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Increasing diversity in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) and STEM-related degrees and professions is a national priority. Research on students' pathways in STEM may contribute to our understanding of how to change institutions to achieve diversity; however, until recently, the dominant narrative invoked a "pipeline" metaphor. In this work, we challenge the pipeline metaphor by interrogating what is meant by a "STEM" pathway, measuring constructs not typically measured in STEM pipeline research, endeavoring to make our measures intersectional, and imagining alternative outcomes in addition to "staying in STEM." We have been following students who completed an out-of-school mentored science research program since 2017. Three hundred fifty-eight participants responded to an alumni survey designed to collect data about their location along their pathway, constructs related to the pursuit of a pathway, and demographic information. Here, we describe the characteristics of this sample and initial findings about the new constructs we measured. By measuring constructs not typically measured in pathways research and designing items and scales using an intersectional approach, we challenge the problematic pipeline metaphor that dominates the STEM persistence literature.

Teacher education programs are increasingly taking up commitments to prepare new teachers for equitable teaching. Despite best intentions, programs feel challenged to help candidates translate these commitments into classroom practice. Using a context-specific teacher education framework, we conducted a mixed-methods study of seven urban-focused programs to understand how they targeted preparation for urban contexts. We found that while programs offer multiple opportunities to learn about content embedded in context, fewer opportunities exist for candidates to practice in context, and that faculty play a critical bridging role in designing practice opportunities that are informed by program vision.

Drawing on data from STEM teacher education programs collected during museum closure due to the COVID-19 pandemic, this article examines the shifts that a large natural history museum made in educational programming. We explore three questions; who participated; the nature of participants' experiences with programming; and what we learned as an education department within and across teacher education programs by drawing on systematically collected quantitative and qualitative data (attendance, surveys, focus groups, and interviews). We draw upon case study data to delve into our online teacher professional learning offerings as an example, and then ground it within data and findings from our other teacher education programs at the museum offered during closure. We conclude by identifying implications for developing ongoing work with teachers going forward. Three central implications were: 1) continue to offer remote teacher professional learning sessions, 2) develop a shared vision of good science teaching online, and 3) model pedagogy that supports this shared vision. During a time of extreme uncertainty and tragedy, this article seeks to document and capture the innovative approaches developed to help support teachers, continue educational efforts, strive to act as an agent of change, as well as address challenges that emerged in the move to remote programming.

We focus on the use of flourishing as a new measure in studies of pathways in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematical) fields. While the concept of flourishing is promising, the concept may need careful interrogation to ensure it takes structural and personal (cultural, religious, socioeconomic, and racial) differences into account. Our longitudinal study explores emerging adult’s educational and career pathways with careful attention to structural inequities, enabling us to productively explore the concept of flourishing in a larger systemic context. Drawing from a set of qualitative interviews with our participants, we explore the ways that our sample of emerging adults (N = 30), predominantly people of color, define and discuss flourishing. The concept resonated with our diverse participants, and a substantial number did report flourishing. But despite the regularity with which the participants described experiencing racism and microaggressions, they did not often mention those harmful experiences when discussing flourishing. We caution that flourishing data on its own may provide an overly rosy image of the pathways and development, especially of young people of color. Our data suggest that it may be especially important to examine flourishing in context with other measures that can flesh out a fuller picture of well-being, especially in relation to race, racism, sexism, or any other experiences related to personal identities. In particular, instruments should be carefully designed to ensure–especially for emerging adults–that all aspects of their lives and identities can be fully understood.

Much research describes how mentor and novice teachers interact when pupils are not present (e.g., co-planning, debriefing). However, little research investigates how mentor/novice pairs interact when K-12 students are present. This gap in the literature is significant because research suggests that without intentional mediation, novices often fail to see much of what happens in classrooms. This article investigates and conceptualizes what 27 mentors think about mentoring practices that occur outside versus inside of instructional time. An analysis of mentor interviews found that mentors prefer to interact with novices outside of instructional time because they fear undercutting novices' authority and autonomy when interacting with them during instruction. However, findings also suggest that hybrid practices (those that straddle the outside/inside boundary) are valued by mentors although they are rarely enacted. This finding has implications for programs interested in supporting mentors to diversify the practices they employ to support novice teachers.

Out-of-school programs can offer personalized and meaningful learning experiences that deepen students' knowledge and cater to their passions and interests, but it has been a painful reality that many such programs have been available only to students and families with privilege and resources. Karen Hammerness, Anna MacPherson, Preeti Gupta, Tramia Jackson, and Rachel Chaffee describe how the Science Research Mentoring Consortium in New York City gives students from underserved communities opportunities to engage in STEM activities alongside researchers at sites throughout the city. Students with a strong interest in and aptitude for science take classes after school or on weekends and conduct their own research with the support of mentors. The authors share the principles that undergird the program and that can be applied to similar mentoring partnership programs in other disciplines.

Abstract Background The main aim of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of IR MPH administered three times daily to those of once daily OROS-MPH. Methods Subjects were outpatient adults satisfying full diagnostic criteria for DSM-IV ADHD between 19 and 60 years of age. Data from two independently conducted 6-week placebo controlled, randomized clinical trials of IR-MPH (tid) and of OROS-MPH were pooled to create three study groups: Placebo (N = 116), IR-MPH (tid) (N = 102) and OROS-MPH (N = 67). Results Eight-five percent (N = 99) of placebo treated subjects, 77% (N = 79) of the IR-MPH (tid) treated subjects, and 82% (N = 55) of the OROS-MPH treated subjects completed the 6-week trial. Total daily doses at endpoint were 80.9 ± 31.9 mg, 74.8 ± 26.2 mg, and 95.4 ± 26.3 mg in the OROS-MPH, IR-MPH (tid), and placebo groups, respectively. At endpoint, 66% (N = 44) of subjects receiving OROS-MPH and 70% (N = 71) of subjects receiving IR-MPH (tid) were considered responders compared with 31% (N = 36) on placebo. Conclusion Comparison of data from two similarly designed, large, randomized, placebo-controlled, trials, showed that equipotent daily doses of once daily OROS-MPH had similar efficacy to that of TID administered IR MPH. Trial Registration The trial of OROS-MPH was registered at clinicaltrials.gov, number NCT00181571.

In this article, we examine a residency program that was developed to prepare teachers specifically for New York City schools--the Bard College Master of Arts in Teaching Urban Teacher Residency program. This focused preparation on the particular urban context of New York City provides us with a unique opportunity to examine the nature of preparation--how such targeted preparation is conceptualized and organized, what it offers, and what might be missing and need to be strengthened. We also describe the development of a yearlong course aimed at preparing teachers for New York, which emerged from this study.

Background: Around the world, policy makers and teacher educators are paying increasing attention to how teacher candidates learn to study and enact teaching and to grounding preparation more deeply in teachers' classroom practice. Evidence from the United States and the Netherlands suggests that efforts to tie preparation to practice may significantly impact pupils' learning. However, the nature of teacher candidates' opportunities to study, practice, and rehearse teaching remains underexplored, especially in international studies. Purpose: Our research analyzes opportunities to study, practice, and rehearse teaching in teacher education coursework in five different programs in five countries. We focus specifically on the degree to which campus coursework provides candidates with opportunities to study, practice, and rehearse actual teaching practices. What kind of opportunities exist in these international programs' coursework to study, practice, and rehearse teaching? Are there any typical patterns and connections that teacher education students encounter more often than others? Research Design: Our multiple case study design uses data from surveys of program candidates, observations of methods courses, and interviews with program faculty and students. We highlight our inclusion of observation of methods courses, which are relatively rare in studies of teacher education. We collected these data in five programs in five countries: Chile, Cuba, Finland, Norway, and the United States. Findings: Analysis of all data revealed frequent opportunities for candidates to analyze artifacts from teaching and to do work that pupils will do. Candidates had some opportunities to plan, to rehearse teaching strategies, and to experience their teacher educator modeling teaching practices. Despite a growing focus on student learning in the United States and in other countries, there were few opportunities for teacher candidates to analyze student learning or to examine samples of students' work. The dearth of opportunities for candidates to examine and analyze student learning was especially surprising: We underscore this finding as critical for teacher education. Conclusions: These findings about opportunities to study, practice, and rehearse teaching can provide helpful lenses for teacher education programs to examine where and how they offer these opportunities. Teacher educators may wish to consider the balance of learning opportunities within programs. The programs offered ample opportunities to plan for teaching, for instance. However, substantial experiences may come at the expense of others, especially when compared with the few opportunities to examine student learning.

The aim of this article is to explore similarities and differences in teacher candidates' perceptions of their opportunities to enact practice in university courses in five teacher education programmes, located in Norway, Finland, USA, Cuba, and Chile. Paper and pencil surveys were distributed among candidates (N = 488) to measure their perception of their opportunities to enact practice in campus courses. Across programmes, the students report the least opportunity to examine transcripts of classroom talk or student discussions. They report the most opportunity to talk about their field placement and to plan for their teaching. Using Analysis of Variance, differences between the programmes were studied. Students in a programme which has explicitly made efforts to connect theory and practice over a period of 15 years do report more opportunities to enact practice. Students from a programme that has been constantly working on improvements but not a major redesign conceptualised around coherence, report experiencing fewer opportunities to enact practice. We conclude that teaching practices closely linked to pupils' understanding might be in need of additional attention in teacher education programmes.

Drawing on our experiences as teacher educators in two programs designed specifically to prepare teachers for particular contexts, this article illustrates how we design our courses to help new teachers link foundational understandings to specific teaching practices in particular school and classroom contexts. We describe our integrated approach, in which candidates learn theory and practice simultaneously, breaking down the dichotomies of theory and practice while connecting to specific contexts or settings and understanding the relationship of practices to visions of good teaching.

Worldwide, scholars and policymakers have called for teacher education to link fieldwork and coursework. This article examines teacher candidates' opportunities to talk about field placement within their campus coursework as one way of doing so. It reports on survey data (n = 270) and observation data (n = 52 hours) from 3 teacher-education programs in Norway, Finland, and California in the USA. Findings suggest that candidates have extensive opportunities to talk about field placement. However, the characteristics of the talk, the degree of specificity and detail provided, and the level of complexity and connectedness to theory vary extensively. The article argues that, to be generative for professional learning, talk about field placement needs to be systematically scaffolded within a pedagogy of teacher education.

Although teacher educators may perceive their program and courses to be coherent, the question remains to what extent student teachers also are able to perceive the linkages within their programs. Coherence within teacher education programs is important for teacher candidates to build understanding of teaching. Our study draws upon survey data from 269 teacher candidates, in three different teacher education programs, located in three different countries (Norway, Finland, United States [California]) and compares these candidates' perceptions of the coherence of their teacher education programs. Candidates from a program that has explicitly been working on constructing a coherent program over a period of 15 years do report significantly more coherence, yet, across the programs, there remains room for improvement regarding the coherence between field placement and campus courses. We conclude with the suggestion that potential improvement of program coherence lies within greater communication and collaboration between the various stakeholders within teacher education.

Evaluation is often a required component for funded projects; however, the process of undertaking an evaluation does not always result in valuable information that can be used for learning, reflection, and program improvement. In light of methodological shortcomings and lack of meaningful use of evaluations, informal science education researchers have called for greater rigor in evaluations. To strengthen our own approach, we engaged in a process to review past evaluations and to determine a means to improve our work in this arena. A group of stakeholders first conducted a survey of our own evaluations at the museum. We identified features of the reports that were meaningful and led to useful insights about programs. We coded these guidelines in categories that emerged. Then, we conducted a modified Delphi process for reaching consensus about which guidelines for evaluation should be used across the museum to guide future work. This paper presents our final set of guidelines, a rubric for rating proposals, and implications for educators, researchers and evaluators in informal science learning spaces.

Worldwide, teacher educators and policy makers have called for teacher preparation that is more deeply linked to practice. Yet we know little about how such linkages are achieved within different international programs. We examine the degree to which programs provide opportunities to learn that are grounded in practice, during university coursework. We report on observation data (N = 104 hr) from the methods courses in six programs in Finland, Norway, and California. Using an analytical framework decomposing the conception of "grounding in practice" in teacher education, this article provides evidence regarding the successes and challenges of incorporating practice in teacher education.

To support pupils' learning, teachers must understand what and how their pupils have learned, and teacher education should teach candidates how to do this. This article reports on survey data (n = 270) from three programmes and observation data (N = 104 h) from six programmes, located in Norway, Finland and the US. It examines the candidates' opportunities to analyse pupils' learning within their coursework. The authors argue that such opportunities might constitute profound possibilities to examine the complexity of teaching and learning. However, the study finds that the candidates have few opportunities to analyse pupils learning and that the full potential of these opportunities is unrealized. The authors argue for increased, specific attention to pupils' learning within teacher education coursework, through a pedagogy of teacher education informed by existing research on how to elicit pupils' learning.

These are challenging times for teachers. Mixed messages, conflicting demands, and increasing needs on all fronts surround them. Each day, teachers face increasing requirements and significant pressures on their daily practice from administrators and policymakers. It is hard to be, or remain, a teacher of quality committed to one's ideals. In this article, based upon data from interviews and observations drawn from a larger study, the author explores the experiences of one teacher as she attempts to be true to her own passions about what works for students in this era of accountability. The author focuses upon the experiences of a high school science teacher, whom she calls Kelly, as she moves across the country from a large public high school in California to a small public alternative school in Massachusetts--a school she chose specifically because she felt it would be more consistent with her own vision of good teaching. However, while she moved to a school that seemed to her in many ways to be an ideal context, her new school was in a very different "state," a state for which she was not fully prepared. The Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System (MCAS) a new system of school accountability was in the process of being developed in response to the Massachusetts Education Reform Act of 1993. The MCAS tests were to be piloted in Kelly's district for several years, and then would be required for students from the graduating class of 2003. How this new context affects her teaching, how she feels about her teaching, her students and her school, and what role her vision plays in that process is at the heart of this case. Kelly's struggles, successes, and steady work to maintain her ideals reveal not only the complexity of one teacher's experiences in this era of accountability, but it also illuminates some of the ways that vision might be developed, nurtured, and sustained in novice teachers. (Contains 3 notes.)

What does it take to sustain a productive partnership between a public school system and local cultural institutions? This article describes the genesis, evolution, and continued success of a long-term partnership between the New York City Department of Education, the American Museum of Natural History, and seven other leading cultural institutions, promoting inquiry-based science instruction in local middle schools.

This study draws upon survey data of 486 student teachers from five different programmes based in five different countries (one programme in each country), and programmes that have varied in their efforts to become more coherent. We explore students' perceptions of the coherence within their teacher education programmes and across the five programmes to investigate whether teachers in these programmes actually experience their teacher education programmes to be coherent. Descriptive analyses and analysis of variance were used for this purpose. Students in a programme which has explicitly made efforts to connect theory and practice over a period of 15 years do report more coherence. Students from a programme that has been constantly working on improvements but not a major redesign conceptualized around coherence, report experiencing less coherence. Based on students' reports across all programmes, we conclude that the relationship between courses and field placements is in need of tighter links. Investing in collaboration across settings, i.e. field placement settings and university, remains a challenge for all teacher education programmes, even those engaged in substantial change efforts. Investigating how teacher educators might create closer links to school sites is a promising means of developing our understanding of teacher education programme coherence.

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The literature on preparing teachers for urban schools provides a rationale for helping candidates understand the particular cultures of students. However, research has not sufficiently "unpacked" features of the setting that programs can address; nor has it discussed how programs tailor teaching approaches to their specific contexts. Drawing from program descriptions, syllabi, and interviews, we describe the "context-specific" approach of the University of Chicago Urban Teacher Education Program that prepares teachers for Chicago Public Schools and ways that it helps candidates make meaning of that setting. We present a framework to show how the program defines and then teaches as content essential knowledge about a district and its children--including community and neighborhood histories, district curricula, and policies--that must inform teaching and learning. We include examples of context-specific teacher preparation that illustrate how candidates learn about particularities of Chicago Public Schools and apply this knowledge to develop context-specific understandings and practices.

Reviews of research evaluating the impact of beginning teacher induction suggest that the mixed results may be due to the fact that the programs do not fully address school context. We examine how one induction program for urban teachers explicitly addresses teachers' specific schools and students to illustrate how context becomes the "content" for teachers' learning and work. We argue that the program's "context-specific" supports may ease transition into the challenging role of urban teacher. In turn, this case suggests ways of addressing features of context that may help new teachers better understand and maintain a commitment to urban teaching. (Contains 1 figure and 1 note.)

For well over a decade school districts across the United States have struggled to recruit and retain effective mathematics teachers. In response to the need for qualified math teachers and the difficulty of directly recruiting individuals who have already completed the math content required for qualification, some districts, including Baltimore, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., and New York City, have developed alternative certification programs with a math immersion component to recruit otherwise well-qualified candidates who do not have undergraduate majors in math. This article examines the qualifications, student achievement gains, and retention of Math Immersion teachers in New York City compared to New York City mathematics teachers who began their careers through other pathways. (Contains 3 figures, 13 tables and 21 notes.)

Abstract Worldwide, teacher educators and policymakers call for teacher preparation that is more deeply linked to practice. Yet, we know little about how such linkages are achieved within different international programs. We examine the degree to which programs provide opportunities to learn that are grounded in practice. We report on survey data (n = 486 teacher candidates) from five pro-grams in Finland, Norway, California, Chile, and Cuba, and observation data from the methods courses (n = 104 hours) in six programs in Finland, Norway, and California. Using an analytical framework decomposing the conception of ‘opportunities that are grounded in practice’ in teacher education, this article provides evidence regarding the successes—and challenges—concerning incorporating practice in teacher education. These findings suggest that some ways of linking to practice in teacher education seem to be established, while others are still evolving. Keywords: teacher education, practice, coursework, comparative research Delvis etablert, delvis i utvikling: Funn fra en internasjonal studie om koblinger til praksis i lærerutdanningen Sammendrag Lærerutdannere og politikere over hele verden etterlyser en mer praksisbasert lærerutdanning med tydelige koblinger til praksis. Likevel vet vi lite om hvordan slike koblinger ser ut i ulike lærerutdanningsprogram internasjonalt. I denne artikkelen undersøker vi i hvilken grad ulike lærerutdanningsprogram tilbyr studentene praksisbaserte læringsmuligheter. Studien bygger på survey data (n = 486 lærerstudenter) fra fem lærerutdanningsprogram i Finland, Norge, California, Chile og Cuba, og observasjonsdata fra fagdidaktikkurs (n = 104 timer) i seks program i Finland, Norge og California. Ved hjelp av et analytisk rammeverk som operasjonaliserer konseptet ‘praksisbaserte læringsmuligheter’, viser denne artikkelen til suksesser – og utfordringer – med å innlemme praksis i lærerutdanningen. Funnene indikerer at det finnes etablerte måter å koble til praksis på i lærerutdanningen, mens andre fremdeles er i utvikling. Nøkkelord: lærerutdanning, praksis, undervisning på campus, komparativt design

Objective: This review provides an update on the cardiovascular impact of therapeutic stimulant-class medication for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method: Relevant clinical literature was ascertained using PubMed searches limited to human studies and the English language as of May 2011. Current practice guidelines and consensus statements also were reviewed. Results: Stimulant-class medications for healthy children and adolescents with ADHD are associated with mean elevations in blood pressure (less than or equal to 5 mmHg) and heart rate (less than or equal to 10 beats/min) without changes in electrocardiographic parameters. A subset (5-15%) of children and adolescents treated may have a greater increase in heart rate or blood pressure at a given assessment or may report a cardiovascular-type complaint during stimulant treatment. It is extremely rare for a child or adolescent receiving stimulant medication to have a serious cardiovascular event during treatment, with the risk appearing similar to groups of children not receiving stimulant medication. Conclusions: Clinicians should adhere to current recommendations regarding the prescription of stimulant medications for youth with ADHD. Scientific inquiry is indicated to identify patients at heightened risk and to continue surveillance for the longer-term cardiovascular impact of these agents. (Contains 2 tables.)

In the United States, an increasing number of new teachers are being prepared through alternative, or early entry, routes into teaching. These new forms of teacher preparation raise important questions about how and in what ways candidates are being prepared, particularly in key areas such as classroom management. To shed light upon these questions, this paper draws upon data from a larger study of teacher preparation in New York City which is engaged in examining the features of both alternative and traditional pathways into teaching. This paper uses qualitative data regarding preparation required by 31 childhood teacher education programs and survey data from 460 program graduates, to analyze new teachers' preparation for classroom management in New York City. We found that less than half of the traditional programs required any coursework in classroom management. Early entry candidates were more likely to have had a course in classroom management. The paper also reports survey findings regarding teachers' reports of their opportunities to learn, which suggest that teachers in traditional programs may encounter more foundational knowledge in such courses, while early entry teachers may have more opportunities to learn practical, concrete strategies. (Contains 1 figure and 2 tables.)

In this article, the authors provide an argument for future directions for teacher education, based on a re-conceptualization of teaching. The authors argue that teacher educators need to attend to the clinical aspects of practice and experiment with how best to help novices develop skilled practice. Taking clinical practice seriously will require teacher educators to add pedagogies of enactment to an existing repertoire of pedagogies of reflection and investigation. In order to make this shift, the authors contend that teacher educators will need to undo a number of historical divisions that underlie the education of teachers. These include the curricular divide between foundations and methods courses, as well as the separation between the university and schools. Finally, the authors propose that teacher education be organized around a core set of practices in which knowledge, skill, and professional identity are developed in the process of learning to practice during professional education.

In this article, the authors describe the state of teacher education in and around the large and diverse school district of New York City. Using multiple data sources, including program documents, interviews, and surveys of teachers, this study attempts to explore the characteristics of programs that prepare elementary teachers of New York City public schools, including the kinds of programs that exist, who enters these different programs, who teaches in the programs, and what characterizes the core curriculum. A central question concerns the amount of variation that exists in the preparation of elementary teachers for a single, large school district. Despite the number and variety of programs that exist to prepare elementary teachers, the authors found the overall curriculum and structure of teacher education to be more similar than different. To understand this lack of variation, the authors draw on organizational theory, particularly, the concept of institutional isomorphism, to examine the case of teacher education. The authors conclude with recommendations for what it might take to change the landscape of teacher education in the context of a large urban district. (Contains 2 figures, 6 tables, and 24 notes.)

Drawing upon data from case studies of four teachers conducted over the course of eight years, this research examines the role that teachers' visions--their images of ideal classroom practice--play in teachers' career paths. This paper demonstrates the ways in which teachers' decisions to "leave" schools were often made for personal reasons, while their decisions to "move" to a new school were made for pedagogical ones related to teaching aims and goals. The author argues that we should not try to keep teachers from leaving, but rather, enable them to continue "choosing teaching again." (Contains 1 figure, 3 tables and 3 footnotes.)

In this article, the authors focus on the concept of coherence, a relatively underexplored concept in teacher education. They investigate the relationship between students' perceptions of coherence and a number of structural features of teacher education programs to help develop a stronger definition of one important dimension of coherence--the relationship between fieldwork and coursework. The authors examine the relationship between specific program features and students' perceptions of the degree to which program vision, principles, and practices are aligned with those in the field and also explore the degree to which students have opportunities to practice what they are learning in the program and to enact program goals and visions of good teaching and learning in the classroom. In a field that is calling for larger-scale studies, this research attempts to identify promising features that are also amenable to large-scale studies of the impact of teacher education. (Contains 4 tables and 14 notes.)

Historically, one of the central concerns that has plagued the field of teacher education is the observation that "fragmentation" characterizes the experience of learning to teach. Too often, university-based teacher education programs consist of a set of disconnected individual courses; separate clinical work from coursework; and lack a vision of teaching and learning. Therefore, some teacher educators have argued that creating structurally and conceptually coherent programs will result in more powerful learning for prospective teachers. Yet, although empirical work on such programs is growing, there is little research on the nature of coherence and on how it might develop. To that end, this article documents one teacher education program's efforts to become more coherent, focusing on the ways in which the program tries to become more coherent and on the challenges of coherence. The article concludes with implications for teacher education program design and evaluation, with a focus on the power, complexity, and problems of coherence.

The objective of this study is to further evaluate the association between asthma and ADHD, addressing issues of familiality in female probands. A case control study of referred ADHD proband girls, controls, and relatives are used. Participants include 140 ADHD proband girls and 122 non-ADHD comparisons, with 417 and 369 first-degree biological relatives, respectively. Relatives are stratified into four groups according to proband ADHD and asthma status. The authors compare rates of asthma and ADHD in relatives. ADHD does not increase the risk for asthma in probands. Patterns of familial aggregation are mostly consistent with independent transmission of ADHD and asthma in families of girl probands. The results extend to female probands' previously reported findings that asthma and ADHD are independently transmitted in families. These findings further support the conclusion that ADHD symptoms should not be dismissed as part of asthma symptomatology or a consequence of its treatment. (Contains 2 tables and 3 figures.)

Draws from teacher surveys and interviews to advance three dimensions for characterizing teachers' vision (focus, range, and distance). The visions of two novice teachers demonstrate the range of visions and different roles visions play in teachers' lives. The article explores how the concept of vision might offer novice teachers a tool for examining their beliefs, identifying steps to promising practices, and selecting contexts in which they can thrive. (SM)

Over hele verden har politiske diskusjoner om lærerutdanning og dens rolle for lærerkvalitet en tendens til å fokusere på debatter om lærerutdanningens karakter og behovet for avanserte sertifiseringsordninger for lærere. Vi argumenterer i denne artikkelen for at feltet har behov for et utvalg indikatorer—en rekke sterke, forskningsbaserte indikatorer som kan brukes både på store offentlige universiteter, samt små regionale høyskoler. Disse indikatorene må være relevante for lærersertifisering på tvers av alders- og utviklingsstadier. I denne artikkelen knytter vi oss til en pågående samtale om måter å koble teori og praksis i lærerutdanningen, og andre forskeres arbeid med å identifisere slike kvalitetsindikatorer for lærerutdanning, ved å analysere lærerutdanningsprogram i Finland, Norge, Chile, Cuba og USA. Vi foreslår at lærerutdanning blir designet rundt en klar og felles visjon om god undervisning; den er koherent ved at den kobler teori og praksis og gir muligheter til å lære som er på linje med programmets visjon for god undervisning; og den gir muligheter til å praktisere undervisning. Det er økende enighet i forskningslitteraturen om disse tegnene på kvalitet, og våre analyser viser at det også er et gryende empirisk grunnlag som gir støtte til verdien av dem. Nøkkelord: lærerutdanning, kvalitetsindikatorer, komparativ forskning Abstract Around the world, policy discussions of teacher education in relationship to teacher quality have tended to focus more closely around debates about the nature of teacher preparation and the need for teachers to possess advanced degrees or certification. The field is in need of an array of indicators, we argue in this article—a set of powerful, well-researched indicators that can be applied to large public universities as well as small regional colleges. These indicators need to be relevant for teacher certification across a variety of age-ranges and developmental stages. In this article, we report on a growing conversation about ways of linking theory and practice in teacher education, and efforts on the part of researchers to identify key features of powerful teacher education, analyzing teacher education programs in Finland, Norway, Chile, Cuba and the US. We propose that quality teacher education is designed around a clear and shared vision of good teaching; it is coherent in that it links theory with practice and offers opportunities to learn that are aligned with the vision of good teaching; and it offers opportunities to enact teaching. While these features are supported for the most part by growing consensus in the literature, there is also an emerging empirical base that provides support for the value of them, as suggested from these analyses. Keywords: teacher education, teacher preparation, quality indicators, comparative research

Teacher education in the United States has been the subject of persistent and abiding concerns. Teacher educators have struggled for years to connect theory and practice, to place student teachers in classrooms that reflect state-of-the-art practice, and to construct program coursework that illuminates research on effective teaching in ways that are practice-relevant. The articulation and sustenance of a common vision, and the development of a shared understanding of the goals of student teaching, are similarly long-standing challenges. The creation of a curriculum that is systematic and synergistic across courses and across the university and school components of preparation has been difficult in most institutions. Finally, teacher education programs remain the stepchildren of most universities, underfunded and under resourced by many and treated with intellectual disdain by nearly all. Dissatisfaction with these conditions provoked a redesign of Stanford's Teacher Education Program (STEP) when one of these authors became a faculty sponsor of the program in 1998. The redesign efforts aimed to address not only the problems identified in this paper, but also the many new demands facing teacher education programs in California and nationally. These include growing student diversity, which requires greater attention to social equity and inclusion, as well as the evolving knowledge economy, which demands higher levels of learning for all. In response both to the constant challenges of teacher education and to these recent, pressing demands, the STEP redesign focused on four goals: (1) To develop a coherent program organized around professional standards and a common vision of good teaching; (2) To strengthen knowledge about how to teach challenging content to diverse learners; (3) To support stronger links between theory and practice; and (4) To contribute to the re-shaping of local teaching and schooling by creating powerful opportunities for student and teacher learning. In this paper, the authors describe how the redesigned STEP program seeks to pursue these goals, what the strategies have been for implementing specific changes in the program, and what additional efforts are needed to fulfill this vision. (Contains 2 figures and 1 note.)