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The coupled higher-order nonlinear Schrödinger equations (CHNLSEs) are investigated in this paper. This model mimic the actuation of the solitons through multimode fibers. The technique of improved modified extended tanh function is used to conduct the study. Many exact solutions are achieved like bright solitons, dark solitons and singular solitons. Moreover, singular periodic solutions, Weierstrass elliptic function solutions, hyperbolic and Jacobi elliptic solutions are raised. Using 3D and 2D graphs, the physical behavior of the produced solutions is illustrated.

This study is focusing on the integrable (3+1)-dimensional equation that combines the potential Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (pKP) equation with B-type Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (BKP) equation, also known as the pKP-BKP equation. The idea of combining integrable equations has the potential to produce a variety of unexpected outcomes such as resonance of solitons. This article provides a wide range of alternative exact solutions for the pKP-BKP equation in three dimensional form, including dark solitons, singular solitons, singular periodic solutions, Jacobi elliptic function (JEF) solutions, rational solutions and exponential solution. The improved modified extended (IME) tanh function method is employed to investigate these solutions. All of the obtained solutions for the investigated model are presented using the Wolfram Mathematica program. To further help in understanding the solutions' physical characteristics and dynamic structure, the article provides visual representations of some derived solutions using 2D representation in addition to the 3D graphs via symbolic computation. This article aims to use a potent strategy using a powerful scheme to derive different solutions with various structures. Additionally, the results greatly improve and enhance the literature's solutions to a combined pKP-BKP equation and allow deep understanding of the nonlinear dynamic system through different exact solutions.

Abstract One of the core concepts of contemporary control theory is the idea that a dynamical system can be controlled. Several abstract settings have been developed to describe the distributed control systems in a domain in which the control is acted through the boundary. In this manuscript, we investigate the boundary approximate controllability (ABC) of stochastic differential inclusion (SDI) with Hilfer fractional derivative (HFD) and nonlocal condition by implementing the principle of stochastic analysis, the fixed-point theorem, fractional calculus and multi-valued map. Moreover, an example is offered to define the primary results.

Abstract The motivation behind this work is the preparation of polyurethane-magnesium aluminum layered double hydroxide (PU-LDH) nanocomposite and its application as a coating for steel protection. The coating was prepared with different doses of LDH, ranging from 0 to 2% of the coating weight. The effect of different concentrations on the mechanical, adhesion, and surface properties of PU coating is studied. Firstly, LDH was prepared via the coprecipitation process and then distributed in PU matrix. The nanocomposites were then crosslinked in the form of coating layers on steel. The preparation of the thermally stable crystalline LDH nanoparticles with 89 nm particle size was confirmed by FTIR, XRD, DLS, and TGA. SEM photos showed the dispersed and intercalated structure. The coating characteristics demonstrate that addition of LDH decreased the drying time and increased the dry film thickness of PU up to 1.5% due to the crosslinking between the large surface area nanofiller and polyurethane matrix. Furthermore, the prepared LDH nanofiller increased the adhesion strength, impact resistance, abrasion resistance, modulus, and flexibility of PU due to the strong polymeric network structure. The 2% nanocomposite coating shows poor properties due to the excess concentration and heterogeneous dispersion of nanoparticles within the PU polymer. The resistance to fire and some chemicals was supported by the thermally and physically stable LDH nanoclay. The former characterizations state that the proposed PU-LDH nanocomposite is an enhanced and applicable coating.

We have introduced various novel soliton waves and other analytic wave solutions for nonlinear Schrödinger equation with cubic, quintic, septic, and nonic nonlinearities. The modified extended direct algebraic method governs the transmission of various solitons with different effects. The combination of this system enables the obtaining of analytical soliton solutions with some unique behaviors, including bright, dark, and mixed dark-bright soliton solutions; singular soliton solutions; singular periodic, exponential, rational wave solutions; and Jacobi elliptic function solutions. These results realize the stability of the nonlinear waves' propagation in a high-nonlinear-dispersion medium that is illustrated using 2D and 3D visuals and contour graphical diagrams of the output solutions. This research focused on determining exact soliton solutions under certain parameter conditions and evaluating the stability and reliability of the soliton solutions based on the used modified extended direct algebraic method. This will be useful for many various domains in technology and physics, such as biology, optics, and plasma physical science. At the end, we use modulation instability analysis to assess the stability of the wave solutions obtained.

We investigated the dynamics of highly dispersive nonlinear gap solitons in optical fibers with dispersive reflectivity, utilizing a conformable fractional derivative model. The modified extended direct algebraic method was employed to obtain various soliton solutions, including bright solitons and singular solitons, as well as hyperbolic and trigonometric solutions. The key findings demonstrated that the fractional derivative parameter (α) can effectively control the wave propagation, causing a shift in the wave signal while maintaining the same amplitude. This is a novel contribution, as the ability to control soliton properties through the conformable derivative is explored for the first time in this work. The results showcase the significant influence of fractional derivatives in shaping the characteristics of the soliton solutions, which is crucial for accurately modeling the dispersive and nonlocal effects in optical fibers. This research provides insights into the potential applications of fractional calculus in the design and optimization of photonic devices for optical communication systems.

Abstract The aim is to develop new fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) water pipe by activating fiber glass (FG) by vinyltriethoxysilane (VS) getting vinylsilane-activated FG (AFG) for filling vinylester (VE) via continuous winding to make a novel VE-AFG composite. The novelty of this work is the activation of fiber glass by vinylsilane as a single filler in vinylester and compounding them via a two-dimensional continuous winding process for the first time. The crosslinking occurred in the AFG/VE/curing agent system after activation. The activated composites increased thermal stability; 25% VE-AGF increased the degradation temperatures at 10%, 25%, and 50% weight loss by 73.3%, 10%, and 7.2%. With the activated 20% composite, values of axial strength, hoop strength, and hardness were developed by 6.3%, 2%, and 8.7%, respectively. The decay resistance to different microorganisms was increased with VE-AFG composites as a result of a sharp decrease in biodegradability percentages. The activated composites are stable toward water absorption; the least percentage was recorded by 25% VE-AFG, which minimized the water absorptivity by more than 62%. The reported characterization sentence approves enhancement of thermal, physical, and mechanical stability of sustainable vinylester-fiber glass composites manufactured by continuous winding; this is recommended for application in water pipe systems.

Abstract As delays are common, persistent, and ingrained in daily life, it is imperative to take them into account. In this work, we explore the averaging principle for impulsive Atangana–Baleanu fractional stochastic delay differential equations driven by Lévy noise. The link between the averaged equation solutions and the equivalent solutions of the original equations is shown in the sense of mean square. To achieve the intended outcomes, fractional calculus, semigroup properties, and stochastic analysis theory are used. We also provide an example to demonstrate the practicality and relevance of our research.

Abstract This paper provides six metaheuristic algorithms, namely Fast Cuckoo Search (FCS), Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA), Dynamic control Cuckoo search (DCCS), Gradient-Based Optimizer (GBO), Northern Goshawk Optimization (NGO), Opposition Flow Direction Algorithm (OFDA) to efficiently solve the optimal power flow (OPF) issue. Under standard and conservative operating settings, the OPF problem is modeled utilizing a range of objectives, constraints, and formulations. Five case studies have been conducted using IEEE 30-bus and IEEE 118-bus standard test systems to evaluate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed algorithms. A performance evaluation procedure is suggested to compare the optimization techniques' strength and resilience. A fresh comparison methodology is created to compare the proposed methodologies with other well-known methodologies. Compared to previously reported optimization algorithms in the literature, the obtained results show the potential of GBO to solve various OPF problems efficiently.

The rise in everyday internet users worldwide can be ascribed to advancements made to the internet worldwide. Attacks by malware cause data loss, hardware destruction, and large financial losses. As a result, this research creates a novel mathematical compartmental dynamical model that, under both fixed and dynamic size network assumptions, can be utilized to precisely predict malware outbreaks. The modeling processes divided the network into seven distinct states and considered the diverse ways that users of the internet interacted with potentially hazardous links. The Hilfer-Katugampola fractional operator was employed to obtain the intended varied states of networks. The existence, uniqueness, equilibrium, and stability of the provided models are thoroughly examined. Then the best control plan is implemented for every network topology. The controllers' objectives are to minimize the costs of data loss due to infections, malware tracing, and public awareness improvements. Ultimately, we confirm the theoretical results by observing the spread of malware using numerical simulations. Results demonstrated the effectiveness of the enforced control measures in maintaining the necessary goals of malware infection management.

Sufficient conditions for controllability of impulsive nonlinear integro-differential equations with ψ-Hilfer fractional derivative are established. The result are obtained by using fractional calculus and Schaefer’s fixed point theorem. Finally, a numerical examples are then provided to demonstrate the outcomes.

Abstract Background Azo dyes represent a common textile dye preferred for its high stability on fabrics in various harsh conditions. Although these dyes pose high-risk levels for all biological forms, fungal laccase is known as a green catalyst for its ability to oxidize numerous dyes. Methods Trichoderma isolates were identified and tested for laccase production. Laccase production was optimized using Plackett–Burman Design. Laccase molecular weight and the kinetic properties of the enzyme, including Km and Vmax, pH, temperature, and ionic strength, were detected. Azo dye removal efficiency by laccase enzyme was detected for Congo red, methylene blue, and methyl orange. Results Eight out of nine Trichoderma isolates were laccase producers. Laccase production efficiency was optimized by the superior strain T. harzianum PP389612, increasing production from 1.6 to 2.89 U/ml. In SDS-PAGE, purified laccases appear as a single protein band with a molecular weight of 41.00 kDa. Km and Vmax values were 146.12 μmol guaiacol and 3.82 μmol guaiacol/min. Its activity was stable in the pH range of 5–7, with an optimum temperature range of 40 to 50 °C, optimum ionic strength of 50 mM NaCl, and thermostability properties up to 90 °C. The decolorization efficiency of laccase was increased by increasing the time and reached its maximum after 72 h. The highest efficiency was achieved in Congo red decolorization, which reached 99% after 72 h, followed by methylene blue at 72%, while methyl orange decolorization efficiency was 68.5%. Conclusion Trichoderma laccase can be used as an effective natural bio-agent for dye removal because it is stable and removes colors very well.

This manuscript explores a new class of Hilfer fractional stochastic differential system, as driven by the Wiener process and Rosenblatt process through the application of non-instantaneous impulsive effects and Poisson jumps. Existence of a mild solution to the considered system is proved. Sufficient conditions for the controllability of the proposed control system are established. To prove our main results, we utilize fractional calculus, stochastic analysis, semigroup theory, and the Sadovskii fixed point theorem. In addition, to illustrate the theoretical findings, we present an example.

Thirty dairy buffaloes were used for 90 days to evaluate the impact of a novel protein source (HI-PRO®), a feed alternative rich in protein (made from Saccharomyces and Bacillus), on the productivity of nursing buffaloes. The nursing water buffaloes had an average weight of 550 ± 11.2 kg. The treatments consisted of diets containing two distinct protein sources: (1) soybean meal (44 % as the control group); and (2) HI-PRO® product. Throughout the trial, measurements of nutritional digestibility and blood metabolites (total protein, albumin, urea, and creatinine) were conducted. Quantity and composition of the milk were measured to determine the content of milk proteins, lipids, and lactose. The outcome of the results showed insignificant decrease in the buffaloes receiving HI-PRO® feed versus control group. Furthermore, there was enhancement in the fiber digestibility by approximately 2.5 % in the HI-PRO® group compared to the control group. The levels of protein, albumin, globulin, urea, and creatinine fall within the normal range for animals in good health. Using HI-PRO® resulted in a marginal improvement in milk production, increasing it by approximately 4.8 % compared to soybean meal. Furthermore, the buffaloes fed HI-PRO® showed a slightly elevated 4 % fat-corrected milk output and milk composition. To summarize, nursing buffaloes can utilize HI-PRO® as an efficient protein source in their diets, replacing soybean meal.

An extended version of (3+1)-dimensional non-linear Schrödinger equation that has a cubic–quintic nonlinear component under the stochastic effects is examined in this investigation. Several stochastic exact solutions of this model is acquired through the application of the improved modified extended tanh-function scheme (IMETFS). This method offers a practical and effective approach to finding precise solutions to several kinds of nonlinear partial differential equations. In addition, these solutions include stochastic soliton solutions (bright, singular, combo dark-singular), and exact solution such as singular periodic, Jacobi elliptic function, Weierstrass elliptic doubly periodic solution, rational, and exponential functions. Since it is the first study of its sort to examine multiplicative white noise’s impacts in this particular setting, it offers fresh insights and innovative research approaches for the field’s future studies. The work adds much to our understanding of soliton theory and how it relates to optical fiber technology while illuminating hitherto unknown facets of multiplicative white noise. To illustrate the impact of the noise, a few recovered solutions with varying noise strengths are given graphically as examples.

Stochastic optical solitons are a fascinating phenomenon in nonlinear optics where soliton-like behavior emerges in systems affected by stochastic noise. This study investigates the influence of Brownian motion on wave propagation in optical fibers. The propagation is modeled using a stochastic nonlinear Schrödinger equation incorporating quintuple power-law nonlinearity and nonlinear chromatic dispersion. To explore this, the improved modified extended tanh (IMET) scheme, leveraging the extended Riccati equation, is employed. This technique facilitates the extraction of various stochastic solutions, including bright, dark, and singular solitons. Furthermore, solutions in the shapes of exponential, singular periodic, and Weierstrass elliptic forms are investigated. The study looks at how the strength of noise impacts various solutions, and Matlab software is used to create 2D and 3D graphs that show the results. It has been noted that when noise intensity rises, signal level falls and surface flattens.

This study examines the analytic wave solutions of a fourth-order (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation with higher-order odd and even terms using the modified Sardar sub-equation method. The modified Sardar sub-equation method has simple calculations, high accuracy, low computational effort and provides variety of solution forms. The results show a wide range of solutions including bright, dark and singular solitons as well as hyperbolic, periodic, singular periodic, and exponential solutions. Assigning suitable values to free parameters allows for the graphic representation of the dynamical wave structures of some analytical solutions using two- and three-dimensional graphics.

Abstract Background Critical illness myopathy (CIM) has negative impact on patient outcomes. We aimed to explore the diagnostic value of bedside ultrasonography for early identification of CIM in septic patients and its correlation with other diagnostic methods. This prospective observational study included 40 ICU patients diagnosed with sepsis on admission or within 48 h later according to the third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). They were evaluated using muscle ultrasound, electrodiagnostic and clinical muscle assessment (Medical Research Council, MRC) at two time points, the first was between days 2 and 5 and the second was between days 10 and 15. Results There was significant deterioration of neuromuscular function between the two evaluation points demonstrated by decline in MRC, abnormal nerve conduction and electromyography (EMG) and increased muscle echogenicity on ultrasonography (P ≤ 0.001). Sepsis-Related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score significantly correlated with different neuromuscular assessment tools. MRC had significant correlation with myopathic EMG (P ≤ 0.001, r = − 0.869) and increased muscle echogenicity (P ≤ 0.001, r = − 0.715). Abnormal ultrasonographic muscle architecture had sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 75% and positive likelihood ratio of 4 in detecting muscle dysfunction compared to myopathic EMG. Conclusions Bedside peripheral muscle ultrasound echogenicity grade could be used as an additional screening test in ICU septic patients for early detection of CIM.

In this paper, we investigate soliton solutions and other exact solutions of the highly dispersive perturbed nonlinear Schrödinger equation having Kudryashov's arbitrary form with sextic-power law of refractive index and generalized non-local laws. Studying is conducted by applying the modified extended direct algebraic method, which offers several types of solutions. The extracted solutions including (combo bright-dark, singular, dark, bright) solitons, exponential solutions, rational solutions and singular periodic solutions. The extracted solutions confirmed the effectiveness and strength of the current technology. To illustrate the properties of some solutions, graphic representations of those solutions are given. This study contributes to the understanding of nonlinear wave phenomena and showcases the applicability of the modified extended direct algebraic method in obtaining exact solutions for complex nonlinear equations. The optical solitons produced in respect to this form have never been explored by the proposed technique before, and the results have never been published.

This paper introduces a new mathematical modeling of a thermoelastic and electromagnetic infinite body with a cylindrical cavity in the context of four different thermoelastic theorems; Green–Naghdi type-I, type-III, Lord–Shulman, and Moore–Gibson–Thompson. Due to the convergence of the four theories under study and the simplicity of putting them in a unified equation that includes these theories, the theories were studied together. The bunding plane of the cavity surface is subjected to ramp-type heat and is connected to a rigid foundation to stop the displacement. The novelty of this work is considering Maxwell’s time-fractional equations under the Caputo fractional derivative definition. Laplace transform techniques were utilized to obtain solutions by using a direct approach. The Laplace transform’s inversions were calculated using Tzou’s iteration method. The temperature increment, strain, displacement, stress, induced electric field, and induced magnetic field distributions were obtained numerically and represented in figures. The time-fractional parameter of Maxwell’s equations has a significant impact on all the mechanical studied functions and does not affect the thermal function. The time-fractional parameter of Maxwell’s equations works as a resistance to deformation, displacement, stress, and induced magnetic field distributions, while it acts as a catalyst to the induced electric field through the material.

This paper introduces a new mathematical modelling method of a thermoelastic and electromagnetic half-space in the context of four different thermoelastic theorems: Green–Naghdi type-I, and type-III; Lord–Shulman; and Moore–Gibson–Thompson. The bunding plane of the half-space surface is subjected to ramp-type heat and traction-free. We consider that Maxwell’s time-fractional equations have been under Caputo’s fractional derivative definition, which is the novelty of this work. Laplace transform techniques are utilized to obtain solutions using the state-space approach. Laplace transform’s inversions were calculated using Tzou’s iteration method. The temperature increment, strain, displacement, stress, induced electric field, and induced magnetic field distributions were obtained numerically and are illustrated in figures. The time-fraction parameter of Maxwell’s equations had a major impact on all the studied functions. The time-fractional parameter of Maxwell’s equations worked as resistant to the changing of temperature, particle movement, and induced magnetic field, while it acted as a catalyst to the induced electric field through the material. Moreover, all the studied functions have different values in the context of the four studied theorems.

A depth precast deck panel (FDDP) is one element of the prefabricated bridge element and systems (PBES) that allows for quick un-shored assembly of the bridge deck on-site as part of the accelerated bridge construction (ABC) technology. This paper investigates the structural response of full-depth precast deck panels (FDDPs) constructed with new construction materials and connection details. FDDP is cast with normal strength concrete (NSC) and reinforced with high modulus (HM) glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) ribbed bars. The panel-to-girder V-shape connections use the shear pockets to accommodate the clustering of the shear connectors. A novel transverse connection between panels has been developed, featuring three distinct female-to-female joint configurations, each with 175-mm projected GFRP bars extending from the FDDP into the closure strip, complemented by a female vertical shear key and filled with cementitious materials. The ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) was selectively used to joint-fill the 200-mm transverse joint between adjacent precast panels and the shear pockets connecting the panels to the supporting girders to ensure full shear interaction. Two actual-size FDDP specimens for each type of the three developed joints were erected to perform fatigue tests under the footprint of the Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code (CHBDC) truck wheel loading. The FDDP had a 200-mm thickness, 2500-mm width, and 2400-mm length in traffic direction; the rest was over braced steel twin girders. Two types of fatigue test were performed: incremental variable amplitude fatigue (VAF) loading and constant amplitude fatigue (CAF) loading, followed by monotonically loading the slab ultimate-to-collapse. It was observed that fatigue test results showed that the ultimate capacity of the slab under VAF loading or after 4 million cycles of CAF exceeded the factored design wheel load specified in the CHBDC. Also, the punching shear failure mode was dominant in all the tested FDDP specimens.

This work introduces a new mathematical model for viscothermoelastic semiconducting solid spheres of ceramic materials considering the photothermal interaction using three types of the Green–Naghdi heat conduction model. The outer surface of a solid sphere is loaded thermally using ramp-type heat as a boundary condition. Following that, Laplace transforms and their inversion forms have been applied. The figures show that the mechanical relaxation time and ramp-time heat parameters have significant effects on the increase in carrier density and temperature, in addition to strain, displacement, the average of principal stresses, and the strain-energy density. The energy produced by viscothermoelastic semiconducting materials based on photothermal interaction may be controlled by the ramp-time heat parameter. The novelty of this work is to test the three types of the Green–Naghdi heat conduction model and apply the model to zirconia, a ceramic material.

The objective of this paper is to investigate the existence of mild solutions and optimal controls for a class of stochastic Hilfer-Katugampola fractional differential inclusions (SHKFDIs) with non-instantaneous impulsive (NIIs) that is strengthened by Brownian motion (BM) and the Clarke sub-differential. First, we establish a new set of sufficient conditions for the existence of mild solutions of the aforementioned fractional systems by using stochastic analysis, the Clarke sub-differential's characteristics, and the multi-valued fixed point theorem. Subsequently, by employing Balder's theorem, the existence of optimal control pairs for the considered system is investigated. Eventually, an example is provided to validate the obtained results.

Because it is used in communication and information technology, the propagation of pulses in optical fibers has become a significant research subject in recent years. Mathematical models have been created to describe the behaviors of optical solitons in optical fibres, such as the Kaup-Newell equation, the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with various types of nonlinearity, and others. A model among these is the newly generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation with triple refractive index and non-local nonlinearity. To secure optical solitons for a particular case of this novel model, we used the improved modified extended tanh function approach. Different solutions have been acquired such as bright solitons, dark solitons, singular solitons, singular periodic solutions, trigonometric solutions, and hyperbolic solutions. Some of the discovered solutions are shown in 2D and 3D graphs for better comprehension and demonstration.

In this paper, we consider the nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) with nonlocal nonlinearity having nonlinear chromatic dispersion and Kudryashov’s generalized quintuple-power. For the suggested model, dark solitons, and singular solitons are investigated using the modified extended mapping approach. Furthermore, rational solutions, exponential solutions, hyperbolic wave solutions, singular periodic solutions, and Jacobi elliptic function solutions are shown. We impose certain limits on the parameters in order to guarantee the existence of the obtained soliton solutions. Furthermore, a few chosen solutions are also displayed graphically to illustrate the physical characteristics of the precise solutions. Furthermore, we use the idea of modulation instability analysis to discuss the stability of the derived wave solutions.

In this paper, the modified extended direct algebraic technique is used for determining new and various traveling wave solutions to the coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) with Kudryashov's law of nonlinearity. This model describes the propagation of optical solitons through magneto-optic wave-guides. Various solutions such as dark solitons, singular solitons, hyperbolic solutions, singular periodic solutions, rational solutions, Jacobi elliptic solutions and Weierstrass elliptic function solution are raised. To demonstrate the physical behavior of the obtained solutions, 3D and 2D graphs are introduced.

In this paper, the improved modified extended Tanh function technique is used to find analytical solutions to the cubic-quartic Lakshmanan-Porsezian-Daniel model which describes the pulse propagation in optical fiber. Using the traveling wave theory, the nonlinear partial differential form of the cubic-quartic Lakshmanan-Porsezian-Daniel equation is transformed into an ordinary differential equation. Then applying the proposed methods bright, dark, bright-dark, periodic, singular, and Jacobian elliptic solutions were derived as analytical solutions. Besides, hyperbolic, rational, trigonometric, and exponential functions were also obtained. In order to understand the obtained solutions, graphical simulations were depicted by 3D surfaces and 2D graphs.

Background: Somatic embryogenesis offers a reliable method for cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) regeneration and genetic enhancement against Fusarium wilt. This study aimed to establish a tailored somatic embryogenesis system for Egyptian cultivars, fostering genetic improvements and Fusarium wilt-resistance lines. Results: Employing the Optimal Arbitrary Design (OAD) approach, we optimized the induction medium, initiating prolific embryogenic calli (53.3 %) at 1 mg/L 2,4-D. The cotyledonary leaf (CL) was the preferred explant, showing 60 % embryogenic callus development. Bieth Alpha exhibited higher responsiveness, generating ∼ 18 somatic embryos per explant compared to Prince's ∼ 10. Somatic embryogenesis system validation used quantitative RT-PCR, showing Cucumis sativus splicing factor 3B subunit (CUS1) and an embryogenesis marker gene expression exclusively within embryogenic calli and mainly during embryogenesis initiation. Evaluating fungal toxin filtrate concentrations for selecting embryogenic calli, the S2 selection (25 % filtrate, four subculture cycles) was chosen for somatic embryo development. To gauge the ramifications of selection at the genetic stratum, an in-depth analysis was executed. A cluster analysis grounded in ISSR banding patterns revealed a distinct separation between in vivo-cultivated plants of the two cultivars and regenerated plants devoid of pathogen filtrate treatment or those regenerated post-filtrate treatment. This segregation distinctly underscores the discernible genetic impact of the selection process. Conclusions: The highest embryogenic capacity (53.3%) was achieved in this study by optimizing the induction stage, which demonstrated the optimal concentrations of BA and 2,4-D for induced proembryonic masses. Moreover, consistent gene expression throughout both stages of embryogenesis suggests that our system unequivocally follows the somatic embryogenesis pathway.

Recently, Numerous metaheuristic techniques have been utilized for the expedient identification of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells ‎ (PEMFCs) models. The reported techniques can inspect fickle in a wide search space for finding optimal solutions at the appropriate time. In this paper, recent optimization techniques are intended to better identify the unknown parameters of various PEMFCs. Three neoteric metaheuristic techniques of the Gazelle optimization algorithm (GOA), Prairie Dog Optimization Algorithm (PDO), and Reptile Search Algorithm (RSA) have been applied and evaluated. The proposed optimization algorithms have been validated for identifying the parameters of three PEMFCs‎: BCS 500 W PEMFC, SR-12 500 W PEMFC, and 250 W PEMFC stack‎. The sum of the squared errors (SSE) between the estimated voltage and the corresponding measured data was formulated as the objective function (OF). MATLAB/Simulink has been employed to validate the proposed optimization methods. The results showed that the three optimization techniques can solve the Fuel Cell ‎(FC) parameters identification optimization problem. Moreover, there are insignificant distinctions between the three applied methods with regard to their optimal value of the objective function. The finest technique considering the average value of the objective function is GOA for BCS 500 W-PEM with 0.0115, while the worst algorithm is PDO with 0.0112. Additionally, the statistical results prove that the three algorithms have 100%, 99.99%, and 100% tracking efficiencies for GOA, PDO, and RSA, respectively, according to 30 individual launches of BCS 500 W-PEM. The results have been evaluated via those of published articles. The I/V curves achieved employing GOA, PDO, and RSA methods provided a good agreement with the corresponding measured ones with the superiority of the GOA relating to the convergence speed, tracking efficiency, statistical metrics, and estimation accuracy.

Abstract The present study focuses on enhancing the mechanical, thermal, and degradation behavior of polylactic acid (PLA) by adding carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with different concentrations of 0.5, 1, 3, and 5%. The CNTs were prepared using catalytic chemical vapor deposition, and the prepared PLA/CNTs nanocomposite films were characterized using techniques such as FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, TGA, SEM, and XRD. The distinct diffraction patterns of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) at 2θ angles of 25.7° and 42.7° were no longer observed in the prepared nanocomposites, indicating uniform dispersion of MWCNTs within the PLA matrix. The presence of MWCNTs enhanced the crystallinity of PLA as the CNT loading increased. Mechanical tests demonstrated that incorporating CNTs positively influenced the elongation at the break while decreasing the ultimate tensile strength of PLA. The PLA-3%CNTs composition exhibited the highest elongation at break (51.8%) but the lowest tensile strength (64 MPa). Moreover, thermal gravimetric analysis confirmed that the prepared nanocomposites exhibited greater thermal stability than pure PLA. Among the nanocomposites, PLA-5% CNTs exhibited the highest thermal stability. Furthermore, the nanocomposites demonstrated reduced surface degradation in accelerated weathering tests, with a more pronounced resilience to UV radiation and moisture-induced deterioration observed in PLA-3% CNTs.

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) provides ellipsoidal heights, whereas engineering projects need orthometric heights of points. Thus, to take advantage of GNSS in engineering work, the relation between orthometric and ellipsoid height must be determined as a function of position by geoid modeling. The Red Sea coastal cities have various natural potentials that render them economically promising cities that are attractive to numerous investors and visitors alike. Over the past years, there has been an increased governmental awareness of setting up large projects in these cities. With the increasing utilization of GNSS in a number of these projects, there is an imperative need to develop a local geoid model in this region. This study is an attempt to use a geometric method for the study area in order to develop a local geoid model and a local digital elevation model. In addition, the performance of EGM2008, SRTM, and ASTER is evaluated. In order to develop the local geoid model, the polynomial regression method and Artificial Neural network (ANN) technique are employed. Performance evaluation of the studied methods is based on a compilation of various statistical parameters and goodness-of-fit measures, followed by a comparison of methods outputs. The study indicates significant improvements in the local geoid model when using both methods. Additionally, the model resulting from the ANN appears more reliable compared to the calculated model using polynomial regression. In this study, the accuracy of EGM2008 is about ±0.466 m. Moreover, regarding the global digital elevation model, ASTER outperforms SRTM by about ±0.905 m.

This paper presents a comprehensive study focused on evaluating the strain generated within short concrete columns reinforced with glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars and spirals under concentric compressive axial loads. This research was motivated by the lack of sufficient data in the literature regarding strain in such columns. Five full-scale RC columns were cast and tested, comprising four strengthened with GFRP reinforcement and one reference column reinforced with steel bars and spirals. This study thoroughly examined the influence of various test parameters, such as the reinforcement type, longitudinal reinforcement ratio, and spacing of spiral reinforcement, on the strain in concrete, GFRP bars, and spirals. The experimental results showed that GFRP–RC columns exhibited similar strain behavior to steel–RC columns up to 85% of their peak loads. The study also highlighted that the bearing capacity of the columns increased by up to 25% with optimized reinforcement ratios and spiral spacing, while the failure mode transitioned from a ductile to a more brittle nature as the reinforcement ratio increased. Additionally, it is preferable to limit the compressive strain in GFRP bars to less than 20% of their ultimate tensile strain and the strain in GFRP spirals to less than 12% of their ultimate strain to ensure the safe and reliable use of these materials in RC columns. This research also considers the prediction of the axial load capacities using established design standards permitting the use of FRP bars in compressive members, namely ACI 440.11-22, CSA-S806-12, and JSCE-97, and underscores their limitations in accurately predicting GFRP–RC columns’ failure capacities. This study proposes an equation to enhance the prediction accuracy for GFRP–RC columns, considering the contributions of concrete, spiral confinement, and the axial stiffness of longitudinal GFRP bars. This equation addresses the shortcomings of existing design standards and provides a more accurate assessment of the axial load capacities for GFRP–RC columns. The proposed equation outperformed numerous other equations suggested by various researchers when employed to estimate the strength of 42 columns gathered from the literature.

In this paper, we explore the approximative controllability of fractional stochastic differential inclusions (SDIs) of Sobolev-type with fractional derivatives in Atangana-Baleanu (AB) sense and Poisson jumps. Our findings are supported by the fixed point theorem, multi-valued map theory, compact semigroup theory and stochastic analysis principles. In the later part, an illustration is provided to clarify the established outcomes.

In this work, we consider a concatenation model that is a concatenated version of the familiar nonlinear Schrödinger’s equation, Lakshmanan–Porsezian–Daniel equation and the Sasa–Satsuma equation. With the help of the improved modified extended tanh-function method (IMETFM), new families of solutions are extracted for the proposed model. Bright solitons, dark solitons, combo bright-dark solitons, singular solitons, periodic solutions, exponential solutions, rational solutions and Jacobi elliptic solutions are obtained. The IMETFM enables to recover a wide spectrum of solutions to the governing model. The extracted solutions confirmed the efficacy and strength of the current technique. Moreover, the graphs for some solutions are presented to demonstrate their physical nature.

In this manuscript, the improved modified extended tanh integration technique is implemented to investigate the exact solutions of stochastic Ginzburg–Landau model driven by Wiener process which appeared in various fields of chemistry, mathematics and physics. Many types of stochastic wave solutions are raised such as hyperbolic stochastic solutions, trigonometric stochastic solutions, Weierstrass elliptic stochastic solutions and Jacobi elliptic stochastic solutions. Moreover, 3D and 2D graphical representations are depicted to show the effect of the multiplicative noise on the propagated waves. The results reveal that as the noise level increases, the wave degrades. The wave is distorted when σ⩾1. In addition, the 3D graphical representation show that the propagated wave is flattered when the noise strength is increased. These solutions may be applicable in various applications in applied science. The proposed method is efficient, direct and powerful.

In this work, we investigate the fourth order nonlinear Schrödinger's equation with cubic–quintic–septic–nonic nonlinearity that is frequently encountered in modern physics study. Additionally, it is an important equation for researching problems with light pulse transmission in nonlinear dispersive optical medium. Studying is conducted by applying the improved modified extended tanh-function scheme. Various types of solutions, such as bright solitons, hyperbolic solutions, singular solitons and dark solitons solutions are extracted for the investigated model. The extracted solutions confirmed the efficacy and strength of the current technique. To illustrate the physical characteristics of the established solutions, many selected solutions are visually depicted.

The higher order nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) describes ultrashort pulse propagation in optical fibres. In this paper, we discuss analytically the non-linear schrödinger equation with higher order dispersion terms up to sixth order and sextic power law of nonlinearity with the help of the improved modified extended tanh-function scheme. New families of solutions, such as dark solitons, singular solitons, rational solutions, periodic solutions and exponential type solutions, have been extracted. Extracted solutions will be useful in the development of the communication systems. Furthermore, some solutions are graphically depicted to demonstrate their physical nature by using distinct values of the parameters.

Optical soliton solutions in birefringent fibers and other analytic solutions for Sasa-Satsuma equation with Kerr law nonlinearity are investigated using extended F-expansion method. Bright, dark, singular, combo bright-singular, combo dark-singular and combo singular soliton solutions are extracted. Also, periodic, rational and Jacobi elliptic functions solutions are derived. Finally, we offer some 3D, 2D and contour plots to illustrate the nature of the provided solutions.

In this study, we investigate the soliton solutions for stochastic (3+1) dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE). Our Study mainly depends on applying the modified extended mapping method to construct various and novel stochastic solutions for the proposed model. These solutions including (dark, bright, and singular) solitons. Moreover, singular periodic solutions, Weierstrass elliptic function solutions, and Jacobi elliptic function (JEF) solutions are raised. For a variety of nonlinear stochastic partial differential equations, this method offers a practical and effective method for determining exact stochastic solutions. The stochastic noise effects forcing the wave to behave differently from deterministic cases prognosticated. To illustrate the physical characteristics of the established stochastic solutions, some selected solutions are presented graphically. We used Mathematica (11.3) packages to find the coefficients and Matlab (R2015a) packages to plot the graphs.

In this article, stochastic solutions of Radhakrishnan–Kundu–Lakshmanan equation (RKLE) with multiplicative noise are investigated. Studying is conducted with the aid of the modified extended direct algebraic integration technique which depended on the extended Riccati equation. To aid in our evaluation, a graphic representation of noise’s impact on the retrieved solutions is presented using MATLAB software packages.

Background and aim An endoscope is a visual instrument used to inspect the internal cavities of the human body. Upper endoscopy has effective diagnostic and therapeutic functions; it can be used in patients with signs or symptoms suggestive of upper gastrointestinal (GI) disease, surveillance for upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT) malignancy in high-risk population, and also stoppage of upper GIT bleeding. The work is aimed to document the demographic characteristics, indications, endoscopic findings, and interventions done among patients referred to Al-Azhar Assiut University Hospital in the last 2 years (2019–2020). Patients and methods The study was conducted at the endoscopy unit in from January 2019 to December 2020. Results Our study showed that the most prevalent age group was aged between 20 and 50 years (65.4%). There is a slight predominance of female patients (51%) versus 49% who were males and the most common indications, while peptic ulcer disease was the most common endoscopic finding. Conclusion The most common indications were epigastric pain and upper GIT bleeding, while the most common GI finding was peptic ulcer disease. Also, esophageal varices were common esophageal findings for which band ligation and injection sclerotherapy were done.

Throughout this article, the improved modified extended tanh function method is presented for deriving fresh travelling wave alternative solutions in different forms of nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) with higher-order dispersive and nonlinear effects that describes the propagation of ultra-short optical solitons in an optical fiber medium. For this model, we have a variety of new solutions, including solitons (bright, dark and singular), exponential, singular periodic and Jacobi elliptic solutions. Graphical representations of selected solutions are provided to demonstrate the physical properties of the raised solutions.

Cubic-quartic optical solitons and other solutions for Biswas-Milovic equation with dual-power law nonlinearity are investigated using improved modified extended tanh-function method. Bright soliton solutions, dark soliton solutions, singular soliton solutions, singular periodic solutions, Jacobi elliptic solutions and hyperbolic solutions are extracted. Furthermore, some selected solutions are described graphically to demonstrate the physical nature of obtained solutions.

Modern homes are experiencing unprecedented levels of convenience because of the proliferation of smart devices. In order to improve communication between smart home devices, this paper presents a novel approach that particularly addresses interference caused by different transmission systems. The core of the suggested framework is an intelligent Internet of Things (IoT) system designed to reduce interference. By using adaptive communication protocols and sophisticated interference management algorithms, the framework minimizes interference caused by overlapping transmissions and guarantees effective data sharing. This can be accomplished by creating an optimization model that takes into account the dynamic nature of the smart home environment and intelligently allocates resources. By maximizing the signal quality at the destination and optimizing the distribution of frequency channels and transmission power levels, the model seeks to minimize interference. A deep learning technique is used to augment the optimization model by adaptively learning and predicting interference patterns from real-time observations and historical data. The experimental results show how effective the suggested hybrid strategy is. While the deep learning model adjusts to shifting interference dynamics, the optimization model efficiently controls resource allocation, leading to better data reception performance at the destination. The system’s robustness is assessed in various kinds of situations to demonstrate its flexibility in responding to changing smart home settings. This work not only offers a thorough framework for interference reduction but also clarifies how deep learning and mathematical optimization can work together to improve the dependability of data reception in smart homes.

New exact solutions for the perturbation higher order nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) with dual-power law nonlinearity are investigated using the ϕ6 expansion method. This type of NLSE models the propagation of femtosecond pulses in fiber optics which has many applications such as infrared time-resolved spectroscopy, ultrahigh-bit-rate optical communication systems and ultrafast optics. The application of ϕ6 expansion technique provided many different types of solutions. Dark solitons, bright solitons, singular solitons, hyperbolic solutions, periodic and singular periodic solutions are obtained. The graphical representations of some selected solutions are provided to present both the dynamical behavior of solutions and the effect of changing the nonlinearity degree on their dynamical behavior. This study concludes that the nonlinearity degree controls the dynamical behavior of the light pulse.

The stochastic complex Ginzburg–Landau model with parabolic law nonlinearity and chromatic dispersion is investigated in this research study. In many fields of science, including fluid dynamics and optical fibers, this model is utilized to represent the wave nature. In this study, the improved modified extended tanh approach is used. This method provides a wide variety of solutions, including dark, singular and bright solitons. Furthermore, exponential, singular periodic and Weierstrass elliptic solutions are provided. For a variety of nonlinear partial differential equations, this method offers a practical and effective method for determining exact solutions. The impact of the noise is illustrated graphically using examples of some of the retrieved solutions with various noise strengths.

This context focuses on examining the manner in which localized waves travel through a non-linear medium that adheres to a dual-power law. This medium encompasses a range of disruptions like inter modal dispersion, self frequency shift, and self-steepening effects. This investigation entails employing an improved modified extended tanh function (IMETF) technique to obtain various novel optical soliton solutions which include bright, dark, singular and combo singular-dark solitons. Furthermore, we extract singular periodic, exponential, rational, and Weierstrass elliptic solutions. To showcase their physical characteristics, we provide graphical representations in 3D and 2D of some of the derived solutions.

In our study we implement an improved modified extended tanh-function (IMETF) method for constructing new solitons and other types of solutions with NLSE having Kudryashov’s generalized nonlinear refractive index. Bright, dark and singular optical soliton solutions have been recovered for the model by this approach. Moreover, 3D and contour graphs are plotted for more illustration.