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1. Effect of Different Growth Conditions on Certain Biochemical Parameters of Different Cyanobacterial Strains

Author

Hammouda, O. E., Ghazal, F. M., Hassan, S. H., Hamed, S. M., and Abdel Hameed, M. S.

Subjects
Cyanobacteria, Mixotrophy, Autotrophy, Biochemical parameters, Microbiology, QR1-502
Abstract

Aims: Variation in the traditional growth medium conditions to enhance the production of lipids, carbohydrates, protein and the free amino acids content of three cyanobacterial species. Methodology and Results: Three species of cyanobacteria (Anabaena laxa, Anabaena fertilissima and Nostoc muscorum) were collected from the culture collection of Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt, to investigate their biochemical composition under different growth conditions, using BG110 (nitrogen free) as growth medium. These conditions were represented by control medium, static glucose medium with (1%, w/v), aerated medium (aerated by bubbling technique depending on CO2 normally existed in air with a concentration of 0.03%), molasses medium (0.7%, v/v) and aerated medium enriched with glucose (1%, w/v). Lipid content, total carbohydrates, soluble proteins and free amino acids were determined at the previous conditions. Glucose at 0.7% (w/v) was the most favorable for lipid production in A. laxa, where it exhibited the highest lipid content (427 μg/g fresh wt.). Increasing molasses concentration up to 0.7% (v/v) produced an increase in lipid contents of the tested cyanobacterial strains. The highest lipid content of both N. muscorum (366.2 μg/g fresh wt.) and A. laxa (357.4 μg/g fresh wt.) were recorded at molasses concentrations of 0.1 and 0.7% (v/v), respectively. A. laxa expressed high significant values for both proteins (31.6 μg/mL) and free amino acids (40.5 mg/g dry wt.) after 6 days of incubation period under aerated enriched glucose condition (1%, w/v). Also, at the same growth conditions, A. fertilissima exhibited high significant values for carbohydrates at 4th day (876.8 mg/g dry wt.). Conclusion, significance and impact of study: Aerated enriched glucose medium (1%, w/v) was the best growth medium condition used in the present study.

Published
2012

11. Ramadan Observance Exacerbated the Negative Effects of COVID-19 Lockdown on Sleep and Training Behaviors: A International Survey on 1,681 Muslim Athletes.

Author

Romdhani, M, Ammar, A, Trabelsi, K, Chtourou, H, Vitale, JA, Masmoudi, L, Nédélec, M, Rae, DE, Al Horani, RA, Ben Saad, H, Bragazzi, N, Dönmez, G, Dergaa, I, Driss, T, Farooq, A, Hammouda, O, Harroum, N, Hassanmirzaei, B, Khalladi, K, Khemila, S, Mataruna-Dos-Santos, LJ, Moussa-Chamari, I, Mujika, I, Muñoz Helú, H, Norouzi Fashkhami, A, Paineiras-Domingos, LL, Khaneghah, MR, Saita, Y, Souabni, M, Souissi, N, Washif, JA, Weber, J, Zmijewski, P, Taylor, L, Garbarino, S, Chamari, K, Romdhani, M, Ammar, A, Trabelsi, K, Chtourou, H, Vitale, JA, Masmoudi, L, Nédélec, M, Rae, DE, Al Horani, RA, Ben Saad, H, Bragazzi, N, Dönmez, G, Dergaa, I, Driss, T, Farooq, A, Hammouda, O, Harroum, N, Hassanmirzaei, B, Khalladi, K, Khemila, S, Mataruna-Dos-Santos, LJ, Moussa-Chamari, I, Mujika, I, Muñoz Helú, H, Norouzi Fashkhami, A, Paineiras-Domingos, LL, Khaneghah, MR, Saita, Y, Souabni, M, Souissi, N, Washif, JA, Weber, J, Zmijewski, P, Taylor, L, Garbarino, S, and Chamari, K

Published
2022

12. Training During the COVID-19 Lockdown: Knowledge, Beliefs, and Practices of 12,526 Athletes from 142 Countries and Six Continents

Author

Washif, JA, Farooq, A, Krug, I, Pyne, DB, Verhagen, E, Taylor, L, Wong, DP, Mujika, I, Cortis, C, Haddad, M, Ahmadian, O, Al Jufaili, M, Al-Horani, RA, Al-Mohannadi, AS, Aloui, A, Ammar, A, Arifi, F, Aziz, AR, Batuev, M, Beaven, CM, Beneke, R, Bici, A, Bishnoi, P, Bogwasi, L, Bok, D, Boukhris, O, Boullosa, D, Bragazzi, N, Brito, J, Palacios Cartagena, RP, Chaouachi, A, Cheung, SS, Chtourou, H, Cosma, G, Debevec, T, DeLang, MD, Dellal, A, Donmez, G, Driss, T, Duque, JDP, Eirale, C, Elloumi, M, Foster, C, Franchini, E, Fusco, A, Galy, O, Gastin, PB, Gill, N, Girard, O, Gregov, C, Halson, S, Hammouda, O, Hanzlikova, I, Hassanmirzaei, B, Haugen, T, Hebert-Losier, K, Munoz Helu, H, Herrera-Valenzuela, T, Hettinga, FJ, Holtzhausen, L, Hue, O, Dello Iacono, A, Ihalainen, JK, James, C, van Rensburg, DCJ, Joseph, S, Kamoun, K, Khaled, M, Khalladi, K, Kim, KJ, Kok, L-Y, MacMillan, L, Mataruna-Dos-Santos, LJ, Matsunaga, R, Memishi, S, Millet, GP, Moussa-Chamari, I, Musa, DI, Hoang, MTN, Nikolaidis, PT, Owen, A, Padulo, J, Pagaduan, JC, Perera, NP, Perez-Gomez, J, Pillay, L, Popa, A, Pudasaini, A, Rabbani, A, Rahayu, T, Romdhani, M, Salamh, P, Sarkar, A-S, Schillinger, A, Seiler, S, Setyawati, H, Shrestha, N, Suraya, F, Tabben, M, Trabelsi, K, Urhausen, A, Valtonen, M, Weber, J, Whiteley, R, Zrane, A, Zerguini, Y, Zmijewski, P, Sandbakk, O, Ben Saad, H, Chamari, K, Washif, JA, Farooq, A, Krug, I, Pyne, DB, Verhagen, E, Taylor, L, Wong, DP, Mujika, I, Cortis, C, Haddad, M, Ahmadian, O, Al Jufaili, M, Al-Horani, RA, Al-Mohannadi, AS, Aloui, A, Ammar, A, Arifi, F, Aziz, AR, Batuev, M, Beaven, CM, Beneke, R, Bici, A, Bishnoi, P, Bogwasi, L, Bok, D, Boukhris, O, Boullosa, D, Bragazzi, N, Brito, J, Palacios Cartagena, RP, Chaouachi, A, Cheung, SS, Chtourou, H, Cosma, G, Debevec, T, DeLang, MD, Dellal, A, Donmez, G, Driss, T, Duque, JDP, Eirale, C, Elloumi, M, Foster, C, Franchini, E, Fusco, A, Galy, O, Gastin, PB, Gill, N, Girard, O, Gregov, C, Halson, S, Hammouda, O, Hanzlikova, I, Hassanmirzaei, B, Haugen, T, Hebert-Losier, K, Munoz Helu, H, Herrera-Valenzuela, T, Hettinga, FJ, Holtzhausen, L, Hue, O, Dello Iacono, A, Ihalainen, JK, James, C, van Rensburg, DCJ, Joseph, S, Kamoun, K, Khaled, M, Khalladi, K, Kim, KJ, Kok, L-Y, MacMillan, L, Mataruna-Dos-Santos, LJ, Matsunaga, R, Memishi, S, Millet, GP, Moussa-Chamari, I, Musa, DI, Hoang, MTN, Nikolaidis, PT, Owen, A, Padulo, J, Pagaduan, JC, Perera, NP, Perez-Gomez, J, Pillay, L, Popa, A, Pudasaini, A, Rabbani, A, Rahayu, T, Romdhani, M, Salamh, P, Sarkar, A-S, Schillinger, A, Seiler, S, Setyawati, H, Shrestha, N, Suraya, F, Tabben, M, Trabelsi, K, Urhausen, A, Valtonen, M, Weber, J, Whiteley, R, Zrane, A, Zerguini, Y, Zmijewski, P, Sandbakk, O, Ben Saad, H, and Chamari, K

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to explore the training-related knowledge, beliefs, and practices of athletes and the influence of lockdowns in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). METHODS: Athletes (n = 12,526, comprising 13% world class, 21% international, 36% national, 24% state, and 6% recreational) completed an online survey that was available from 17 May to 5 July 2020 and explored their training behaviors (training knowledge, beliefs/attitudes, and practices), including specific questions on their training intensity, frequency, and session duration before and during lockdown (March-June 2020). RESULTS: Overall, 85% of athletes wanted to "maintain training," and 79% disagreed with the statement that it is "okay to not train during lockdown," with a greater prevalence for both in higher-level athletes. In total, 60% of athletes considered "coaching by correspondence (remote coaching)" to be sufficient (highest amongst world-class athletes). During lockdown, < 40% were able to maintain sport-specific training (e.g., long endurance [39%], interval training [35%], weightlifting [33%], plyometric exercise [30%]) at pre-lockdown levels (higher among world-class, international, and national athletes), with most (83%) training for "general fitness and health maintenance" during lockdown. Athletes trained alone (80%) and focused on bodyweight (65%) and cardiovascular (59%) exercise/training during lockdown. Compared with before lockdown, most athletes reported reduced training frequency (from between five and seven sessions per week to four or fewer), shorter training sessions (from ≥ 60 to < 60 min), and lower sport-specific intensity (~ 38% reduction), irrespective of athlete classification. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19-related lockdowns saw marked reductions in athletic training specificity, intensity, frequency, and duration, with notable within-sample differences (by athlete clas

Published
2022

13. Training During the COVID-19 Lockdown: Knowledge, Beliefs, and Practices of 12,526 Athletes from 142 Countries and Six Continents (vol 52, pg 933, 2021)

Author

Washif, JA, Farooq, A, Krug, I, Pyne, DB, Verhagen, E, Taylor, L, Wong, DP, Mujika, I, Cortis, C, Haddad, M, Ahmadian, O, Al Jufaili, M, Al-Horani, RA, Al-Mohannadi, AS, Aloui, A, Ammar, A, Arifi, F, Aziz, AR, Batuev, M, Beaven, CM, Beneke, R, Bici, A, Bishnoi, P, Bogwasi, L, Bok, D, Boukhris, O, Boullosa, D, Bragazzi, N, Brito, J, Cartagena, RPP, Chaouachi, A, Cheung, SS, Chtourou, H, Cosma, G, Debevec, T, DeLang, MD, Dellal, A, Donmez, G, Driss, T, Pena Duque, JD, Eirale, C, Elloumi, M, Foster, C, Franchini, E, Fusco, A, Galy, O, Gastin, PB, Gill, N, Girard, O, Gregov, C, Halson, S, Hammouda, O, Hanzlikova, I, Hassanmirzaei, B, Haugen, T, Hebert-Losier, K, Munoz Helu, H, Herrera-Valenzuela, T, Hettinga, FJ, Holtzhausen, L, Hue, O, Dello Iacono, A, Ihalainen, JK, James, C, Janse van Rensburg, DC, Joseph, S, Kamoun, K, Khaled, M, Khalladi, K, Kim, KJ, Kok, L-Y, MacMillan, L, Mataruna-Dos-Santos, LJ, Matsunaga, R, Memishi, S, Millet, GP, Moussa-Chamari, I, Musa, DI, Nguyen, HMT, Nikolaidis, PT, Owen, A, Padulo, J, Pagaduan, JC, Perera, NP, Perez-Gomez, J, Pillay, L, Popa, A, Pudasaini, A, Rabbani, A, Rahayu, T, Romdhani, M, Salamh, P, Sarkar, A-S, Schillinger, A, Seiler, S, Setyawati, H, Shrestha, N, Suraya, F, Tabben, M, Trabelsi, K, Urhausen, A, Valtonen, M, Weber, J, Whiteley, R, Zrane, A, Zerguini, Y, Zmijewski, P, Sandbakk, O, Ben Saad, H, Chamari, K, Washif, JA, Farooq, A, Krug, I, Pyne, DB, Verhagen, E, Taylor, L, Wong, DP, Mujika, I, Cortis, C, Haddad, M, Ahmadian, O, Al Jufaili, M, Al-Horani, RA, Al-Mohannadi, AS, Aloui, A, Ammar, A, Arifi, F, Aziz, AR, Batuev, M, Beaven, CM, Beneke, R, Bici, A, Bishnoi, P, Bogwasi, L, Bok, D, Boukhris, O, Boullosa, D, Bragazzi, N, Brito, J, Cartagena, RPP, Chaouachi, A, Cheung, SS, Chtourou, H, Cosma, G, Debevec, T, DeLang, MD, Dellal, A, Donmez, G, Driss, T, Pena Duque, JD, Eirale, C, Elloumi, M, Foster, C, Franchini, E, Fusco, A, Galy, O, Gastin, PB, Gill, N, Girard, O, Gregov, C, Halson, S, Hammouda, O, Hanzlikova, I, Hassanmirzaei, B, Haugen, T, Hebert-Losier, K, Munoz Helu, H, Herrera-Valenzuela, T, Hettinga, FJ, Holtzhausen, L, Hue, O, Dello Iacono, A, Ihalainen, JK, James, C, Janse van Rensburg, DC, Joseph, S, Kamoun, K, Khaled, M, Khalladi, K, Kim, KJ, Kok, L-Y, MacMillan, L, Mataruna-Dos-Santos, LJ, Matsunaga, R, Memishi, S, Millet, GP, Moussa-Chamari, I, Musa, DI, Nguyen, HMT, Nikolaidis, PT, Owen, A, Padulo, J, Pagaduan, JC, Perera, NP, Perez-Gomez, J, Pillay, L, Popa, A, Pudasaini, A, Rabbani, A, Rahayu, T, Romdhani, M, Salamh, P, Sarkar, A-S, Schillinger, A, Seiler, S, Setyawati, H, Shrestha, N, Suraya, F, Tabben, M, Trabelsi, K, Urhausen, A, Valtonen, M, Weber, J, Whiteley, R, Zrane, A, Zerguini, Y, Zmijewski, P, Sandbakk, O, Ben Saad, H, and Chamari, K

Published
2022

14. COVID-19 Lockdown: A Global Study Investigating the Effect of Athletes' Sport Classification and Sex on Training Practices.

Author

Washif, JA, Sandbakk, Ø, Seiler, S, Haugen, T, Farooq, A, Quarrie, K, Janse van Rensburg, DC, Krug, I, Verhagen, E, Wong, DP, Mujika, I, Musa, DI, Nguyen, HMT, Nikolaidis, PT, Owen, A, Padulo, J, Pagaduan, JC, Perera, NP, Pérez-Gómez, J, Pillay, L, Popa, A, Rabbani, A, Pudasaini, A, Rahayu, T, Romdhani, M, Salamh, P, Sarkar, A-S, Schillinger, A, Setyawati, H, Shrestha, N, Suraya, F, Tabben, M, Urhausen, A, Trabelsi, K, Valtonen, M, Weber, J, Whiteley, R, Zrane, A, Zerguini, Y, Zmijewski, P, Ben Saad, H, Pyne, DB, Taylor, L, Cortis, C, Chamari, K, Haddad, M, Ahmadian, O, Al Jufaili, M, Al-Horani, RA, Al-Mohannadi, AS, Aloui, A, Ammar, A, Arifi, F, Aziz, AR, Batuev, M, Beaven, CM, Beneke, R, Bici, A, Bishnoi, P, Bogwasi, L, Bok, D, Boukhris, O, Boullosa, D, Bragazzi, N, Brito, J, Palacios Cartagena, RP, Chaouachi, A, Cheung, SS, Chtourou, H, Cosma, G, Debevec, T, DeLang, MD, Dellal, A, Dönmez, G, Driss, T, Peña Duque, JD, Eirale, C, Elloumi, M, Foster, C, Franchini, E, Fusco, A, Galy, O, Gastin, PB, Gill, N, Girard, O, Gregov, C, Halson, S, Hammouda, O, Hanzlíková, I, Hassanmirzaei, B, Hébert-Losier, K, Muñoz Helú, H, Herrera-Valenzuela, T, Hettinga, FJ, Holtzhausen, L, Hue, O, Dello Iacono, A, Ihalainen, JK, James, C, Joseph, S, Kamoun, K, Khaled, M, Khalladi, K, Kim, KJ, Kok, L-Y, MacMillan, L, Mataruna-Dos-Santos, LJ, Matsunaga, R, Memishi, S, Millet, GP, Moussa-Chamari, I, Washif, JA, Sandbakk, Ø, Seiler, S, Haugen, T, Farooq, A, Quarrie, K, Janse van Rensburg, DC, Krug, I, Verhagen, E, Wong, DP, Mujika, I, Musa, DI, Nguyen, HMT, Nikolaidis, PT, Owen, A, Padulo, J, Pagaduan, JC, Perera, NP, Pérez-Gómez, J, Pillay, L, Popa, A, Rabbani, A, Pudasaini, A, Rahayu, T, Romdhani, M, Salamh, P, Sarkar, A-S, Schillinger, A, Setyawati, H, Shrestha, N, Suraya, F, Tabben, M, Urhausen, A, Trabelsi, K, Valtonen, M, Weber, J, Whiteley, R, Zrane, A, Zerguini, Y, Zmijewski, P, Ben Saad, H, Pyne, DB, Taylor, L, Cortis, C, Chamari, K, Haddad, M, Ahmadian, O, Al Jufaili, M, Al-Horani, RA, Al-Mohannadi, AS, Aloui, A, Ammar, A, Arifi, F, Aziz, AR, Batuev, M, Beaven, CM, Beneke, R, Bici, A, Bishnoi, P, Bogwasi, L, Bok, D, Boukhris, O, Boullosa, D, Bragazzi, N, Brito, J, Palacios Cartagena, RP, Chaouachi, A, Cheung, SS, Chtourou, H, Cosma, G, Debevec, T, DeLang, MD, Dellal, A, Dönmez, G, Driss, T, Peña Duque, JD, Eirale, C, Elloumi, M, Foster, C, Franchini, E, Fusco, A, Galy, O, Gastin, PB, Gill, N, Girard, O, Gregov, C, Halson, S, Hammouda, O, Hanzlíková, I, Hassanmirzaei, B, Hébert-Losier, K, Muñoz Helú, H, Herrera-Valenzuela, T, Hettinga, FJ, Holtzhausen, L, Hue, O, Dello Iacono, A, Ihalainen, JK, James, C, Joseph, S, Kamoun, K, Khaled, M, Khalladi, K, Kim, KJ, Kok, L-Y, MacMillan, L, Mataruna-Dos-Santos, LJ, Matsunaga, R, Memishi, S, Millet, GP, and Moussa-Chamari, I

Abstract

PURPOSE: To investigate differences in athletes' knowledge, beliefs, and training practices during COVID-19 lockdowns with reference to sport classification and sex. This work extends an initial descriptive evaluation focusing on athlete classification. METHODS: Athletes (12,526; 66% male; 142 countries) completed an online survey (May-July 2020) assessing knowledge, beliefs, and practices toward training. Sports were classified as team sports (45%), endurance (20%), power/technical (10%), combat (9%), aquatic (6%), recreational (4%), racquet (3%), precision (2%), parasports (1%), and others (1%). Further analysis by sex was performed. RESULTS: During lockdown, athletes practiced body-weight-based exercises routinely (67% females and 64% males), ranging from 50% (precision) to 78% (parasports). More sport-specific technical skills were performed in combat, parasports, and precision (∼50%) than other sports (∼35%). Most athletes (range: 50% [parasports] to 75% [endurance]) performed cardiorespiratory training (trivial sex differences). Compared to prelockdown, perceived training intensity was reduced by 29% to 41%, depending on sport (largest decline: ∼38% in team sports, unaffected by sex). Some athletes (range: 7%-49%) maintained their training intensity for strength, endurance, speed, plyometric, change-of-direction, and technical training. Athletes who previously trained ≥5 sessions per week reduced their volume (range: 18%-28%) during lockdown. The proportion of athletes (81%) training ≥60 min/session reduced by 31% to 43% during lockdown. Males and females had comparable moderate levels of training knowledge (56% vs 58%) and beliefs/attitudes (54% vs 56%). CONCLUSIONS: Changes in athletes' training practices were sport-specific, with few or no sex differences. Team-based sports were generally more susceptible to changes than individual sports. Policy makers should provide athletes with specific training arrangements and educational resources to facilitate remot

Published
2022

15. Lockdown Duration and Training Intensity Affect Sleep Behavior in an International Sample of 1,454 Elite Athletes.

Author

Romdhani, M, Fullagar, HHK, Vitale, JA, Nédélec, M, Rae, DE, Ammar, A, Chtourou, H, Al Horani, RA, Ben Saad, H, Bragazzi, NL, Dönmez, G, Dergaa, I, Driss, T, Farooq, A, Hammouda, O, Harroum, N, Hassanmirzaei, B, Khalladi, K, Khemila, S, Mataruna-Dos-Santos, LJ, Moussa-Chamari, I, Mujika, I, Muñoz Helú, H, Norouzi Fashkhami, A, Paineiras-Domingos, LL, Khaneghah, MR, Saita, Y, Souissi, N, Trabelsi, K, Washif, JA, Weber, J, Zmijewski, P, Taylor, L, Garbarino, S, Chamari, K, Romdhani, M, Fullagar, HHK, Vitale, JA, Nédélec, M, Rae, DE, Ammar, A, Chtourou, H, Al Horani, RA, Ben Saad, H, Bragazzi, NL, Dönmez, G, Dergaa, I, Driss, T, Farooq, A, Hammouda, O, Harroum, N, Hassanmirzaei, B, Khalladi, K, Khemila, S, Mataruna-Dos-Santos, LJ, Moussa-Chamari, I, Mujika, I, Muñoz Helú, H, Norouzi Fashkhami, A, Paineiras-Domingos, LL, Khaneghah, MR, Saita, Y, Souissi, N, Trabelsi, K, Washif, JA, Weber, J, Zmijewski, P, Taylor, L, Garbarino, S, and Chamari, K

Abstract

Objective: To investigate the effect of 1) lockdown duration and 2) training intensity on sleep quality and insomnia symptoms in elite athletes. Methods: 1,454 elite athletes (24.1 ± 6.7 years; 42% female; 41% individual sports) from 40 countries answered a retrospective, cross-sectional, web-based questionnaire relating to their behavioral habits pre- and during- COVID-19 lockdown, including: 1) Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI); 2) Insomnia severity index (ISI); bespoke questions about 3) napping; and 4) training behaviors. The association between dependent (PSQI and ISI) and independent variables (sleep, napping and training behaviors) was determined with multiple regression and is reported as semi-partial correlation coefficient squared (in percentage). Results: 15% of the sample spent < 1 month, 27% spent 1-2 months and 58% spent > 2 months in lockdown. 29% self-reported maintaining the same training intensity during-lockdown whilst 71% reduced training intensity. PSQI (4.1 ± 2.4 to 5.8 ± 3.1; mean difference (MD): 1.7; 95% confidence interval of the difference (95% CI): 1.6-1.9) and ISI (5.1 ± 4.7 to 7.7 ± 6.4; MD: 2.6; 95% CI: 2.3-2.9) scores were higher during-compared to pre-lockdown, associated (all p < 0.001) with longer sleep onset latency (PSQI: 28%; ISI: 23%), later bedtime (PSQI: 13%; ISI: 14%) and later preferred time of day to train (PSQI: 9%; ISI: 5%) during-lockdown. Those who reduced training intensity during-lockdown showed higher PSQI (p < 0.001; MD: 1.25; 95% CI: 0.87-1.63) and ISI (p < 0.001; MD: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.72-3.27) scores compared to those who maintained training intensity. Although PSQI score was not affected by the lockdown duration, ISI score was higher in athletes who spent > 2 months confined compared to those who spent < 1 month (p < 0.001; MD: 1.28; 95% CI: 0.26-2.3). Conclusion: Reducing training intensity during the COVID-19-induced lockdown was associated with lower sleep quality and higher insomnia severity in elite athlet

Published
2022

20. COVID-19 Lockdowns: A Worldwide Survey of Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Quality in 3911 Athletes from 49 Countries, with Data-Driven Recommendations.

Author

Romdhani, M, Rae, DE, Nédélec, M, Ammar, A, Chtourou, H, Al Horani, R, Ben Saad, H, Bragazzi, N, Dönmez, G, Driss, T, Fullagar, HHK, Farooq, A, Garbarino, S, Hammouda, O, Hassanmirzaei, B, Khalladi, K, Khemila, S, Mataruna-Dos-Santos, LJ, Moussa-Chamari, I, Mujika, I, Muñoz Helú, H, Norouzi Fashkhami, A, Paineiras-Domingos, LL, Rahbari Khaneghah, M, Saita, Y, Trabelsi, K, Vitale, JA, Washif, JA, Weber, J, Souissi, N, Taylor, L, Chamari, K, Romdhani, M, Rae, DE, Nédélec, M, Ammar, A, Chtourou, H, Al Horani, R, Ben Saad, H, Bragazzi, N, Dönmez, G, Driss, T, Fullagar, HHK, Farooq, A, Garbarino, S, Hammouda, O, Hassanmirzaei, B, Khalladi, K, Khemila, S, Mataruna-Dos-Santos, LJ, Moussa-Chamari, I, Mujika, I, Muñoz Helú, H, Norouzi Fashkhami, A, Paineiras-Domingos, LL, Rahbari Khaneghah, M, Saita, Y, Trabelsi, K, Vitale, JA, Washif, JA, Weber, J, Souissi, N, Taylor, L, and Chamari, K

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: In a convenience sample of athletes, we conducted a survey of COVID-19-mediated lockdown (termed 'lockdown' from this point forward) effects on: (i) circadian rhythms; (ii) sleep; (iii) eating; and (iv) training behaviors. METHODS: In total, 3911 athletes [mean age: 25.1 (range 18-61) years, 1764 female (45%), 2427 team-sport (63%) and 1442 elite (37%) athletes] from 49 countries completed a multilingual cross-sectional survey including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Insomnia Severity Index questionnaires, alongside bespoke questions about napping, training, and nutrition behaviors. RESULTS: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (4.3 ± 2.4 to 5.8 ± 3.1) and Insomnia Severity Index (4.8 ± 4.7 to 7.2 ± 6.4) scores increased from pre- to during lockdown (p < 0.001). Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was predominantly influenced by sleep-onset latency (p < 0.001; + 29.8%), sleep efficiency (p < 0.001; - 21.1%), and total sleep time (p < 0.001; - 20.1%), whilst Insomnia Severity Index was affected by sleep-onset latency (p < 0.001; + 21.4%), bedtime (p < 0.001; + 9.4%), and eating after midnight (p < 0.001; + 9.1%). During lockdown, athletes reported fewer training sessions per week (- 29.1%; d = 0.99). Athletes went to bed (+ 75 min; 5.4%; d = 1.14) and woke up (+ 150 min; 34.5%; d = 1.71) later during lockdown with an increased total sleep time (+ 48 min; 10.6%; d = 0.83). Lockdown-mediated circadian disruption had more deleterious effects on the sleep quality of individual-sport athletes compared with team-sport athletes (p < 0.001; d = 0.41), elite compared with non-elite athletes (p = 0.028; d = 0.44) and older compared with younger (p = 0.008; d = 0.46) athletes. CONCLUSIONS: These lockdown-induced behavioral changes reduced sleep quality and increased insomnia in athletes. Data-driven and evidence-based recommendations to counter these include, but are not limited to: (i) early outdoor training; (ii) regular meal scheduling (whilst avoiding meals prior to

Published
2021

21. Training During the COVID-19 Lockdown: Knowledge, Beliefs, and Practices of 12,526 Athletes from 142 Countries and Six Continents.

Author

Washif, JA, Farooq, A, Krug, I, Pyne, DB, Verhagen, E, Taylor, L, Wong, DP, Mujika, I, Cortis, C, Haddad, M, Ahmadian, O, Al Jufaili, M, Al-Horani, RA, Al-Mohannadi, AS, Aloui, A, Ammar, A, Arifi, F, Aziz, AR, Batuev, M, Beaven, CM, Beneke, R, Bici, A, Bishnoi, P, Bogwasi, L, Bok, D, Boukhris, O, Boullosa, D, Bragazzi, N, Brito, J, Cartagena, RPP, Chaouachi, A, Cheung, SS, Chtourou, H, Cosma, G, Debevec, T, DeLang, MD, Dellal, A, Dönmez, G, Driss, T, Peña Duque, JD, Eirale, C, Elloumi, M, Foster, C, Franchini, E, Fusco, A, Galy, O, Gastin, PB, Gill, N, Girard, O, Gregov, C, Halson, S, Hammouda, O, Hanzlíková, I, Hassanmirzaei, B, Haugen, T, Hébert-Losier, K, Muñoz Helú, H, Herrera-Valenzuela, T, Hettinga, FJ, Holtzhausen, L, Hue, O, Dello Iacono, A, Ihalainen, JK, James, C, Janse van Rensburg, DC, Joseph, S, Kamoun, K, Khaled, M, Khalladi, K, Kim, KJ, Kok, L-Y, MacMillan, L, Mataruna-Dos-Santos, LJ, Matsunaga, R, Memishi, S, Millet, GP, Moussa-Chamari, I, Musa, DI, Nguyen, HMT, Nikolaidis, PT, Owen, A, Padulo, J, Pagaduan, JC, Perera, NP, Pérez-Gómez, J, Pillay, L, Popa, A, Pudasaini, A, Rabbani, A, Rahayu, T, Romdhani, M, Salamh, P, Sarkar, A-S, Schillinger, A, Seiler, S, Setyawati, H, Shrestha, N, Suraya, F, Tabben, M, Trabelsi, K, Urhausen, A, Valtonen, M, Weber, J, Whiteley, R, Zrane, A, Zerguini, Y, Zmijewski, P, Sandbakk, Ø, Ben Saad, H, Chamari, K, Washif, JA, Farooq, A, Krug, I, Pyne, DB, Verhagen, E, Taylor, L, Wong, DP, Mujika, I, Cortis, C, Haddad, M, Ahmadian, O, Al Jufaili, M, Al-Horani, RA, Al-Mohannadi, AS, Aloui, A, Ammar, A, Arifi, F, Aziz, AR, Batuev, M, Beaven, CM, Beneke, R, Bici, A, Bishnoi, P, Bogwasi, L, Bok, D, Boukhris, O, Boullosa, D, Bragazzi, N, Brito, J, Cartagena, RPP, Chaouachi, A, Cheung, SS, Chtourou, H, Cosma, G, Debevec, T, DeLang, MD, Dellal, A, Dönmez, G, Driss, T, Peña Duque, JD, Eirale, C, Elloumi, M, Foster, C, Franchini, E, Fusco, A, Galy, O, Gastin, PB, Gill, N, Girard, O, Gregov, C, Halson, S, Hammouda, O, Hanzlíková, I, Hassanmirzaei, B, Haugen, T, Hébert-Losier, K, Muñoz Helú, H, Herrera-Valenzuela, T, Hettinga, FJ, Holtzhausen, L, Hue, O, Dello Iacono, A, Ihalainen, JK, James, C, Janse van Rensburg, DC, Joseph, S, Kamoun, K, Khaled, M, Khalladi, K, Kim, KJ, Kok, L-Y, MacMillan, L, Mataruna-Dos-Santos, LJ, Matsunaga, R, Memishi, S, Millet, GP, Moussa-Chamari, I, Musa, DI, Nguyen, HMT, Nikolaidis, PT, Owen, A, Padulo, J, Pagaduan, JC, Perera, NP, Pérez-Gómez, J, Pillay, L, Popa, A, Pudasaini, A, Rabbani, A, Rahayu, T, Romdhani, M, Salamh, P, Sarkar, A-S, Schillinger, A, Seiler, S, Setyawati, H, Shrestha, N, Suraya, F, Tabben, M, Trabelsi, K, Urhausen, A, Valtonen, M, Weber, J, Whiteley, R, Zrane, A, Zerguini, Y, Zmijewski, P, Sandbakk, Ø, Ben Saad, H, and Chamari, K

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to explore the training-related knowledge, beliefs, and practices of athletes and the influence of lockdowns in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). METHODS: Athletes (n = 12,526, comprising 13% world class, 21% international, 36% national, 24% state, and 6% recreational) completed an online survey that was available from 17 May to 5 July 2020 and explored their training behaviors (training knowledge, beliefs/attitudes, and practices), including specific questions on their training intensity, frequency, and session duration before and during lockdown (March-June 2020). RESULTS: Overall, 85% of athletes wanted to "maintain training," and 79% disagreed with the statement that it is "okay to not train during lockdown," with a greater prevalence for both in higher-level athletes. In total, 60% of athletes considered "coaching by correspondence (remote coaching)" to be sufficient (highest amongst world-class athletes). During lockdown, < 40% were able to maintain sport-specific training (e.g., long endurance [39%], interval training [35%], weightlifting [33%], plyometric exercise [30%]) at pre-lockdown levels (higher among world-class, international, and national athletes), with most (83%) training for "general fitness and health maintenance" during lockdown. Athletes trained alone (80%) and focused on bodyweight (65%) and cardiovascular (59%) exercise/training during lockdown. Compared with before lockdown, most athletes reported reduced training frequency (from between five and seven sessions per week to four or fewer), shorter training sessions (from ≥ 60 to < 60 min), and lower sport-specific intensity (~ 38% reduction), irrespective of athlete classification. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19-related lockdowns saw marked reductions in athletic training specificity, intensity, frequency, and duration, with notable within-sample differences (by athlete clas

Published
2021

22. Effects of home confinement on mental health and lifestyle behaviours during the COVID-19 outbreak: Insights from the ECLB-COVID19 multicentre study

Author

Ammar, A., Trabelsi, K., Brach, M., Chtourou, H., Boukhris, O., Masmoudi, L., Bouaziz, B., Bentlage, E., How, D., Ahmed, M., Mueller, P., Mueller, N., Hammouda, O., Paineiras-Domingos, L. L., Braakman-Jansen, A., Wrede, C., Bastoni, S., Pernambuco, C. S., Mataruna, L., Taheri, M., Irandoust, K., Khacharem, A., Bragazzi, N. L., Strahler, J., Adrian, J., Andreeva, A., Glenn, J. M., Bott, N. T., Gargouri, F., Chaari, L., Batatia, H., Khoshnami, S. C., Samara, E., Zisi, V., Sankar, P., Ahmed, W. N., Ali, G. M., Abdelkarim, O., Jarraya, M., Abed, K. E., Moalla, W., Romdhani, M., Aloui, A., Souissi, N., van Gemert-Pijnen, L., Riemann, B. L., Riemann, L., Delhey, J., Gomez-Raja, J., Epstein, M., Sanderman, R., Schulz, S., Jerg, A., Al-Horani, R., Mansi, T., Jmail, M., Barbosa, F., Ferreira-Santos, F., Simunic, B., Pisot, R., Pisot, S., Gaggioli, Andrea, Zmijewski, P., Bailey, S. J., Steinacker, J., Chamari, K., Driss, T., Hoekelmann, A., Gaggioli A. (ORCID:0000-0001-7818-7598), Ammar, A., Trabelsi, K., Brach, M., Chtourou, H., Boukhris, O., Masmoudi, L., Bouaziz, B., Bentlage, E., How, D., Ahmed, M., Mueller, P., Mueller, N., Hammouda, O., Paineiras-Domingos, L. L., Braakman-Jansen, A., Wrede, C., Bastoni, S., Pernambuco, C. S., Mataruna, L., Taheri, M., Irandoust, K., Khacharem, A., Bragazzi, N. L., Strahler, J., Adrian, J., Andreeva, A., Glenn, J. M., Bott, N. T., Gargouri, F., Chaari, L., Batatia, H., Khoshnami, S. C., Samara, E., Zisi, V., Sankar, P., Ahmed, W. N., Ali, G. M., Abdelkarim, O., Jarraya, M., Abed, K. E., Moalla, W., Romdhani, M., Aloui, A., Souissi, N., van Gemert-Pijnen, L., Riemann, B. L., Riemann, L., Delhey, J., Gomez-Raja, J., Epstein, M., Sanderman, R., Schulz, S., Jerg, A., Al-Horani, R., Mansi, T., Jmail, M., Barbosa, F., Ferreira-Santos, F., Simunic, B., Pisot, R., Pisot, S., Gaggioli, Andrea, Zmijewski, P., Bailey, S. J., Steinacker, J., Chamari, K., Driss, T., Hoekelmann, A., and Gaggioli A. (ORCID:0000-0001-7818-7598)

Abstract

Although recognised as effective measures to curb the spread of the COVID-19 outbreak, social distancing and self-isolation have been suggested to generate a burden throughout the population. To provide scientific data to help identify risk factors for the psychosocial strain during the COVID-19 outbreak, an international cross-disciplinary online survey was circulated in April 2020. This report outlines the mental, emotional and behavioural consequences of COVID-19 home confinement. The ECLB-COVID19 electronic survey was designed by a steering group of multidisciplinary scientists, following a structured review of the literature. The survey was uploaded and shared on the Google online survey platform and was promoted by thirty-five research organizations from Europe, North Africa, Western Asia and the Americas. Questions were presented in a differential format with questions related to responses “before” and “during” the confinement period. 1047 replies (54% women) from Western Asia (36%), North Africa (40%), Europe (21%) and other continents (3%) were analysed. The COVID-19 home confinement evoked a negative effect on mental wellbeing and emotional status (P < 0.001; 0.43 ≤ d ≤ 0.65) with a greater proportion of individuals experiencing psychosocial and emotional disorders (+10% to +16.5%). These psychosocial tolls were associated with unhealthy lifestyle behaviours with a greater proportion of individuals experiencing (i) physical (+15.2%) and social (+71.2%) inactivity, (ii) poor sleep quality (+12.8%), (iii) unhealthy diet behaviours (+10%), and (iv) unemployment (6%). Conversely, participants demonstrated a greater use (+15%) of technology during the confinement period. These findings elucidate the risk of psychosocial strain during the COVID-19 home confinement period and provide a clear remit for the urgent implementation of technology-based intervention to foster an Active and Healthy Confinement Lifestyle AHCL).

Published
2021

31. Effects of COVID-19 home confinement on eating behaviour and physical activity: Results of the ECLB-COVID19 international online survey

Author

Ammar, A., Brach, M., Trabelsi, K., Chtourou, H., Boukhris, O., Masmoudi, L., Bouaziz, B., Bentlage, E., How, D., Ahmed, M., Muller, P., Muller, N., Aloui, A., Hammouda, O., Paineiras-Domingos, L. L., Braakman-Jansen, A., Wrede, C., Bastoni, S., Pernambuco, C. S., Mataruna, L., Taheri, M., Irandoust, K., Khacharem, A., Bragazzi, N. L., Chamari, K., Glenn, J. M., Bott, N. T., Gargouri, F., Chaari, L., Batatia, H., Ali, G. M., Abdelkarim, O., Jarraya, M., El Abed, K., Souissi, N., Van Gemert-Pijnen, L., Riemann, B. L., Riemann, L., Moalla, W., Gomez-Raja, J., Epstein, M., Sanderman, R., Schulz, S. V. W., Jerg, A., Al-Horani, R., Mansi, T., Jmail, M., Barbosa, F., Ferreira-Santos, F., Simunic, B., Pisot, R., Gaggioli, Andrea, Bailey, S. J., Steinacker, J. M., Driss, T., Hoekelmann, A., Gaggioli A. (ORCID:0000-0001-7818-7598), Ammar, A., Brach, M., Trabelsi, K., Chtourou, H., Boukhris, O., Masmoudi, L., Bouaziz, B., Bentlage, E., How, D., Ahmed, M., Muller, P., Muller, N., Aloui, A., Hammouda, O., Paineiras-Domingos, L. L., Braakman-Jansen, A., Wrede, C., Bastoni, S., Pernambuco, C. S., Mataruna, L., Taheri, M., Irandoust, K., Khacharem, A., Bragazzi, N. L., Chamari, K., Glenn, J. M., Bott, N. T., Gargouri, F., Chaari, L., Batatia, H., Ali, G. M., Abdelkarim, O., Jarraya, M., El Abed, K., Souissi, N., Van Gemert-Pijnen, L., Riemann, B. L., Riemann, L., Moalla, W., Gomez-Raja, J., Epstein, M., Sanderman, R., Schulz, S. V. W., Jerg, A., Al-Horani, R., Mansi, T., Jmail, M., Barbosa, F., Ferreira-Santos, F., Simunic, B., Pisot, R., Gaggioli, Andrea, Bailey, S. J., Steinacker, J. M., Driss, T., Hoekelmann, A., and Gaggioli A. (ORCID:0000-0001-7818-7598)

Abstract

Background: Public health recommendations and governmental measures during the COVID-19 pandemic have resulted in numerous restrictions on daily living including social distancing, isolation and home confinement. While these measures are imperative to abate the spreading of COVID-19, the impact of these restrictions on health behaviours and lifestyles at home is undefined. Therefore, an international online survey was launched in April 2020, in seven languages, to elucidate the behavioural and lifestyle consequences of COVID-19 restrictions. This report presents the results from the first thousand responders on physical activity (PA) and nutrition behaviours. Methods: Following a structured review of the literature, the “Effects of home Confinement on multiple Lifestyle Behaviours during the COVID-19 outbreak (ECLB-COVID19)” Electronic survey was designed by a steering group of multidisciplinary scientists and academics. The survey was uploaded and shared on the Google online survey platform. Thirty-five research organisations from Europe, North-Africa, Western Asia and the Americas promoted the survey in English, German, French, Arabic, Spanish, Portuguese and Slovenian languages. Questions were presented in a differential format, with questions related to responses “before” and “during” confinement conditions. Results: 1047 replies (54% women) from Asia (36%), Africa (40%), Europe (21%) and other (3%) were included in the analysis. The COVID-19 home confinement had a negative effect on all PA intensity levels (vigorous, moderate, walking and overall). Additionally, daily sitting time increased from 5 to 8 h per day. Food consumption and meal patterns (the type of food, eating out of control, snacks between meals, number of main meals) were more unhealthy during confinement, with only alcohol binge drinking decreasing significantly. Conclusion: While isolation is a necessary measure to protect public health, results indicate that it alters physical activity and eat

Published
2020

32. Automated high-throughput heart rate measurement in medaka and zebrafish embryos under physiological conditions

Author

Gierten, J., Pylatiuk, Christian, Hammouda, O., Schock, Christian, Stegmaier, J., Wittbrodt, J., Gehrig, J., and Loosli, Felix

Subjects
medaka, software-assisted heart rate quantification, automated microscopy, Zebrafish
Abstract

Rationale: Accurate and efficient quantification of heartbeats in small fish models is an important readout to study cardiovascular biology, disease states and pharmacology at large scale. However, dependence on anesthesia, laborious sample orientation or requirement for fluorescent reporters have hampered the establishment of high-throughput heartbeat analysis. Objective: To overcome these limitations, we aimed to develop a high-throughput assay with automated heart rate scoring in medaka (Oryzias latipes) and zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos under physiological conditions designed for genetic screens and drug discovery and validation. Methods and Results: We established an efficient screening assay employing automated label-free heart rate determination of randomly oriented, non-anesthetized specimen in microtiter plates. Automatically acquired bright-field data feeds into an easy-to-use HeartBeat software, a MATLAB algorithm with graphical user interface developed for automated quantification of heart rate and rhythm. Sensitivity of the assay and algorithm was demonstrated by profiling heart rates during entire embryonic development. Our analysis pipeline revealed acute temperature changes triggering rapid adaption of heart rates, which has implications for standardization of experimental layout. The approach is scalable and allows scoring of multiple embryos per well resulting in a throughput of >500 embryos per 96-well plate. In a proof of principle screen for compound testing, our assay captured concentration-dependent effects of nifedipine and terfenadine over time. Conclusion: A novel workflow and HeartBeat software provide efficient means for reliable and direct quantification of heart rate and rhythm of small fish in a physiological environment. Importantly, confounding factors such as anesthetics or laborious mounting are eliminated. We provide detailed profiles of embryonic heart rate dynamics in medaka and zebrafish as reference for future assay development. Ease of sample handling, automated imaging, physiological conditions and software-assisted analysis now facilitate various large-scale applications ranging from phenotypic screening, interrogation of gene functions to cardiovascular drug development pipelines.

Published
2019
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42. Autotoxicity of chard and its allelopathic potentiality on germination and some metabolic activities associated with growth of wheat seedlings

Author

Hegab, MM, Khodary, SEA, Hammouda, O, and Ghareib, HR

Subjects
Allelopathy, Beta vulgaris var. Cicla, weed control, Triticum vulgar L. sides, HPLC, bioherbicides, autotoxicity
Abstract

In this study, the allelopathic effect of aqueous whole mature chard plant extract (Beta vulgaris L. var.Cicla) on wheat (Triticum vulgare L. var. Sides 1) and an associated weed (chard) was investigated.Plants used were sampled in 2006, and then plant extracts were obtained after they were ground and processed with distilled water. Twenty five of wheat grains and the same number of chard seeds ofuniform size and weight were placed in a mixture on sterile filter paper in 15 cm Petri-dishes. Treated Petri-dishes were each supplied with 20 ml extract of 0.25,1, 4, 8, and 12% (w/v) while untreated controlwas supplied with 20 ml of distilled water. After 10 days the germination percentage, vigour value, seedling growth criteria and some physiological processes were counted. The aqueous extract retardedthe germination of chard more effectively than that of wheat and the effect was concentration dependent. The lowest concentration stimulated the germination of both wheat and chard; on the otherhand, the germination was retarded under the application of concentrations above 1%. However, 1% concentration had a positive effect on wheat and negative on chard. HPLC analyses of the watersoluble extract of whole chard plant residue revealed the presence of eight phenolic aglycones that show the abundant of chichimec acid, (+) camphor, hydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric and vanillic acids aswell as trace amounts of coumarin and protocatechuic acids. This extract may be used as a bioherbicide to control the germination and growth of itself (autotoxicity).

Published
2010

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