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Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea, which is considered to be the second most destructive necrotrophic fungus, leads to major economic losses in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) production. B. cinerea preferentially infects strawberry flowers and fruits, leading to flower blight and fruit rot. Compared with those of the fruit, the mechanisms of flower defense against B. cinerea remain largely unexplored. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to unveil the resistance mechanisms of strawberry flower through dynamic and comparative transcriptome analysis with resistant and susceptible strawberry cultivars. Our experimental data suggest that resistance to B. cinerea in the strawberry flower is probably regulated at the transcriptome level during the early stages of infection and strawberry flower has highly complex and dynamic regulatory networks controlling a multi-layered defense response to B. cinerea. First of all, the higher expression of disease-resistance genes but lower expression of cell wall degrading enzymes and peroxidases leads to higher resistance to B. cinerea in the resistant cultivar. Interestingly, CPKs, RBOHDs, CNGCs, and CMLs comprised a calcium signaling pathway especially play a crucial role in enhancing resistance by increasing their expression. Besides, six types of phytohormones forming a complex regulatory network mediated flower resistance, especially JA and auxin. Finally, the genes involved in the phenylpropanoid and amino acids biosynthesis pathways were gene sets specially expressed or different expression genes, both of them contribute to the flower resistance to B. cinerea. These data provide the foundation for a better understanding of strawberry gray mold, along with detailed genetic information and resistant materials to enable genetic improvement of strawberry plant resistance to gray mold.

In this paper, we present an ultrawide-range radiation detection method based on dynamic recognition and analysis of the response signal of a monolithic active pixel sensor (MAPS). Our analysis of the MAPS response mechanism determined that adaptive adjustment of the sensor’s integral time is key to quantification of ionizing radiation in an ultrawide range. We also determined that different data processing methods are required for accurate quantification of high and low radiation dose rates. The results of experiments conducted after calibration demonstrate that our technique is capable of radiation detection across five orders of magnitude (ranging from milligrays per hour to hundreds of grays per hour), with errors of less than 5%. Chip-based nuclear radiation detection can be realized using our technique, enabling MAPS to be used as a supplement to traditional detectors in characterization of unknown and complex radiation environments.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Yield in field trials of XL22 and XL17 under the WW and WD conditions.

Additional file 7: Fig. S1. Consumed water analysis of XL22 and XL17 under the WW and WD conditions. A. Plant phenotyping of XL22 and XL17 at bud stage under the WW and WD conditions. B. Consumed water content of XL22 and XL17 under the WW and WD conditions. WW, well-watered; WD, water deficit. The scales bars are indicated with white lines. Error bars are standard errors. Values represent the means ± SE, n = 3. Different letters above the bars indicate statistically different from each other as determined by the Student’s t test: p < 0.05. Fig. S2. SEM observation of the leaves surface wax of XL22 and XL17 under the WW and WD conditions. a and b. XL22 leaf at the seedling stage under WW and WD condition, respectively. c and d. XL22 leaf at the bud stage under WW and WD condition, respectively. e and f. XL17 leaf at the seedling stage under WW and WD condition, respectively. g and h. XL17 leaf at the bud stage under WW and WD condition, respectively. i, j, k and l, the adaxial surface of XL22 leaf corresponds to a, b, c and d. m, n, o and p, the adaxial surface of XL17 leaf corresponds to e, f, g and h. The waxy crystals as indicated by the arrows. WW, well-watered; WD, water deficit. SS-22, XL22 leaves at seedling stage; SS-17, XL17 leaves at seedling stage; BS-22, XL22 leaves at bud stage; BS-17, XL17 leaves at bud stage. Fig. S3. Total wax content of cotton leaves of XL22 and XL17 under WW and WD conditions. WW, well-watered; WD, water deficit. SS, the seedling stage; BS, the bud stage. Error bars are standard errors. Values represent the means ± SE, n = 3. Different letters above the bars indicate statistically different from each other as determined by the Student’s t test: p < 0.05. Fig. S4. Heatmap showing the relative expression levels of the 9 selected genes in the two cotton varieties determined by RNA-seq analysis (A) and qRT-PCR (B). Of the selected genes, 4 genes are involved in fatty acid synthesis and 5 genes are related to wax and cutin biosynthesis. The enzymes encoded by these genes are: Very-long-chain enoyl-CoA reductase (GH_D10G2517), Very-long-chain 3-oxoacyl-CoA reductase 1 (GH_D03G1424), 3-oxoacyl-acyl-carrier-protein synthase II (GH_A13G2186), Stearoyl-acyl-carrier-protein 9-desaturase (GH_D10G1329), Delta(12)-fatty-acid desaturase (GH_A11G3588), Probable peroxygenase 4 (GH_A12G1707), Cytochrome P450 86A22 (GH_A08G2095), Very-long-chain -3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase (GH_D11G2259), Very-long-chain-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase 2 (GH_A03G0493). S/W: well-watered plants at the seedling stage, S/D: water deficit plants at the seedling stage, B/W: well-watered plants at the bud stage, B/D: water deficit plants at the bud stage. GhUBI was used as a reference gene. All qRT–PCR reactions were performed in triplicate. Fig. S5. KEGG analysis of DEGs at the seedling stage of XL22 and XL17. A. KEGG categories of DEGs at the seedling stage of XL22. B. KEGG categories of DEGs at the seedling stage of XL17. Fig. S6. Heatmap comparison of DEGs associated with two cotton varieties. A. Venn diagram showing the different KEGGs at the two stages of XL22 and XL17. B and C show the DEGs at the seedling stage of XL22. D and E show the DEGs at the seedling stage of XL17. Red represents high expression, and blue represents low expression. Each row represents a DEG. S/W-22: well-watered XL22 at the seedling stage; S/D-22: water deficit XL22 at the seedling stage; S/W-17: well-watered XL17 at the seedling stage; S/D-17: water deficit XL17 at the seedling stage; B/W-22: well-watered XL22 at the bud stage; B/D-22: water deficit XL22 at the bud stage; B/W-17: well-watered XL17 at the bud stage; B/D-17: water deficit XL17 at the bud stage. Fig. S7. GO analysis and KEGG pathways of the black module and turquoise module genes. A. Analysis of GO enrichment of the black module genes, B. Analysis of GO enrichment of the turquoise module genes, C. KEGG categories of DEGs of the black module, D. KEGG categories of DEGs of the turquoise module. The horizontal axis represents rich factor, the vertical axis represents statistics of the enriched pathways. Circle size represents the number of genes. Red represents high KEGG enrichment, and blue represents low KEGG enrichment.

This paper presents the response of a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) active pixel sensor (APS) module to $\gamma $ -rays delivered from Cobalt-60 at a high-dose rate and evaluates its performance as a potential high-dose-rate and wide range $\gamma $ -ray detection device. The experimental results show that the rate of noise generation is not linear with respect to the total ionizing dose, and the radiation damage sustained by the sensor modules exhibits a total ionizing dose threshold. A conservative value of this threshold for the test sensor is 38 Gy. In addition, the average pixel gray level value and the proportion of pixels responding to radiation increase with increasing dose rate, and linear responses are obtained for both in the dose rate range of 5.24–69.24 Gy/h. The upper limit of the linear radiation response range depends on the capability of the COTS sensor module, while the lower limit depends on the number of radiation response events in a frame; the upper limit of the linear response range can be increased by reducing the integration time. This paper provides valuable suggestions for adopting CMOS-APSs for high-dose-rate and wide range radiation detection, and it is an important complement to our previous studies focused on the linear response of the CMOS-APS under low-dose-rate irradiation.

We present γ-ray radiation detection in a neutron radiation environment using a monolithic active pixel sensor (MAPS) camera without conversion or shielding layers. The measured output signal is the sum of the pedestal value, noise, and real radiation response signal. The sensor response shows that the MAPS camera is sensitive to neutrons and can capture a single photon. The number of pixels with a signal exceeding 100 exhibits a strong dependence on the dose rate and is the best indicator of this value. Therefore, a MAPS camera can be efficiently used as a radiation detection sensor in a robotic system, further limiting human errors in performing radiation detection in complex nuclear radiation environments.

In this paper, we discuss the potential use of four transistor active pixel sensor (4T-APS) as a video monitor at a nuclear accident site with a high level of &gamma, radiation. The resistance and radiation responses to &gamma, radiation were investigated by radiation experiments using 137Cs and 60Co &gamma, ray sources. The radiation resistance of 4T-APS was studied by testing the mean and the maximum dark current of the sensors after irradiation. A random spatial distribution of radiation response events was observed upon analyzing these events on the video images in a given time during irradiation. The background dependence of the 4T-APS was also studied by comparing the grayscale incremental value of the images with different color and grayscale backgrounds: the radiation response events were obvious on the images with a background having a smaller grayscale value or a deeper color. Finally, the color saturation and resolution of the images were tested using a vector oscilloscope and a test card. When the total ionizing dose was less than or equal to the damage threshold, no significant performance deterioration of 4T-APS was observed in an environment with sufficient light.

We report the &gamma, ray ionizing radiation response of commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) monolithic active-pixel sensors (MAPS) with different integration times and gains. The distribution of the eight-bit two-dimensional matrix of MAPS output frame images was studied for different parameter settings and dose rates. We present the first results of the effects of these parameters on the response of the sensor and establish a linear relationship between the average response signal and radiation dose rate in the high-dose rate range. The results show that the distribution curves can be separated into three ranges. The first range is from 0 to 24, which generates the first significant low signal peak. The second range is from 25 to 250, which shows a smooth gradient change with different integration times, gains, and dose rates. The third range is from 251 to 255, where a final peak appears, which has a relationship with integral time, gain, and dose rate. The mean pixel value shows a linear dependence on the radiation dose rate, albeit with different calibration constants depending on the integration time and gain. Hence, MAPS can be used as a radiation monitoring device with good precision.

In this paper, we present the availability of an active pixel sensor (APS) with four transistors (4T) as a video monitor and radiation detector. Analyzing radiation damage must be one of the first steps in recovering from nuclear accidents, and the radiation response characteristic is the basis for the use of 4T-APS to detect radiation. The goal of this work is to suggest the use of cameras with 4T-APS in widely distributed irradiation detectors. The total ionizing dose (TID) of radiation damage on 4T-APS provided a threshold. Radiation tolerance was improved with the help of a radiation shielding structure. The radiation response showed integration time dependence and pixel information dependence, and greater radiation response was observed from the pixels with lower grayscale values. Two methods are suggested based on different monitoring scenes. This study can help to greatly improve nuclear accident emergency response and the safety of nuclear facilities.