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Objectives: To assess the inter‐rater agreement of corneal cytology findings in canine ulcerative keratitis by veterinary surgeons of different training levels and the agreement of corneal cytology with culture. Materials and Methods: Dogs with progressive ulcerative keratitis were prospectively recruited for corneal cytology and culture. Corneal cytology slides were reviewed by veterinary surgeons of different training levels (three general practitioners, three ophthalmologists and three pathologists). The inter‐rater agreement of cytology findings and agreement of cytology with culture was assessed using the kappa measure of agreement. Results: The study included 145 corneal cytology samples from 143 dogs (145 eyes) with progressive ulcerative keratitis. Positive cultures were obtained from 81 of 145 (56%) eyes. The most commonly isolated pathogens were Streptococcus canis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. The results demonstrated increased inter‐rater agreement of corneal cytology and increased agreement with culture with increased ocular pathology expertise (pathologists > ophthalmologists > general practitioners). Clinical Significance: This study provides important information about the diagnostic value of corneal cytology in canine ulcerative keratitis and the most common pathogens involved in such cases in the UK. Based on the results of this study, cytology findings should be interpreted in conjunction with the expertise of the observer. For maximal pathogen identification, both cytology and culture should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate parasiticide use and describe signalment features in patients with sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome (SARDS)., Animals: Retrospective case-control study of dogs with (n = 71) and without (136) SARDS., Methods: Parasiticide use, presentation season, weight, body condition, and signalment were compared between dogs diagnosed with SARDS and the reference population by use of descriptive statistics and logistic regression., Results: Animals with SARDS were at a 5.99 times higher odds of having previously used imidacloprid (95% CI, 1.6 to 22.2; P = .003). However, time of last imidocloprid administration was > 6 years prior to diagnosis in 6 SARDS-affected individuals and 15, 26, or 42 months before diagnosis (n = 1 each). No other class of parasiticide had a significant association with SARDS. Seasonal variation was observed with a negative association identified between incidence of SARDS and tick season (October to January; P < .001). Overweight and obese dogs were 4.42 (95% CI, 1.9 to 10.4) and 4.96 (95% CI, 2.1 to 11.6) times more likely to have SARDS (P ≤ .001). History of polyphagia or weight gain was not associated with an increased likelihood of being overweight or obese within the SARDS-affected population (P > .108)., Clinical Relevance: While a statistically significant association was found between imidacloprid use and SARDS, this is unlikely to be clinically significant given the lack of a temporal association, sparse exposure numbers, and low point estimate of the OR. A positive association between being overweight or obese and a diagnosis of SARDS was found independent of polyphagia and weight gain, suggesting that it may be a risk factor for the development of SARDS.

Objectives: The objective of the study was to identify bacterial pathogens and their antimicrobial sensitivity profile associated with cases of canine progressive ulcerative keratitis., Materials and Methods: Analysis of microbial culture and sensitivity results from dogs with progressive ulcerative keratitis presenting to a UK referral practice between December 2018 and August 2020., Results: Positive bacterial cultures were obtained from 80/148 (54%) of the canine ulcers sampled with 99 bacterial isolates cultured. Streptococcus canis (n = 29), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 19), and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (n = 16) were the most common isolates. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was more likely to be isolated whether the ulcer was clinically malacic at the time of sampling (OR = 10.1, p < .001). Ulcers treated prior to culture with fusidic acid were 7.6 times more likely to be positive than those treated with any other antimicrobial(s). Bacterial isolates demonstrated resistance against neomycin (85%), fusidic acid (78%), and tetracycline (68%). Conversely, isolates were most likely to be sensitive to gentamicin (88%), ofloxacin (77%), ciprofloxacin (73%), and chloramphenicol (64%). Antimicrobial combinations of chloramphenicol or gentamicin with a fluoroquinolone (ofloxacin or ciprofloxacin) or chloramphenicol combined with gentamicin were the most effective on in vitro analysis (over 90% susceptibility of all isolates)., Conclusion: The most common bacterial species associated with canine progressive ulcerative keratitis in a UK referral population were S. canis, P. aeruginosa, and S. pseudintermedius. Combination antimicrobial therapy is recommended pending culture and sensitivity results given the varied antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and significant bacterial in vitro resistance to antimicrobial monotherapy., (© 2023 American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists.)

Objective: The aim of this prospective study was to compare tear film quality between dogs who have previously undergone cryoepilation for distichiasis to a reference population., Animals Studied: Nine dogs (17 eyes) were recruited after surgery and were compared to a reference population of 21 dogs (42 eyes)., Procedures: Canine patients who had previously undergone cryoepilation for distichiasis for a minimum of 1 month prior to examination were recruited. A complete ophthalmic examination was performed by an ABVO resident (BDR), with additional tear tests, including tear film interferometry, infra-red meibography, and a tear film break-up time (TFBUT) performed. The tear test results were compared to a reference population obtained from client-owned dogs with no history of ophthalmic complaints, a normal ophthalmic examination performed by an ABVO resident (BDR) and a Schirmer Tear Test-1 > 15 mm/min. Statistical analysis was performed of the results obtained., Results: The treated group was significantly more affected with meibomian gland dropout (MG-dropout) in 11/17 (64.7%) cases, compared to the reference population of 2/21 (9.5%) (p < .01). The treated group had an odds ratio of 23.8 to develop MG-dropout compared to the reference population (p < .01). Tear film breakup time (TFBUT) was significantly shorter in the treatment group (5.8 ± 2.6 s) compared to the reference population (10.1 ± 1.1 s) (p < .001). In the treatment group, 12/17 (70.5%) of treated eyes had a TFBUT < 5 s compared to 2/21 (9.5%) of the reference population., Conclusion: Cryoepilation for distichaiasis appears to be a risk factor for developing MG-dropout and qualitative tear film disorders post-operatively in canines., (© 2022 American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists.)

Background: This study aimed to describe a modification of the combined Hotz-Celsus and wedge resection technique for the treatment of lower lid entropion in dogs and evaluate its success rate., Methods: To reduce tissue trauma, facilitate tissue handling and shorten the surgical time, shortening of the eyelid was performed by excising a rectangular piece of the eyelid margin only, in the central section, extending to but not below the first Hotz-Celsus incision. The eyelid margin surgical wound was then sutured before excision of the Hotz-Celsus crescent which had been surgically scored at the start of surgery. Records of 31 dogs were reviewed for signalment, outcome, need for further surgery, and follow up from 6 to 48 months after surgery., Results: Sixty-one eyes with lower lid entropion were treated. The most common breeds were English bulldog and English cocker spaniel and the median age was 16 months. The success rate for a single entropion correction surgery was 98.4%. One eyelid required a second surgical correction and four eyelids of three large breed dogs had wound breakdown., Conclusions: This modified technique is successful at correcting lower eyelid entropion associated with overlong eyelid length in dogs while being technically easier to perform., (© 2022 British Veterinary Association.)

Objective: To describe a technique to repair feline eyelid agenesis using a hyaluronic acid (HA) subdermal filler injection to allow for acute soft tissue expansion, followed by a free labial mucocutaneous graft., Materials and Methods: Thirty-nine colobomatous eyelids in 24 feline patients with secondary keratitis were recruited to the study group., Results: Keratitis and trichiasis were markedly resolved in 27/39 (69.2%) eyelids after a single procedure. Post-operative HA subdermal filler injections were required to resolve 5/39 (12.8%) eyelids that had mild post-operative trichiasis, and 1/39 (2.5%) eyelids that had post-operative lateral canthal collapse. Complications occurred in 6/39 (15.4%) cases, consisting of distal graft necrosis (n = 2 eyes), suture rubbing the cornea (n = 2 eyes), moderate trichiasis (n = 1 eye) and graft adherence to the episclera (n = 1 eye)., Conclusion: The technique was successful in enhancing corneal protection, cosmesis and eyelid function and should be considered as a surgical option for any degree of eyelid agenesis in feline patients., (© 2021 American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists.)

Purpose: To evaluate owner perceptions of the quality of life of their dogs before and after bilateral enucleation and to assess owner satisfaction with the procedure., Methods: Medical records of 72 dogs from the Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral Service (49 dogs) and the Royal Veterinary College (RVC, 23 dogs) that had undergone bilateral enucleation, either in one procedure or at different times, between April 2008 (Willows) or 2012 (RVC) and April 2017, were reviewed. Owners were initially telephoned to determine owner satisfaction, followed by a postal visual analogue scale (VAS) questionnaire evaluating perceptions of their dog's quality of life before and after the bilateral enucleation. Statistical evaluation included Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and Chi-squared analysis., Results: Of the 72 cases identified, 63 owners (88%) were contacted by telephone and 60 owners (83%) also completed the VAS questionnaire. The mean age at the time of the second or bilateral enucleation was 8.47 years (range 7.1 months-14.5 years). Cross-breeds (n = 12, 17%) and Jack Russell Terriers (n = 7, 10%) were the two most represented breeds. Glaucoma was the most common reason for enucleation (139/144 eyes, 97%). Most owners (57/63, 90%) were satisfied with the surgery and would consent to the procedure again. Statistically significant improvements in owner perceptions of their dog's pain level, reaction to facial/ocular palpation, activity levels, and quality of life were identified post-enucleation., Conclusions: Following bilateral enucleation, owners were satisfied with the procedure and perceived their dogs to have a good quality of life., (© 2019 American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists.)

Purpose: To describe the clinical signs, management, histopathologic findings, and outcome of three dogs with a corneocentric presentation of nodular granulomatous episcleritis (NGE)., Methods: Three dogs of varying breeds were presented for a unilateral, nonpainful, and infiltrative corneal lesion in the dorsal aspect of the eye. Clinical response to symptomatic topical treatment directed at a presumed inflammatory or immune-mediated cause was poor. Due to this, and concerns of neoplasia, ultrasonography (n = 1), incisional biopsy (n = 2), and/or enucleation (n = 2) were performed., Results: The inflammatory infiltrate observed on histopathology was identical to that seen in nodular granulomatous episcleritis in all three cases. However, atypically the inflammation was confined to the cornea and limbus, without episcleral or conjunctival involvement. Inflammation of the cornea was full thickness to Descemet's membrane. Following enucleation (n = 2), there were no postoperative complications, and no reported ophthalmic disease in the remaining eye. Currently, the single non-enucleated case remains controlled with systemic and topical immunosuppression., Conclusion: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of an NGE condition purely affecting the full thickness of the cornea, without episcleral or conjunctival involvement. The authors propose this to represent an atypical corneocentric variant of NGE. This clinical presentation can resemble neoplasia; incisional biopsy is recommended for a definitive diagnosis. Further research into the optimal treatment strategies for this variant of NGE is required., (© 2019 American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists.)

Objective: To retrospectively evaluate the clinical signs, imaging findings, and outcome of feline internal ophthalmoparesis/ophthalmoplegia., Procedure: Medical records were reviewed from 2008 to 2015. Inclusion criteria included cats that presented with internal ophthalmoparesis/ophthalmoplegia, underwent diagnostic imaging, and had follow-up information available., Results: Twelve cases of feline internal ophthalmoparesis/ophthalmoplegia were identified. Nine cats were unilaterally affected, and three cats were bilaterally affected. Affected cats had a median age of 10.54 years (range 5.75 to 13.17), and both sexes of varying breeds were affected (nine males; three females). Clinical signs including abnormal mental status (n = 9; 75%) and additional neurologic abnormalities (n = 10; 83%) were observed. Magnetic resonance imaging and/or computed tomography (MRI/CT) of the head were performed in ten cats, revealing a mass lesion in all cases with varying locations. Multicentric lymphoma was diagnosed in two cats via abdominal ultrasound and cytology. All twelve cats were euthanized due to deterioration of clinical signs and/or quality-of-life concerns. Median time from diagnosis to euthanasia was 3.5 days (range 0 to 80 days)., Conclusions: Feline internal ophthalmoparesis/ophthalmoplegia rarely presents as the sole clinical sign in a referral hospital. Advanced imaging (MRI/CT) may be necessary to reach a definitive diagnosis in these cases. However, abdominal ultrasound would be advocated in cats with systemic clinical signs as a less expensive and less invasive diagnostic test to further investigate the possible etiology of internal ophthalmoparesis/ophthalmoplegia prior to advanced imaging. Feline cases with internal ophthalmoparesis/ophthalmoplegia associated with other intracranial signs and/or systemic clinical signs have a poor prognosis., (© 2017 American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists.)

Background: Hypercoagulability is a well-known feature of canine immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) and is believed to increase the risk of thrombosis. This study was undertaken to differentiate the relative contribution of platelets and clotting proteases to this hypercoagulability using thromboelastography (TEG)., Study Design: Retrospective observational study., Methods: Thromboelastograms from 27 dogs with IMHA were retrospectively evaluated. Standard TEG parameters (R, K, α, MA), the G value, and the novel parameter delta (Δ) were determined. Hypercoagulability was attributed to the platelet component of hemostasis when there was an increased G value with a normal Δ value., Key Findings: Nineteen of 27 dogs (70.4%) had ≥ 2 TEG variables suggestive of hypercoagulability, 18 (66.7%) had a hypercoagulable G value, and 11 (40.7%) had a hypercoagulable Δ value. Ten of 27 (37%) samples met the criteria for platelet hypercoagulability., Significance: Our report documents the derivation and application of the Δ value to differentiate enzymatic from platelet hypercoagulability. Further studies are required to validate the use of these TEG variables in this manner. The hypercoagulable tendency in dogs with IMHA is complex and multifactorial, and in some dogs this hypercoagulability may be attributed primarily to platelet hyper reactivity. Our findings may support the use of anti-platelet drugs in some dogs with IMHA., (© Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society 2015.)