. Aim: To assess the importance of Ret-Hb in detecting latent iron deficiency as well as its use in screening for iron deficiency anemia. Materials and Methods: A study involving 108 individuals was conducted at Najran University Hospital, 64 of whom had iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and 44 of whom had normal hemoglobin levels. All patients were subjected to complete blood count (CBC), reticulocyte percentage, Ret-Hb, serum iron, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), and serum ferritin measurements. Results: A significant decrease in Ret-Hb level was observed in IDA patients compared to non-anemic individuals, with a cut-off value of 21.2 pg (a value below which indicates IDA). Conclusion: The measurement of Ret-Hb, in addition to CBC parameters and indices, provides an accessible predictive marker for both iron deficiency (ID) and IDA. Lowering the Ret-Hb cut-off could better allow for its use as a screening parameter for IDA.

The study aimed to know the attitudes of male and female teachers in Al-Baha region towards using the Madrasati platform during the Corona pandemic, and it also aimed to test the extent to which there are statistically significant differences between the responses of the study sample due to the variables of gender, academic qualification and teaching stage. The study used the descriptive approach; An electronic questionnaire was distributed to a random sample of (141) male and female teachers, with (44) male and female teachers (97) from all levels of public education. The results of the study revealed that there are significantly positive attitudes among male and female teachers towards using the Madrasati platform. The results also revealed that there were statistically significant differences in the attitudes towards using the Madrasati platform due to gender, in favor of the female teachers. In addition, there were statistically significant differences in the attitudes towards using the Madrasati platform due to the academic qualification in favor of the bachelor’s qualification, while the results showed that there are no statistically significant differences in the attitudes towards the use of the Madrasati platform due to the teaching stage.

Basma Damiri,1 Omar Khatib,2 Zaher Nazzal,3 Diala Sanduka,2 Siwar Igbaria,2 Ammar Thabaleh,2 Ahmad Farhoud,2 Lubna Saudi,3 Souad Belkebir,3 Rayyan Al Ali,4 Mohammed Alili,2 Mahmoud Hamdan,5 Omar A Safarini,2 Omar Younis2 1Medicine & Health Science Faculty, Drug, and Toxicology Division, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 00970, Palestine; 2Medicine & Health Science Faculty, Department of Medicine, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 00970, Palestine; 3Medicine & Health Science Faculty, Family and Community Medicine, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 00970, Palestine; 4Medicine & Health Sciences Faculty, Forensic Medicine Institute, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 00970, Palestine; 5Medicine & Health Science Faculty, Graduate School, Clinical Laboratory Science Program, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 00970, PalestineCorrespondence: Basma DamiriFaculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Drug and Toxicology Division, An-Najah National University, P.O. Box 7, Nablus, 00970, PalestineTel +972592234270Email bdamiri@najah.eduIntroduction: Due to their stressful lives, Palestinian refugees are prone to use cognitive enhancers (CE) and psychostimulant substances (PS). Recognising health problems associated with CE/PS use can indicate how preventive programs should be directed towards adolescents. Unfortunately, research has not thoroughly investigated the health problems related to tobacco and caffeine products, the most socially acceptable CE/PS among Palestinian refugee adolescents.Methodology: In 2021, schoolchildren from five Palestinian refugee camps (N=271) aged 12-< 16 years agreed to give blood samples and to be interviewed to address the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and tobacco smoking, coffee, energy drinks (ED), black tea, and chocolate consumption. MetS was diagnosed based on International Diabetic Federation Criteria. To address the association, we used binary logistic regression models adjusted to age, gender, BMI, and central obesity.Results: The prevalence of MetS was [17 (6.3%)]; (7.4%) in males, (5.1%) in females. The prevalence of substance use was as follows: ED [163 (48.9%)], coffee [255 (76.6%)], black tea [295 (89.1%)], cigarette [35 (10.5%)], waterpipe [59 (17.7%)], and chocolate [309 (93.6%)], with male predominance. Cigarette smokers have increased central obesity (p-value=0.024), and decreased HDL-cholesterol (p-value=0.015) than non-smokers. Similar results were observed for waterpipe smokers besides the increased levels of triglycerides (p-value=0.01). ED consumers have increased central obesity (p-value=0.03) and fast blood sugar (p-value=0.003) than non-consumers. Chocolate consumers have decreased central obesity (p-value=0.008) and increased HDL levels (p-value=0.04) than non-consumers. ED consumers were significantly at higher risk of MetS (OR=9.97, p-value=0.019) than non-consumers and chocolate consumers were at lower risk of MetS (OR=0.14, p-value=0.046) than non-consumers. Waterpipe smokers were at a higher risk of having increased plasma triglycerides than non-consumers (OR=3.4, p-value=0.03).Conclusion: The high prevalence of ED consumption and waterpipe smoking in Palestinian refugee adolescents is problematic. Their use was associated with higher odds of MetS, dyslipidemia, and central obesity, which justifies greater attention.Keywords: refugee adolescents, metabolic syndrome, tobacco smoking, cognitive enhancers and psychostimulants, dyslipidemia, UNRWA

Hypertension is a significant public health concern in Saudi Arabia, affecting 28.6% of the population. Despite the availability of effective treatments, optimal blood pressure control is not always achieved, highlighting the need for effective management strategies. This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of home, compared to clinic, blood pressure measurements for managing hypertension in the Qassim region of Saudi Arabia. The study included 85 adults undergoing antihypertensive treatment. Home blood pressure measurements were obtained during the day and the evening using automated oscillometric sphygmomanometers, whereas clinic measurements were taken during clinic hours. Home blood pressure readings were significantly lower than clinic blood pressure readings, with mean differences of 20.4 mmHg and 4.1 mmHg for systolic and diastolic blood pressures, respectively. There was a positive correlation between the clinic systolic and diastolic blood pressures (r = 0.549, p < 0.001) and a weak correlation between the daytime home and clinic systolic blood pressures (r = 0.218, p < 0.05). This study provides insight into the applicability of home blood pressure monitoring, which may aid in the development of more effective hypertension management strategies, particularly the use of morning home blood pressure monitoring to aid treatment decisions through telehealth medicine.

This study investigates job burnout among female primary school teachers in Saudi Arabia, a relatively under-researched area in the region. It employs a structured questionnaire focusing on three dimensions: emotional exhaustion, Human relations, and Diminished Personal Accomplishment. The findings highlight a significant prevalence of emotional exhaustion, the most acute form of burnout experienced by these teachers. This high level of emotional fatigue is attributed to the demanding nature of their profession, societal expectations of women, and ongoing changes in the education sector. While diminished personal accomplishment receives a moderate rating, indicating challenges, human relations are managed effectively, likely influenced by cultural and religious norms emphasising respectful interaction. The study also examines the impact of social status and student gender on burnout. It concludes that social status doesn’t significantly affect burnout levels, but there’s notable higher burnout among female teachers who solely teach boys. Additionally, burnout varies with teaching experience, potentially due to differences in workload. This research contributes to understanding job burnout in female primary school teachers, emphasising the need for supportive measures in education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is becoming increasingly prevalent in Saudi Arabia. However, there is limited data on the characteristics and manifestations of IBD in this population. This study aimed to establish a multi-center database of patients with IBD in the Qassim region of Saudi Arabia to better understand the demographics, prevalence, and manifestations of IBD in this population. Methods: This retrospective study included patients diagnosed with IBD at three healthcare facilities in the Qassim region of Saudi Arabia. The patient’s demographic and clinical characteristics, disease location and behavior, age at diagnosis, medication use, related surgeries, and extraintestinal manifestations were recorded based on the Montreal classification. A total of 257 patients with IBD were included in the study, of which 126 had UC and 131 had CD. Results: Of the 257 patients with IBD, 134 (52.2%) were male and 123 (47.8%) were female. The mean age of patients with CD and UC were 28.74 (range 15–67) and 38.79 (range 15–75) years, respectively. There was a significant difference between all age groups (p < 0.005), with more patients aged over 40 years being diagnosed with UC. UC was most commonly classified as left-sided UC (E2) (60; 47.6%), while the most common location of CD was the ileocolon (L3) (76; 58%). Non-stricturing and non-penetrating CD was the most common behavior (B1) (70; 53.8%). Approximately one-third of the patients with Crohn’s disease developed perianal disease (70; 27.2%), with fistulizing Crohn’s being the most prevalent manifestation (40; 30.5%), followed by abscess formation (10; 7.6%) and fissures (9; 6.8%). The most common extraintestinal manifestation was arthropathy (15; 5.8%). Significant p-values were detected for UC and CD (p = 0.036). Conclusions: This study provides crucial insights into the demographics, patterns, and manifestations of IBD in Saudi Arabia. The findings highlight the need for improved diagnosis, management, and treatment strategies for IBD in this population. The establishment of a multi-center database will help to facilitate future research and improve patient care in Saudi Arabia.

The main goal of this work is to design an optimized sensor-fault identification and diagnostic system for the Internet of Things (IoT) and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). The challenge is to accomplish this task within the sensors' limited computing, memory, and energy capabilities. More importantly, identifying errors is time-sensitive, even though the diagnosis does not have to be made quickly. This project aims to provide an enhanced sensor-fault detection and diagnostic system for the IoT and CPS with constrained energy, memory, and computation resources. The system's goals are to promptly detect defects, lessen the computing burden on sensors, and enhance the recall and accuracy of fault detection. This study used a hybrid approach that combined principal component analysis, autoencoder, and gated recurrent unit to create an optimal sensor-fault detection and diagnostic system. There were 1001 sensor readings in the dataset; 112 were defective, while the remaining 888 were normal. The investigation showed that the suggested method, which detected faults with an accuracy of 95% and recall of 92%, achieved high accuracy and recall in recognizing defects in IoT and CPS. With significantly shorter processing times, the system's potential to reduce computational strain on sensors was also proved. The findings of this study indicate that the suggested optimized sensor-fault detection and diagnosis system successfully detects faults in IoT and CPS with limited computation, memory, and energy resources. The system's ability to reduce the computing burden on sensors while improving accuracy and recall makes it an appealing choice for industrial and commercial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A two-step simple and efficient ion-exchange chemical strategy is proposed to obtain nanostructured Bi2S3 electrodes of different surface morphologies from the Bi2O3. In the first step, nanoplates of the Bi2O3 are obtained on nickel-foam using successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction method at room-temperature (25 °C). In the second phase, as-obtained nanoplates of the Bi2O3 are transferred to the Bi2S3 using four autoclaves containing different sulfur precursor solutions at 120 °C for 8 h for phase change, structural conversion and surface morphological modification (i.e., walnuts, network-type, nanowires, and nanoflowers). Due to higher surface area and conductivity, lower charge transfer resistance, and reduced band gap caused by ionic and phase conversion, the Bi2S3 surpasses the Bi2O3 in hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activities. The overpotential of 112–370 mV for the Bi2S3 network is much lower than that of the nanoplates of the Bi2O3 (275–543 mV), and walnuts (134–464 mV), nanowires (125–500 mV), and nanoflowers (194–520 mV) of the Bi2S3. The Bi2S3 network-type Bi2S3 electrode shows considerable chemical stability through cycling measurement, suggesting the importance of the present study in obtaining metal sulfides from metal oxide with better water splitting activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]