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Sweet melon (Cucumis melo) seed is generally considered as agro-waste, however, the current study aimed to use this waste as a valuable oil source. The seed oil extracted by two different extraction techniques (cold press and solvent extraction) was investigated for its anti-hyperlipidemic potential. Hyperlipidemic rabbits were fed on the diet supplemented with sweet melon seed oil for 6 weeks (42 days) and thoroughly examined for the change in their lipid profile.The blood lipid profile indicated a significant decrease in total cholesterol triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) contents of blood in hyperlipidemic rabbits fed on the diet supplemented with sweet melon seed oils while high-density lipoprotein (HDL) contents showed a noteworthy increase during the study period.Cucumis melo seed oil can be used to control hyperlipidemia without restricting the intake of lipids in diet. Solvent extraction provided better results regarding extraction yield and product functionality than cold press method. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

The Objective of the Study:-To estimate whether the initial C-reactive protein (CRP) and Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels are able to act as markers of severity and prognosis in COVID-19 adult patients. Patients and Method: This cross sectional study was conducted in the Marjan medical teaching city during the period from January 2021 to augest2021. 100 Patients who complained from fever or chest symptoms were enrolled after laboratory confirmation of COVID19 via RT-PCR. Chest computed tomography scan(CT) was then performed to classify the patients into mild, moderate and severe, critical pneumonia groups according to world health organization(WHO)classification, initial plasma CRP level and LDH level were measured for all patients. Follow up and documentation were done for all patients. A thoracic radiologist interprets chest CT scan and produces a structured report. An informed written consent was obtained from each participant. Results: Cross sectional study of 100 cases with COVID 19 infection, mean age of patients (51.6 ± 15.5) years.51%are females and 49% are male, (79%) of patients admitted to hospital and then get well and discharged,16% died. CRP and LDH increase in complicated patients with COVID 19 infection. Critical cases have high LDH than other types of severity.

يهدف البحث الحالي بناء برنامج ترويحي لخفض الإدمان على الأنترنيت, وقد طبق البحث على طلبة المرحلة الإعدادية في مركز محافظة صلاح الدين للعام الدراسي(2018 -2019) تألفت عينة تطبيق البرنامج من (60) طالباً من الذين أظهروا ارتفاعاً في الإدمان على الأنترنيت. تكون البرنامج من (12) جلسة عرضت على مجموعة من الخبراء في مجال التربية وعلم النفس واتفق معظم الخبراء على صلاحية البرنامج الترويحي بعد إجراء التعديلات التي اقترحوها, وطبق البرنامج على أفراد المجموعة التجريبية في الكورس الأول للعام الدراسي 2018 -2019, بعد ذلك طبقت الباحثة مقياس الإدمان على الأنترنيت على أفراد المجموعتين لغرض التحقق من أثر البرنامج الترويحي, واستخدمت الباحثة الوسائل الإحصائية المناسبة للتوصل للنتائج التي أظهرت أثر البرنامج الترويحي في خفض الإدمان على الأنترنيت لدى أفراد المجموعة التجريبية، وقدمت الباحثة عدد من التوصيات والمقترحات.

هدف البحث التعرف على أثر استعمال أنموذج التعلم البنائي في اكتساب المفاهيم التاريخية عند طلاب الصف الثاني المتوسط واتجاهاتهم نحو المادة, وللتحقق من هذا الهدف اعتمد الباحث التصميم شبه التجريبي ذا الضبط الجزئي بمجموعتين (تجريبية وضابطة) ذات الاختبار البعدي, اما عينة البحث فقد بلغت (30) طالباً للمجموعة التجريبية و(29) طالباً للمجموعة الضابطة، وتم اجراء التكافؤ بين المجموعتين بعدد من المتغيرات, وبعد الانتهاء من تدريس جميع المادة العلمية طبق اختبار اكتساب المفاهيم التاريخية على المجموعتين كما طبق مقياس الاتجاه نحو المادة, واستعمل الوسائل الاحصائية المناسبة لغرض تحليل البيانات احصائيا مثل المتوسطات والانحرافات(t.test)، لعينتين مستقلتين معادلة( كيودر ريتشاردسون20)،ومعامل ارتباط بيرسون ووجد ان هناك فرقاً ذا دلالة احصائية عند مستوى الدلالة (0.05) وبدرجة حرية (57) بين المتوسطات لصالح المجموعة التجريبية في اختبار اكتساب المفاهيم التاريخية ومقياس الاتجاه نحو المادة ومن ذلك استنتج الباحث ان هناك أثراً ايجابياً لاستخدام انموذج التعلم البنائي في تدريس المفاهيم التاريخية للطلاب والاتجاه نحو المادة، وبناءً على هذه النتائج وضع الباحث بعض المقترحات والتوصيات.

Land surface temperature (LST) is defined as a phenomenon which shows that microclimate of an urban system gets heated much faster than its surrounding rural climates. The expansion of buildings has a noteworthy influence on land use/land cover (LULC) due to conversion of vegetation land into commercial and residential areas and their associated infrastructure by which LST is accelerated. The objective of the research was to study the impact of changes in LULC on LST of Southern Punjab (Pakistan) through remote sensing (RS) data. Landsat images of 30-year duration (1987, 1997, 2007 and 2017) were employed for identifying vegetation indices and LST in the study region. These images also helped to work out normalized difference water index (NDWI) and normalized difference built-up index (NDBI) maps. There was an increase from 29620 (3.63 %) to 88038 ha (10.8 %) in built-up area over the 30 years. LST values were found in the range 12-42 °C, 11-44 °C, 11-45 °C and 11-47 °C in the years 1987, 1997, 2007 and 2017, respectively. Regression coefficients (R

Nanoparticles fabricated with biological reducing agents to minimize toxic effects of chemicals are being focused worldwide. Biologically synthesized metal oxide nanomaterials have become integral part of nanotechnology. The current work is providing an insight on ZnO nanoparticles having root extract of Z. officinale and A. sativum in terms of catalytic and antimicrobial action potential. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Ultra-Violet visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The synthesized nanoparticles showed strong absorption at 365 nm with size range between 31.64 and 44 nm for Z. officinale and 28–45 nm in case of A. sativum-doped ZnO as revealed by UV–vis and XRD. The Z. officinale-doped nanoparticles demonstrated enhanced antibacterial activity against multiple drug-resistant S. aureus at increasing concentrations (0.5, 1.0 mg/50 µl) and also actively degraded methylene blue (MB) dye. ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by green approach have potential to resolve emerging drug resistance against pathogenic bacterial diseases. Conclusively, significant inhibition zones resulted against (MDR) S. aureus ranging 1.80–2.25 mm and 2.3–3 mm at low and high concentrations for Z. officinale while, 1.7–2.05 mm and 2.2–2.7 mm for A. sativum-doped ZnO-NPs.

As a non-thermally stable product, nanoemulsion followed by an encapsulation process was fabricated to enhance the techno-functional performance and sustainable applications of Lavandula angustifolia essential oil (La.EO). Integrated ultrasound-microwave techniques were used to enhance the release of Clevenger-hydrodistillation isolation of La.EO. Refined, bleached, and deodorized sunflower oil (RBDSFo) was used as a high unsaturated lipid-carrier type. Whey Protein Isolate (WPI, 95%) was used as a natural-biodegradable polymer wall material to formulate and stabilize Oil-in-Water nanoemulsion (O/W-NE). DLS, CLSM, and TEM were used to study the techno-functional characteristics of La.EO-nanoparticles. SEM, XRD, and FTIR spectroscopy were used to study the efficiency of the encapsulation process of La.EO. The fabricated formulations using a High-pressure Homogenizer showed a highly efficient at reducing the interfacial tension of O/W-NE interfaces. That led to produce nano-scaled droplets reached 128.8 d.nm with a polydispersity index of 0.151, and a ζ-potential of −42.1 mV. The optimized formulation of nanoemulsion showed a slight change in droplet size, PdI, and ζ-potential through 28 days of storage at ambient temperature. La.EO-nanoemulsion was stable against aggregation and coalescence at thermal destabilizing stresses similar to that can be exposed to in the commercial storage conditions (5, 25 and 45 °C) at neutral pH. The findings of this investigation showed that the thermal stability of La.EO can be enhanced through the encapsulation process within edible bio-polymers using both WPI and RBDSFo. In addition, La.EO nanoparticles demonstrated a great potential to be used to enhance the release of bioactive components coated in O/W-NE, as well as, to be used as pathogenic antibacterial agents.

Enzyme modified white cheese (EMWC) was produced to use as flavouring ingredient. White cheese curd coupled with low fat was hydrolysed using combination of proteinases/peptidase to produce a range of proteolysed products followed by lipolysis. The results revealed that lowering pH 5.6 known to impart flavour strength of cheese. The inclusion of enzyme preparations significantly elevated free amino acids and free fatty acids. Developed EMWC had relatively higher levels of volatiles and improved sensory characteristics including less negative attributes such as, astringent, bitter, pungent, rancid, smoky, and more positive attributes, such as the strength of buttery, sweaty, caramel and nutty notes. Spray-dried EMWC powders had low moisture content and water activity values whereas, scanning electron micrographs showed spherical with a uniform distribution and large microparticles size. Because consumers like low fat products with cheese flavour, EMWCs are important products. Thus, process demonstrates the potential to be a cost-effective to produce EMWC flavour as ingredient and may suited to the products in which added. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s13197-018-3526-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The binding capacity of Pb on modified rice bran-insoluble fibers RBIF-0.2, RBIF-1.25, and RBIF-2.0 (0.2%, 1.25%, and 2.0% H2SO4 with 1.25% KOH) having the variable specific surface area and cation-exchange capacity was evaluated. The Pb binding in terms of maximum binding capacity (BCmax) with RBIF increased with pH (2–7). However, the presence of sodium and calcium reduced the binding of Pb to RBIFs. Further, adsorption kinetics followed pseudo-second-order kinetic model when fitted to real Pb sorption data. However, sorption mechanism data (scanning electron microscopy images) were well fitted to Langmuir model instead of Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich that suggests monomolecular adsorption of Pb to RBIF (

Phyto-synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) having reduced chemical toxicity have been focused globally and become essential component of nanotechnology recently. We prepared green phytochemically (ginger and garlic) reduced NiO-NPs to replace synthetic bactericidal and catalytic agent in textile industry. NPs were characterized using ultra-violet visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The synthesis of NPs was confirmed by XRD and UV-Vis having strong absorption at 350 nm with size ranged between 16–52 nm for ginger and 11–59 nm for garlic. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy confirmed pleomorphism with cubic- and more spherical-shaped NPs. Moreover, exact quantities of garlic and ginger extracts (1:3.6 ml) incorporated to synthesize NiO-NPs have been successfully confirmed by FTIR. Phytochemically reduced NPs by garlic presented enhanced bactericidal activity against multiple drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at increasing concentrations (0.5, 1.0 mg/50 μl) and also degraded methylene blue (MB) dye efficiently. Conclusively, green synthesized NiO-NPs are impending activists to resolve drug resistance as well as environment friendly catalytic agent that may be opted at industrial scale.

Legumes have been bestowed with valuable proteins. Legume proteins not only possess superior nutritional, functional, and anti-oxidative properties, they have also been successfully used as nutraceutical ingredients. The GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status and emulsifying characteristics of legume-derived proteins are the main driving forces behind their utilization for the encapsulation of bioactive compounds. In this review we describe the applications of legume proteins as emulsifiers and encapsulants. In addition, modifications (physical, enzymatic, and chemical) to legume proteins as well as combinations with polysaccharides are also reviewed. Modifications may induce structural changes in the legume proteins, inducing favorable emulsification and encapsulation properties. Combinations of legume proteins with polysaccharides may improve their emulsifying properties and stability against extreme pHs, temperatures, and ionic strengths. Physical, chemical and enzymatic modifications are the principle strategies to modify the native structure of legume proteins for the development of novel emulsifiers. More efforts are needed to explore structure-function relationships and the fate of modified legume proteins during digestion and their interaction with bioactive materials.

The effect of spray-dried Soy–Cow's mixed milk enzyme modified (SC-EM) cheese on wheat dough properties and bread aroma was evaluated at either 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0% (w/w). Significant accumulation of amino acids and peptides of dough were noted as SC-EM cheese levels increased. After baking a total of 118 volatile compounds (VCs) were identified in breads having aldehydes, alcohols, esters and acids in major proportions. Higher contents of Maillard product 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 2-methyl-1-propanol, phenylethyl alcohol, undecane, l -limonene, 2-pentyl furan and lipid oxidation compounds hexanoic acid ethyl ester, octanoic acid ethyl ester, decanoic acid ethyl ester, butanoic acid, hexanoic acid and octanoic acid were observed. Isoamyl alcohol, lactic acid ethyl ester, ethyl sorbate and sorbic acid were the newly identified VCs. These results revealed that SC-EM cheese could be used as improver in dough and contribution to bread aroma. Thus, SC-EM cheese has been proposed to be included in fortified bakery products.

Food industry is concentrating on development of novel functional foods fortified/enriched with lipophilic bioactives to improve health and well-being of consumers. β-carotene (BC) and eugenol (EU) co-encapsulated flax seed oil (FSO) emulsions stabilized by octenyl succinic anhydride modified starches (OSA-MS) were spray dried to powders after the emulsification process. Microcapsules showed good dissolution behavior, high (≈90%) microencapsulation efficiency and semi-spherical morphology observed by scanning electron microscopy. A 28 days storage test at 40 °C was carried out to evaluate the effect on physicochemical properties of microcapsules. Microcapsules encapsulated by lower Mw OSA-MS-1 presented higher oxidative stability, lower moisture contents and water activity during storage compared to high Mw OSA-MS-2. Incorporation of EU played its antioxidant role and further improved the oxidative stability as well as retention of core materials. Microcapsules of OSA-MS-1 containing FSO + BC + EU exhibited the maximum retention of BC (71%), EU (84%) and α-linolenic acid (92%). This study indicated a positive role of EU as antioxidant and low Mw OSA-starch as wall material for the encapsulation of lipophilic bioactives that could be used for the development of functional foods and beverages.

This study aims to examine the nonsterilized fermentation conditions for coproduction of pectinases and lipase enzymes using several fruit wastes as an energy source. Thermophilic fungal strain, Pe ...

Aim Anastomotic leak (AL) after anterior resection results in increased morbidity, mortality and local recurrence. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of C-reactive protein (CRP) to predict AL in the first week after anterior resection for rectal cancer. Method A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database that included all patients undergoing anterior resection between January 2008 and December 2013 was performed. The ability of CRP to predict AL was assessed using area under the receiver–operating characteristics (AUC) curves. The severity of AL was defined using the International Study Group of Rectal Cancer (ISREC) grading system. Results Two-hundred and eleven patients were included in the study. Statistically significant differences in mean CRP values were found between those with and without an AL on postoperative days 5, 6 and 7. A CRP value of 132 mg/l on postoperative day 5 had an AUC of 0.75, corresponding to a sensitivity of 70%, a specificity of 76.6%, a positive predictive value of 16.3% and a negative predictive value of 97.5%. Multivariable analysis found that a CRP of > 132 mg/l on postoperative day 5 was the only statistically significant patient factor that was linked to an increased risk of AL (HR = 8.023, 95% CI: 1.936–33.238, P = 0.004). Conclusion Early detection of AL may minimize postoperative complications. CRP is a useful negative predictive test for the development of AL following anterior resection.

β-Carotene (precursor of vitamin A) and α-tocopherol (VE) are essential fat soluble vitamins (FSV) required for better body functioning and deficiencies of these vitamins are linked to many chronic diseases. Encapsulation of FSV into nanoemulsion-based delivery systems improves their aqueous solubility, oxidative stability and bioavailability. In this study, β-carotene (BC) and VE were co-encapsulated using flax seed oil (FSO) or medium chain triglycerides (MCT) as carrier oils and octenyl succinic anhydride modified starch (Purity Gum Ultra, PGU) or Tween-80 (TW) as emulsifiers. Nanoemulsions and bulk carrier oils containing bioactives were stored for 4 weeks to assess the effect of storage temperature on physicochemical properties. Oxidation behavior of bioactives was different in emulsions compared to bulk oil systems. The degradation of FSV was higher at elevated temperature, which was more profound for BC. VE worked as antioxidant for the protection of BC in MCT-based emulsions but it did not protect BC degradation in FSO-based emulsions. However, incorporation of eugenol (EU) improved the oxidative stability as well as retention of FSV in all emulsions. Nanoemulsions containing FSV and EU stabilized by PGU showed overall higher retention of BC (≈42%) and VE (≈90%) after 4 weeks of storage at 40 °C as compared to TW. The higher stability of PGU was due to its ability to form a thicker protective layer around oil droplets. This research provides useful information regarding the simultaneous encapsulation of lipophilic bioactives for the development of functional foods and beverages.

Preparation of oil-in-water nanoemulsions has emerged as a subject of interest for the encapsulation of lipophilic functional ingredients to increase their stability and activity. In this study, black cumin essential oil nanoemulsions (BCO-NE) using different ratios of essential oil with canola and flax seed oils (ripening inhibitors) were formulated and stabilized with octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) modified waxy maize starch. The nanoemulsions exhibited monomodal size distributions with mean droplet diameter below 200 nm and zeta potential above −30, indicating a strong electrostatic repulsion between the dispersed oil droplets. Further, during storage (4 weeks at 25 °C ± 2) emulsions showed shear thinning phenomena and stability towards coalescence. Antimicrobial properties of nanoemulsions were determined by minimum inhibitory concentration and time-kill method against two Gram-positive bacterial (GPB) strains (Bacillus cereus and Listeria monocytogenes). Negatively charged BCO-NE showed prolonged bactericidal activities as compared to pure BCO due to better stability, controlled release and self-assembly with GPB cell membrane followed by destruction of cellular constituents. Our results suggest the application of BCO-NE may be exploited in aqueous food systems for extending the shelf life and other functional properties.

Flax seed oil (FSO) is rich in α-linolenic acid (ALA) and its application as a functional ingredient in oil-in-water systems is limited due to its high vulnerability towards oxidation. To overcome this, flax seed oil nanoemulsions were formulated using eugenol (EUG) as a natural antioxidant and two modified starches (Purity Gum Ultra and Purity Gum 2000) as emulsifier. The effect of eugenol addition and emulsifier type on the size, charge, rheological properties and oxidative stability of nanoemulsions stored under different temperatures (4, 25 and 40 °C) for 4 weeks was investigated. Nanoemulsions containing eugenol, stabilized by Purity Gum Ultra, showed better physical and oxidative stability during storage as compared to Purity Gum 2000 stabilized emulsions. Results revealed higher % retention of ALA (66.34%) and EUG (63.20%) in Purity Gum Ultra stabilized emulsions containing FSO + EUG stored for 4 weeks at 40 °C as compared to Purity Gum 2000 stabilized emulsions containing FSO + EUG. This was attributed to the role of eugenol as antioxidant as well as the formation of a thick protective layer at interface by Purity Gum Ultra due to its higher molecular weight and density.

Invertase (β-fructofuranosidase) finds major applications in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. In the present study, fermentation conditions for invertase production from Saccharomyces cerevisiae Angel using date syrup in shake flask were investigated. The effect of time period (0-96 h), carbon sources (sucrose, date syrup, maltose, galactose, and glucose), nitrogen sources including yeast extract, peptone, urea, meat extract, and ammonium sulphate, pH (4 to 6.5), temperature (30 to 40°C), date syrup concentration (5 to 50 g/L), and inoculum size (1 to 10% v/v) were optimized. Optimum conditions for yeast growth and invertase yield were 20 g/L date syrup, 10 g/L yeast extract, temperature of 37°C, pH 5.5, and 60 h fermentation time. In addition, effect of date syrup concentration and size of inoculum were also optimized. Highest invertase titer of ~190 U/mL were obtained when 40 g/L of date syrup and 10% v/v inoculum were used. These results show great practical potential for invertase production by saving enzyme production cost. Key words: Saccharomyces cerevisiae Angel, invertase, date syrup, β-fructofuranosidase.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of ultrasonic (US) treatment on chemical characteristics and antioxidant potential of pulps obtained from eight mango varieties indigenous to Pakistan. There was a significant (p 0.05) effect of varieties and US treatment on chemical characteristics i.e. pH, acidity, TSS, vitamin C contents, total sugars (%), reducing sugars (%) and non-reducing sugars (%). Microstructure evaluation of pulp from all mango varieties showed deshaped middle lamella and cell wall of cells after 8 min of US treatment. At 4 min of US treatment as per shaped cell wall and middle lamella, the chemical characteristics and antioxidant potential were higher. The total phenolics (TP), flavonoids (TF) and total antioxidant activity (TAA) of pulp from most varieties increased significantly (p 0.05) after US treatment for 4 min but decreased successively after each treatment i.e. 8 and 12 min. The maximum value (314.17 μg AAE/mL pulp) of DPPH was shown by pulp from Dosehri and the minimum (158.67 μg AAE/mL pulp) was found in pulp from Langra before US treatment. The DPPH values of pulp from most of the varieties increased significantly (p 0.05) after US treatment for 4 min but decreased successively after each treatment but pulp from Langra showed increasing trend after 8 min of US treatment which decreased after 12 min of treatment. The total anthocyanin (TA) values of pulp from Chaunsa, Dosehri, Sindhri, Gulab Khas and Langra increased abruptly after US treatment for 4 min but decreased successively after subsequent treatment. The pulp from Desi, Anwar Ratol, Gulab Khas and Langra showed an abrupt decrease in TA after 8 min of US treatment. An increasing trend of values of total carotenoids (TC) was shown by pulp from all mango varieties after 4 min of US treatment but decreasing trend was observed with subsequent increase in time of US treatment.

•Untreated lignocellulosic biomass is fermented to produce bacterial enzymes.•An open (nonaseptic) solid-state fermentation is used to minimize costs.•Thermophilic/alkalophilic fermentation conditions could control contamination.•Much higher titers of enzymes were produced compared to the literature.•Enzymes added to laundry detergents improved stain removal by ∼2.5-fold.

Transglutaminase (TGase)-modified gelatin films containing different levels of physical and chemical networks were prepared by drying films above or below gelation temperature of gelatin. Differences in protein network structure were observed by optical microscopy analysis in freeze-dried film-forming solutions. The relative amount of triple helices decreased when drying temperature increased as observed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The addition of TGase slightly inhibited triple helix formation. TGase-modified films exhibited stronger mechanical properties than blank films, and the highest tensile strength was observed in films dried close to the gelation temperature (25 °C) and the highest elongation at break above it (35 °C). TGase modification enhanced the water resistance and thermal stability of gelatin films by decreasing the water solubility, increasing the glass transition temperature and degradation temperature, respectively, which was further enhanced with increasing drying temperature. The cross-section (SEM) and surface (AFM) microstructure of gelatin films with TGase both appeared more compact and smooth, and improved when temperature increased. The results obtained show that drying temperature may be used to tailor the physical properties of TGase-modified gelatin films for specific applications.

Tea polyphenol (TP)-loaded nanoparticles were formulated by cross-linking chitosan hydrochloride (CSH) and sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin sodium (SBE-β-CD). Inclusion complexes of TP and SBE-β-CD were initially prepared to effectively encapsulate TP in CSH-SBE-β-CD nanoparticles (CSNs). The stoichiometry of these complexes was determined to be 1:1, using epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) as a model guest molecule, based on Job's method. The formation of EGCG-SBE-β-CD inclusion complexes was further confirmed by the fluorescence and NMR spectroscopy, and A-ring of EGCG might be included. Prior to the incorporation of TP, the formation conditions of blank CSNs was investigated, ranging from 1.2/1 to 0.75/1 CSH/SBE-β-CD mass ratio. The particle size of TP-loaded CSNs appeared to be increased with decreasing CSH/SBE-β-CD mass ratio from 1.2/1 to 0.75/1, whereas a decreased trend was obtained in the absence of TP. Regardless the presence of TP or not, the particle size increased with increasing CSH concentration. The encapsulation efficiency increased with increasing CSH concentration or decreasing CSH/SBE-β-CD mass ratio while decreased significantly with increasing TP concentration. Cross-linking between CSH and SBE-β-CD was demonstrated with FTIR analysis, and TP was mainly located in the core of CSNs. Atomic force microscopy images showed that TP-loaded CSNs were regular spherical in shape. Results indicate that CSNs can be used as a promising carrier for the encapsulation of water soluble TP.

Clove oil (CO) anionic nanoemulsions were prepared with varying ratios of CO to canola oil (CA), emulsified and stabilized with purity gum ultra (PGU), a newly developed succinylated waxy maize starch. Interfacial tension measurements showed that CO acted as a co-surfactant and there was a gradual decrease in interfacial tension which favored the formation of small droplet sizes on homogenization until a critical limit (5:5% v/v CO:CA) was reached. Antimicrobial activity of the negatively charged CO nanoemulsion was determined against Gram positive GPB (Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative GNB (Escherichia coli) bacterial strains using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and a time kill dynamic method. Negatively charged PGU emulsified CO nanoemulsion showed prolonged antibacterial activities against Gram positive bacterial strains. We concluded that negatively charged CO nanoemulsion droplets self-assemble with GPB cell membrane, and facilitated interaction with cellular components of bacteria. Moreover, no electrostatic interaction existed between negatively charged droplets and the GPB membrane.

E-ticaret ile ilgili önceki çalışmalar, online alışverişin bir dizi müşteri ve e-ticaret web sitesi değerlendirmeleri olarak kabul edildiğini kanıtladı. Ancak, yapı ve internete duyulan güveni korumak, sanal ortam kompleks bir süreçtir. Bu süreç, perakendecilere acentelere verdikleri sözlerin yerine getirilmesinde dürüstlüğün yanı sıra teknoloji değerlendirmesi biçimini de veriyor. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, B2C e-ticaret web sitelerinde müşterilerin davranışlarını anlamaktadır. Bir vaka çalışması olarak, Türkiye'de yaşayan Irak halkı değerlendirilmektedir. Pazar Oryantasyon, Güvenlik ve güvenilirlik, Kullanıcı Arayüzü Kalitesi, algılanan ürün ve hizmet bilgileri kalitesi, İlişkisel Fayda, Web Sitesi İtibar ve Sosyal Varlığın Önemi ve B2C e-ticaret online güven ile olan ilişkilerinin önemi incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmayı yürütmek amacıyla, anketi gerçekleştirmek için uygun bir örnekleme tekniği kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Türkiye'de yaşayan Iraklı bir topluluk örneği ve veriler üzerine bir anket, Sosyal Bilimler için İstatistik Paketi (SPSS) kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. E-ticarette güven ile e-ticaret faktörleri arasındaki ilişkileri test etmek için Pearson'un korelasyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca, e-ticarette güven seviyelerini tahmin etmek için sekiz önlemin (market oryantasyon, Risk, Güvenlik ve Güvenilirlik, Kullanıcı Arayüzü Kalitesi, algılanan ürün ve hizmet bilgileri kalitesi, İlişkisel Fayda, Web Sitesinin İtibarını ve Sosyal Varlığının Önemi) yeteneğini değerlendirmek üzere hiyerarşik çoklu regresyonlar kullanılmıştır (e-ticarete Güven Ölçeği). Çalışmanın sonuçları gözlemlenen güvenliği gösterdi; gizlilik ve itibar, Türkiye'de yaşayan Iraklı online müşterilere değinerek, müşterilerin online güvenini etkileyen en önemli unsurlardan biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Önemli dereceye sahip diğer unsurlar çeşitlilik gösterir ve farklıdır ancak bunlardan en önemlisi üçüncü taraf algılaması ve gözlemlenen web sitesi kalitesinin çevrimiçi güven ile önemli bir ilişkisinin var olduğunu da göstermiştir. Son olarak, sonuçlarda bağımsız güven değişkeni ile önemli bir bağlantı kurmak için sınırlı bir gösterge sağlanmaktadır. Previous studies about e-commerce demonstrated that online shopping is considered a series of customers and e-commerce websites evaluations. Nevertheless, the construction and preserve the trust in internet and virtual environment is a complex process. This process takes the form of technology evaluation in addition to honesty of retailers in the provision of their promises to agents. The main goal of this study was to understanding behaviors of customers in B2C e-commerce websites. As a case study, the Iraqi people who live in Turkey are evaluated. Market Orientation, Security and Trustworthiness, User Interface Quality, Perceived product and service information quality, Relational Benefit, Importance of website Reputation and Social Presence and their relationships with online trust in B2C e-commerce have been analyzed. In order to conduct this study, a convenience sampling technique to carry out the survey has been conducted. A questionnaire on a sample of Iraqi community who live in Turkey and the data has been analyzed by the use of the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). A Pearson's correlation analysis was used in order to test the relationships between Trust in e-commerce and e-commerce factors. As well as, hierarchical multiple regressions were used to assess the ability of eight measures (Market Orientation, Risk, Security and Trustworthiness, User Interface Quality, Perceived product and service information quality, Relational Benefit, Importance of website Reputation and Social Presence) to predict levels of Trust in e-commerce (Trust in e commerce Scale). The results of the study show that observed security; observed privacy and observed reputation are considered of the most significant elements effect the trust of customers online with mentioning to Iraqi online customers who live in Turkey. Other elements with significant degree are varied and different but the most important of them are perceive third party and observed website quality have important relationship with online trust. Lastly, results providing limited indication to create an important connection with the independent variable of trust. 79

Present study compared the effect of fishmeal and selected plant-origin feed ingredients on digestive enzymes activity as well as on the histology of liver and intestine in abeo rohita. Guar meal (GM), soybean meal (SBM), cotton seed meal (CSM) and canola meal (CM) were used as experimental feed ingredients in the four treatment diets, while fishmeal (FM) incorporated diet served as control. There were three replicates for each of the treatment and control diets. The experiment was conducted in 15 fiber glass tanks, each having 10 fish. Fish in each tank was fed @ 4% of body weight. Protease activity varied significantly (p

The in vitro hypoglycemic properties of three different sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) modified rice bran insoluble fibers (SMRBIFs) produced using 0.2% (0.2%-SMRBIF), 1.25% (1.25%-SMRBIF), 2.0% (2.0%-SMRBIF) (w/v) H 2 SO 4 in combination with 1.25% potassium hydroxide (KOH) respectively, were investigated. The results revealed that all the three RBIFs have strong glucose adsorption capacity and α-amylase inhibition activity, with 1.25%-SMRBIF being the most effective one. The glucose adsorption capacity increased with increasing porosity and specific surface area of the SMRBIFs, and the maximum glucose bound amount increased by 2–3 folds for acid-alkaline treated RBIFs compared to untreated material. The α-amylase inhibition activity of RBIF was associated with the formation of amylase-RBIF complex as confirmed by fluorescence spectroscopy, with the highest amylase activity inhibitory (24.72%) for 1.25%-SMRBIF. However, the glucose diffusion was retarded a bit stronger by these RBIFs compared to the untreated rice bran, which might be attributed to their larger specific surface area. Therefore, it was suggested that the concentration of postprandial serum glucose lowered by RBIF was mainly ascribed to binding glucose and retarding α-amylase action.

Consumption of essential oils (EOs) and their components, such as eugenol (EU) may reduce chronic disorders, but their use in food is currently limited because of poor solubility and low bioavailability. The aim of this work was to study the influence of carrier oil type, particle size on in vitro lipid digestion and EU release using canola (LCT) and MCT oil-in-water emulsions with different droplet diameters (Coarse > 3000 nm, NE1 > 300 nm and NE2 > 150 nm). There was a progressive increase in the mean particle size of coarse emulsions of both LCT & MCT oils as they passed through simulated gastrointestinal tract consisting of mouth, stomach and intestine phases, which was due to droplet coalescence, flocculation and digestion. However, NE1 and NE2 nanoemulsions showed appreciable increase in particle size after exposure to the simulated intestinal fluid. The rate and extent of in vitro lipid digestion increased with decreasing mean droplet diameter (NE2 ≈ NE1 » Coarse) in both MCT & LCT emulsions. However, MCT emulsions showed faster rate of in vitro lipid digestion which was attributed to more exposure of droplets with the lipase. There was also an appreciable increase in release percentage of eugenol with decreasing droplet diameter (NE2 > NE1 > Coarse) and it was higher in LCT (84%) emulsions which was attributed to large hydrophobic cores that better solubilize EU.