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Mangrove vegetation, a threatened and unique inter-tidal ecosystem, harbours a complex and largely unexplored bacterial community crucial for nutrient cycling and the degradation of toxic pollutants in coastal areas. Despite its importance, the bacterial community composition of the gray mangrove (Avicennia marina) in the Red Sea coastal regions remains under-studied. This study aims to elucidate the structural and functional diversity of the microbiome in the bulk and rhizospheric soils associated with A. marina in the coastal areas of Ras Alshabaan-Umluj (Umluj) and Almunibrah-Al-Wajh (Al-Wajh) within the Tabuk region of Saudi Arabia. Amplicon sequencing targeting the 16S rRNA was performed using the metagenomic DNAs from the bulk and rhizospheric soil samples from Umluj and Al-Wajh. A total of 6,876 OTUs were recovered from all samples, of which 1,857 OTUs were common to all locations while the total number of OTUs unique to Al-wajh was higher (3,011 OTUs) than the total number of OTUs observed (1,324 OTUs) at Umluj site. Based on diversity indices, overall bacterial diversity was comparatively higher in rhizospheric soil samples of both sites. Comparing the diversity indices for the rhizosphere samples from the two sites revealed that the diversity was much higher in the rhizosphere samples from Al-Wajh as compared to those from Umluj. The most dominant genera in rhizosphere sample of Al-Wajh were Geminicoccus and Thermodesulfovibrio while the same habitat of the Umluj site was dominated by Propionibacterium, Corynebacterium and Staphylococcus. Bacterial functional potential prediction analyses showed that bacteria from two locations have almost similar patterns of functional genes including amino acids and carbohydrates metabolisms, sulfate reduction and C-1 compound metabolism and xenobiotics biodegradation. However, the rhizosphere samples of both sites harbour more genes involved in the utilization and assimilation of C-1 compounds. Our results reveal that bacterial communities inhabiting the rhizosphere of A. marina differed significantly from those in the bulk soil, suggesting a possible role of A. marina roots in shaping these bacterial communities. Additionally, not only vegetation but also geographical location appears to influence the overall bacterial composition at the two sites.

Abstract: Elizabeth Bishop, a prominent author and poet who lived from 1911 to 1979, holds a significant position in the realm of American literature. The author's body of work encompasses four significant poetry collections, namely "North & South" (1946), "A Cold Spring" (1955), "Questions of Travel" (1965), "The Complete Poems" (1969), and "Geography III" (1976). Elizabeth Bishop's personal and professional life has been extensively examined by numerous experts. "The Politics and Poetics of Travel: Analyzing the Influence of Elizabeth Bishop and P. K. Page's Journeys in Brazil" delves into the exploration of Bishop's experiences in Brazil and their profound impact on her poetic works. Elizabeth Bishop, renowned for her enigmatic interrogations and her investigation of Brazil, presents a challenge when attempting to draw parallels between her personal identity and her poetic works. Bishop's literary corpus encompasses four published volumes of poetry, alongside a collection of unpublished poems. Certain critics who had a significant impact on Bishop's work held the belief that numerous critical concepts were presented using impractical methodologies during the latter half of the 20th century. A comprehensive compilation of scholarly evaluations examines her feminist endeavors, utilization of formal language, journeys, and transient socialist goals during the ten-year period before her demise. This study examines the creative accomplishments, scholarly milieu, and Brazilian heritage of Bishop. This article demonstrates that Bishop's literary trajectory reached its zenith during a period when she drew significant inspiration from global viewpoints, with a special emphasis on Brazil. The protagonist, Bishop, exhibits an unwavering determination in her quest to ascertain her authentic sense of self. In summary, Elizabeth Bishop's geographical transitions have significantly influenced her literary works, particularly evident in her compilation of poems titled "Travel Questions." Bishop adeptly employs her extensive understanding and acute perceptiveness of her environment, societal dynamics, and individuals to skillfully fashion her poetic works. Therefore, she is rightfully acknowledged as a prominent character in American poetry during the 20th century.

Zika virus infection is a mosquito-borne viral disease that has become a global health concern recently. Zika virus belongs to the Flavivirus genus and is primarily transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Prevention of Zika virus infection involves avoiding mosquito bites by using repellent, wearing protective clothing, and staying in screened areas, especially for pregnant women. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms with rest, fluids, and acetaminophen, with close monitoring for pregnant women. Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment or vaccine for the Zika virus, highlighting the importance of prevention strategies to control its spread. Therefore, in this study, the Zika virus non-structural protein NS3 was targeted to inhibit Zika infection by identifying the novel inhibitor through an in silico approach. Here, 2864 natural compounds were screened using a machine learning-based QSAR model, and later docking was performed to select the potential target. Subsequently, Tanimoto similarity and clustering were performed to obtain the potential target. The three most potential compounds were obtained: (a) 5297, (b) 432449, and (c) 85137543. The protein–ligand complex’s stability and flexibility were then investigated by dynamic modelling. The 300 ns simulation showed that 5297 exhibited the steadiest deviation and constant creation of hydrogen bonds. Compared to the other compounds, 5297 demonstrated a superior binding free energy (ΔG = −20.81 kcal/mol) with the protein when the MM/GBSA technique was used. The study determined that 5297 showed significant therapeutic potential and justifies further experimental investigation as a possible inhibitor of the NS2B-NS3 protease target implicated in Zika virus infection.

Abstract Background Musculoskeletal symptoms are common and could be the first presenting symptom in up to 50% of systemic lupus erythematosus patients, and they affect more than 95% of patients during the clinical course. The present study aimed to assess joint involvement in the wrists, hands, and knees of SLE patients using musculoskeletal ultrasonography and to correlate these findings with disease activity. The study enrolled 40 Patients with SLE who were attending the Immunology outpatient clinic and internal medicine department of Beni-Suef University Hospital and 20 age and sex nearly matched healthy controls who have no rheumatological complaints. Participants had a comprehensive physical examination, series of laboratory tests, functional assessment by Health Assessment Questionnaire score, disease activity assessment of by European Consensus Lupus Activity score, and radiological examination by high-resolution Ultrasound machine called (LOGIC P 9) using a gray-scale US mode (13–18 MHz) with Power Doppler to detect joint synovitis, synovial hypertrophy, bone erosions and or tenosynovitis. Results There was a statistically significant prevalence of US abnormality of knee joints in both asymptomatic and symptomatic cases versus controls contrary to the wrist and hand US abnormality. The presence of SLE increases the risk of US abnormalities in knee joints 28 times more than controls also increasing the age of the patient one year increase the probability of getting abnormal findings in the knee joint by 1.156 times. While the only independent variable that can affect US abnormal findings in the wrist joint is the increase in Systolic Blood Pressure 1 mmHg with 1.06 times. Conclusion Musculoskeletal Ultrasound with applied Power Doppler is a good tool for the detection of early affection of joints either in symptomatic or asymptomatic SLE patients.

In this study, we propose multi-objective functions which consist of the sum of completion time, tardiness time and earliness time where Ci denoted the completion time of job (i), Ti=max{Ci-di,0}, denotes the tardiness of job (i), Ei=max{di-Ci,0} be denoted the earliness of job (i).This problem is defined by // In this paper, we will present some theoretical analysis discussion, and prove when we have a problem with scheduling n jobs on two identical parallel machines (IPMSP).

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between intellectual capital and organizational innovation in Kuwait Petroleum Corporation (KPC) through a case study at KPC on the employees of the corporation (The study population was 2,180 respondents and the sample size was 335 respondents). Design/methodology/approach – The statistical package for social science was used to analyze the data. While trying to explore the relationship between intellectual capital and innovation, the researcher used the descriptive analytical method and the case study methodology using various references, periodicals, internal and external documents and data, in addition to conducting a field study on a sample of employees of KPC, through a questionnaire form containing the axes that reflect the study variables. Findings – There is a relative approval between the sample of the research on the existence of a good role for training in the corporation in terms of availability for all employees and the compatibility of training programs with the actual needs of employees, and linking the training paths and career paths for promotions in the corporation. The researcher attributed this to the employees' awareness to the importance of training and its role in raising their performance levels, and the awareness of the corporation to the importance of training and capacity building of the human element. Originality/value – The research, in general, demonstrated the importance of human capital as the organization's most valuable assets, especially as it supports creativity and innovation, thus enabling competitiveness. The research stressed that human capital is the most important element in the formation of intellectual capital, which requires decision-makers to support it and give the intellectual and human aspects a strategic content that meets the needs to develop innovation and institutional education and to recruit systems and indicators to measure the performance objectively to achieve the goal of survival of the corporation in a competitive sustainable environment, through providing material and moral potentials that can support the implementation of organizational innovation at various levels.

يحوي بحثنا آراء إيهاب حبيب حسن Ihab Habib Hassan ( 1925-2015) السياسيّة ، وبالأخص نقده " للربيع العربي " ، وذكرنا أربعة ثورات وهي على سبيل المثال : تونس ، مصر ، ليبيا ، اليمن . أوضحنا في البداية بعرض مبسط الفترة التي حكم فيها رؤساء تلك الدول ، والأسباب التي سرعت من قيام تلك الثورات . ومن بين هذه الأسباب : الفساد السياسي ، الدكتاتوريّة ، الفقر ، البطالة .... . وقد بيّنّا رأيه في تلك الثورات ، والتي أدّت إلى الاطاحة بجميع رؤساء هذه الدّول . ووجدنا أن حسن من جانب أنه مؤيد لها ، ومعارض لبعض التّدخلات الجانبيّة من جانب أخر . وقد وضع اللوم على الحكام السياسيين الدكتاتوريين ، كما أنه رفض أسلوب الانتحاريين في تفجير أنفسهم .

Background: Drought stress at different growth stages significantly alters growth, yield, and quality traits of wheat. However, great variability exists among genotypes regarding their response to drought stress. Therefore, determining the impacts of drought stress on yield and quality traits would help to select the superior genotypes. Methods: This study investigated the effects of drought stress on wheat grain yield, chlorophyll, and protein contents. Fourteen (14) recently developed elite bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were used in this study for evaluation under irrigated (full irrigation) and drought conditions (half of normal irrigation). The data relating to growth, yield and protein contents were recorded. Results: Significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) were noted among genotypes for all recorded traits. Drought stress significantly reduced the days to 50 % heading, days to 50 % maturity, grain filling, plant height (cm), number of spikes per m2, chlorophyll index (SPAD), peduncle length (cm), number of grains spike-1, thousand grain weight (g) and grain yield (kg ha−1). However, protein contents were increased under drought stress. Correlation analysis showed significant positive association of grain yield with thousand grain weight, number of spikes per m2, spike length, chlorophyll index, grain filling period and number of grains spike-1 under both irrigated and drought stress conditions. The protein contents expressed positive and negative relationship with yield under drought stress and irrigated conditions, respectively. Bioplot analysis revealed that genotype ‘V-19618′ and ‘V-19600′ proved superior under drought conditions regarding grain yield and related traits, while genotype ‘V-19574′ proved better under both irrigated and drought conditions. Conclusions: These identified genotypes, i.e., ‘V-19618′ and ‘V-19600′ can be utilized in future wheat breeding programs to induce desirable characters for producing drought tolerant wheat genotypes.

Background: Extreme poverty is widespread among farm families in the rural areas of developing countries including India. Farmers toil hard in their fields to meet the growing demands of their families. Different techniques and technologies have been generated at different research institutes, experimental stations, and farm science centers. However the same technology is not properly disseminated to the farmers and the farmers usually follow traditional practices at their farms leading to low production, productivity, and yield of major crops grown worldwide, hence threatening the livelihoods and food security of the world population in a general and farming community in particular. Methods: The present study described the socio-personal characteristics, identified the stages and categories of technology adoption with help of multinomial logistic regression. A multistage sampling procedure was adopted to collect the data from the concerned apple growers. The study used mixed methods, combining focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and a household survey. Results: The study found that only nine out of fifteen technologies disseminated in the area have been fully adopted with a greater proportion (42.5 %) of the apple growers classified as early adopters of the recommended sustainable and intensified improved practices. The adoption of scientific technology is always the central focus of policymakers and planners in the developing world. Important to note is that the growers are in their active (42 years) farming age and have acquired 22 years’ experience which is long enough to understand that traditional practices are not as productive compared to the recently improved/recommended practices. The study also revealed that the determinants of technology adoption are age, experience, level of education, annual income, extension contact, and scientific orientation. Conclusion: The study, recommends that policymakers should capitalize on the determinants to design better programs relating to the adoption of sustainable improved technologies that will help in alleviation of poverty and ensure food security.

Background: Hospitals are increasingly under pressure to provide safe and high-quality care at an affordable cost. In response to this challenge, many have adopted accreditation as an internationally recognized tool to facilitate improvements in healthcare quality and patient safety. The objectives of the study were to (a) evaluate the impact of international hospital accreditation in Dubai and (b) inform policy decision-making. Methods: We adopted a literature review, analysis of violation data, and clinical performance measures. Results: The literature review suggests insufficient evidence to link accreditation to healthcare outcomes. We report a gradual increase in hospital violations and an improvement of clinical outcomes over three years, however the improvement in clinical outcome measures were not statistically significant. Conclusions: There is limited evidence to determine the impact of international hospital accreditation. Performance measures for accreditation are needed to validate the contribution accreditation may have on reducing non-compliance and improving clinical performance measures. Further research is needed to explore how well accreditation models fit within the Donabedian framework for healthcare quality.

Mutagenesis is a highly efficient tool for establishing genetic variation and is widely used for genetic enhancement in various plants. The key benefit of mutation breeding is the prospect of enhancing one or several characteristics of a variety without altering the genetic background. In this study, we exposed the seeds of Salvia officinalis to four concentrations of hydrazine hydrate (HZ), i.e., (0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%) for 6 h. The contents of terpenoid compounds in the S. officinalis plantlets driven from the HZ-treated seeds were determined by GC-MS, which resulted in the identification of a total of 340 phytochemical compounds; 163 (87.48%), 145 (84.49%), 65 (97.45%), and 62 (98.32%), from the four concentrations of HZ (0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%), respectively. Furthermore, we used the qRT-PCR system to disclose the “transcriptional control” for twelve TPS genes related to terpenoid and terpene biosynthesis, namely, SoGPS, SoMYRS, SoNEOD, SoCINS, SoSABS, SoLINS, SoFPPS, SoHUMS, SoTPS6, SoSQUS, SoGGPS, and SoGA2. Altogether, results are likely to ensure some positive relationship between the concentrations of the chemical mutagen HZ used for treating the seeds, the type and amount of the produced terpenes, and the expression of their corresponding genes.

Complete dentures are constructed for elderly patients commonly and are specific for patients who are young but have deformed teeth congenitally. Loss of teeth may occur due to trauma, dental diseases, or pathology. The denture hygiene can be improved by polishing of denture’s tissue surface, but this polishing should not affect the prosthesis retentions. If the dentures are not washed regularly, they will have a tendency to accumulate plaque and stains. In this review article, we explan about causes of staining of complete denture and some of methods that are used to clean the denture. The purpose of this article was to review various methods and the materials used for cleaning dentures for geriatric denture wearers.

كان الأدب وما زال مستوعب لكل الجوانب الأدبي التي مثلت لغة العاطفة الإنسانية, فظهرت لنا الاجناس الأدبية الشعرية والنثرية, ومن تلك الأجناس القصة القصيرة جدًا التي حملت في مضامينها الأفكار والتقاليد والعادات التي توارثها الأجيال على نسق يلائم العصر الحديث ويتوافق معه, ولم تختلف في بنيتها عن بنية القصة القصيرة والرواية بل انماز بما هو بخدم قصر عباراتها وتكثيفها ميزة المفارقة التي اعطتها بعدًا تأويلا كبيرًا . اتماز نتاج القاص السعودي حسن علي البطران بالتخصص في كتابة هذا الجنس الأدبي؛ القصة القصيرة جدًا , وقد أصدر مجموعات قصصية كثيرة ومتعددة, وتنوعت الأساليب التي استعملها في تقديم قصصه معتمدًا على عتبة العنوانات واللغة التي يسودها التكثيف والمفارقة والإيجاز. عالجت القصة القصيرة جدًا قضايا كثيرة بأساليب عدّة : منها استعمال الصورة الشعرية ولاسيما البيانية: ومنها التشبيه والاستعارة والكناية ناهيك عن المجاز, واختلفت طرق تقديم الصورة فهناك طرق متنوعة ذكرها البحث . واستعمل تقانة تعددية الأصوات في تقديم الشخصيات, فقد جعل شخصيات القصة القصيرة جدًا ذات كيان مستقل تعرض أفكارها وتبدي رأيها وتعبر عن ذاتها, كان الراوي متعدد فهناك راوي خارجي اعتمد على الرؤية من الخارج , وهناك راوي داخلي يقدم لنا الصوت عن طريق الشخصية نفسها, وعن طريق اختيار الألفاظ المعبرة عن المعاني الموحي بالمضمون, حملت النصوص القصصية تقانات السرد كافية, وجاء الخطاب السردي ذات مجالات متعددة تخدم الأفكار كلها التي صاغها القاص.

A pot experiment was carried out during two successive seasons (2017/ 2018 and 2018/2019) at Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department in Dokki. The aim of this work was to study the effect of foliar application of phenylalanine (Phe) and p < /em>-nitro phenylacetic acid (PNPAA) each of them alone at (0, 50,100 and 150 ppm) on cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) plant growth, fruits yield, volatile oil production and its major chemical constituents. In general results indicated that, the foliar application of phenylalanine or p-nitrophenylacetic acid significantly increased vegetative growth expressed as (plant height, number of branches per plant) and produced higher fruits yield (g)/plant as well as volatile oil percentage and oil yield compared with control in the two seasons. Moreover, the highest values were obtained from phenylalanine or p-nitrophenylacetic acid at 150 ppm. Cumin plants showed more effective response to p-nitrophenylacetic acid (PNPAA) than phenylalanine (Phe). As for GLC analysis, the results showed that in general the highest percentage of p < /em>-menth-1-en7-ol and cumin aldehyde (p < /em>-isopropylbenzaldehyde) the main constituents in the volatile oil achieved with the treatment p-nitrophenylacetic acid at 150 ppm. The high concentration of phenylalanine and p-nitrophenylacetic acid (150 ppm) had significant increments in total phenols, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity compared with control. There was a significant increase in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity compared to control. Also, there was an increment in IAA, GA3 and low level of ABA. It was observed that p < /em>-nitrophenylacetic acid (150 ppm) was superior to phenylalanine (150 ppm) in all afore mentioned characters

This work describes the synthesis and the cytotoxic evaluation of thiophene and thienopyrimidine derivatives. The investigated compound was subjected to target prediction that indicated its high affinity to kinases and to Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) specifically. Molecular docking screening was performed on three different JAK2 proteins downloaded from the Protein Data Bank (PDB: 5AEP, 4C62 and 3ZMM). In vitro kinase inhibitory activity was evaluated and then compound cytotoxicity was performed on three different cancerous cell lines (HT-29, HepG-2, and MCF-7). Marked cytotoxic activity of the thienopyrimidine derivative against the HepG-2 cell line was demonstrated, reflected by its IC50 value of 8.001 ± 0.0445 μM, which is better than that of the reference standard (IC50 13.91 ± 2.170 μM). Pharmacokinetic studies revealed good well permeability and GI absorption with no violations against Lipinski’s rule.

يتناول هذا البحث فكرة أَدب الصّمت عند إِيهاب حبيب حسن (1925-2015) ، ويُعد أدب الصّمت عنده استعارة تعبير عن لُغة تجسّد توتُرات الإنسان الحديث ، وأدبْ الصّمت ليس نذيراً بموت الرّوح ، أَوضح فكرتهُ في كتاب " تقْطيع أوْصال أوفيروس " الأُسطورة اليونانية . إنّ أدب الصّمت (نوْع من الأدبْ) وهو مفهوم استعاره لِشرح الحداثة وما بعد الحداثة. أَدب الصّمت جِزءاً من الثقافة في القرن التّاسع عشرْ، وفي القرن العشرين أصبح عُنصر أساس في رُؤى الفن. واهتم حسن بالفلسفة من خلال نظرية المعرفة، فالصّمت لا يعني غِياب المعنى، بلْ هو ظاهِرة إيجابيّة، فهو مفهوم يصْلح للنقد الثقافي الأدبي، كما أنّه توْصّل إلى إيجاد مفهومين خلت منهُما ما بَعد الحداثة هي الحَقيقة والثقة. فالجمعْ بينهُما يولّد نوْعاً جديداً من العقائِد الواقعيّة الجديدة .

Gut microbiota encompasses the resident microflora of the gut. Having an intricate relationship with the host, it plays an important role in regulating physiology and in the maintenance of balance between health and disease. Though dietary habits and the environment play a critical role in shaping the gut, an imbalance (referred to as dysbiosis) serves as a driving factor in the occurrence of different diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD). With risk factors of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, etc., CVD accounts for a large number of deaths among men (32%) and women (35%) worldwide. As gut microbiota is reported to have a direct influence on the risk factors associated with CVDs, this opens up new avenues in exploring the possible role of gut microbiota in regulating the gross physiological aspects along the gut–heart axis. The present study elaborates on different aspects of the gut microbiota and possible interaction with the host towards maintaining a balance between health and the occurrence of CVDs. As the gut microbiota makes regulatory checks for these risk factors, it has a possible role in shaping the gut and, as such, in decreasing the chances of the occurrence of CVDs. With special emphasis on the risk factors for CVDs, this paper includes information on the prominent bacterial species (Firmicutes, Bacteriodetes and others) towards an advance in our understanding of the etiology of CVDs and an exploration of the best possible therapeutic modules for implementation in the treatment of different CVDs along the gut–heart axis.

The influence of regional climate change (CC) on agricultural production variance in the Mediterranean region has been discussed based on the assessment of the last decade. Most of the Mediterranean region has experienced frequent natural disasters, expanding population, increase in temperature, and increase in the surface of the Mediterranean Sea. Furthermore, the temperature in the Mediterranean area is rising 25% faster than the rest of the globe, and in the summer, it is warming 40% faster than the global average. Climate change can alter the food supply, restrict access to food, and degrade food quality. Temperature rises, changes in precipitation patterns, changes in severe weather events, and decreased water availability, for example, might all result in lower agricultural production. The fact that most Mediterranean nations rely on imported basic foodstuffs adds to the severity of the situation. Instability and insecurity of agricultural supply in the region might lead to massive population movement, transforming most Mediterranean nations into a global source of instability. Based on the experience of similar geographical locations, the article has highlighted the essential elements affecting crop productivity and the five domains of water, ecosystems, food, health, and security. Despite the region’s complexity, the Mediterranean region has been offered an overall assessment that predicts the best strategy for the best solution. Such an attempt describes a methodical integration of scientific discoveries to understand better the combined hazards illustrated by the fact that CC has affected food production, resulting in widespread insecurity. Utilizing current technologies in agricultural production has been recommended to support regional nations in reaching higher yields. The significance of this study could be realized by mitigating climatic shocks through a sustainable food production system to accomplish development goals in vulnerable nations.

Resin composites have been widely used in dental restoration. However, polymerization shrinkage and resultant bacterial microleakage are major limitations that may lead to secondary caries. To overcome this, a new type of antibacterial resin composite containing ciprofloxacin-loaded silver nanoparticles (CIP-AgNPs) were synthesized. The chemical reduction approach successfully produced CIP-AgNPs, as demonstrated by FTIR, zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy, and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy. CIP-AgNPs were added to resin composites and the antibacterial activity of the dental composite discs were realized against Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, and the Saliva microcosm. The biocompatibility of modified resin composites was assessed and mechanical testing of modified dental composites was also performed. The results indicated that the antibacterial activity and compressive strength of resin composites containing CIP-AgNPs were enhanced compared to the control group. They were also biocompatible when compared to resin composites containing AgNPs. In short, these results established strong ground application for CIP-AgNP-modified dental composite resins.

This work reports on the optical response of Ce and Sm co-doped in YAG nanocrystals prepared by co-precipitation method. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) evidenced the preparation of (Ce, Sm) co-doped YAG nanocrystals. The photoluminescence (PL) and the photoluminescence excitation (PLE) were used to characterize the optical response and the energy transfer mechanism. It is found that energy transfer from Ce to Sm is achieved efficiently via certain excitation wavelengths. Tuning between the spectral features of Ce and Sm is obtained and discussed in light of spectral overlapping between the excitation states in both ions. These findings indicate the promising potential of the prepared phosphor in enhancing the color quality of white light emitting diodes. Keywords: Cerium, Samarium, YAG, Energy transfer

There are several hospital accreditors globally but there is limited understanding of how accreditation impacts on hospital performance and the health system objectives. The objective of the study were to explore the impact of hospital accreditation and inform policy decision-making. We adopted a mixed-methods approach to include an online survey and 3 focus groups. We report 27 of 36 private hospitals who responded to the survey. Key reasons for accreditation were to improve quality ( n = 23), implement evidence-based practice ( n = 17), continuity of accreditation ( n = 15), and popularity ( n = 11). Reported improvements include quality of care (27), patient care (26), organizational processes (21), and patient satisfaction (19) among others. Average stakeholder satisfaction rate was 74%. Participants from the 3 focus group discussions felt that staff hours and stress levels were high during the accreditation process, and some standards were useful while others were deemed non-essential. There was support for a local accreditation body with an emphasis on best practice. The findings from the study suggest accreditation to have an impact on structure and process measures, but the gains in key areas were short-lived. There is a need to strengthen governance and develop performance measures to evidence outcome improvement, assure alignment with regulation and the health system objectives.

Two cycles of pedigree selection for grain yield/plant (GY/P) and grain weight (GW) (100-grain weight) were imposed under drought stress and normal irrigation to study the direct and indirect selection of GY/P and GW in bread wheat. The selection started in the F6-generation (Cycle0-C0) of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) traced back to the cross (Giza 164/Sids 4) of two Egyptian cultivars. The narrow sense heritability was higher under drought than under normal irrigation and increased by selection. Under drought, the observed direct gain after two cycles of selection for GW was 21.51% (p ≤ 0.01), and accompanied with an indirect gain in GY/P of 15.52%. The observed direct gain for GY/P was 17.98% and the indirect gain in GW was 13.81%. Under normal irrigation, the observed direct gain for GW was 12.86% and the indirect gain for GY/P was 16.04%. The direct gain in GY/P was 16.04% and the indirect gain in GW was 11.95%. The genotypic correlations were different in both environments before and after selection. Single trait selection was effective in improving the selection criterion, and selection greatly affected gene associations.

This study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of vaccination of layer chickens with inactivated FC bacterin prepared from local Egyptian strains of Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida). A total of 200 layer chickens were divided into 5 equal groups, 40 for each. At the age of 6 weeks, chickens in groups (A) and (B) were vaccinated with P. multocida serotypes A:1 and A:3, respectively, booster doses were given after 3 weeks (9 weeks old) and challenge was done with virulent serotypes A:1 and A:3 at 2 weeks later (11 weeks old). Chickens in groups (C) and (D) were not vaccinated, only challenged with P. multocida serotype A:1 and A:3, respectively. Birds in group (E) were kept as non-vaccinated and non-challenged. Blood samples were collected weekly from all groups for humoral immune response. All the birds were kept under observation for signs, mortalities, lesions and re-isolation of challenging organism and for histopathological examination. Results of the mean Enzyme Linked Immuno-Sorbent Assay (ELISA) revealed that the highest level was at 5 weeks post vaccination as the titers reached to 3970 in group (A) and 3905 in group (B). The clinical signs, mortality rate and lesions were mild in the vaccinated birds while severe lesions were in non-vaccinated and challenged birds. The protection rates were 85 % and 80 % in groups (A) and (B); respectively, while 10 % and 20 % in groups (C) and (D); respectively. The re-isolation rates of P. multocida after challenge were 95 % and 90 % in non-vaccinated-challenged birds with P. multocida serotypes A:1 and A:3; respectively, while they were 25 % and 15 % in vaccinated-challenged groups with P. multocida serotypes A:1 and A:3; respectively. Histopathological examination of P. multocida vaccinated-challenged birds revealed mild to no microscopic lesions when compared with non-vaccinated challenged chickens. In conclusion, the prepared FC inactivated bacterin from the local Egyptian predominant P. multocida serovars proved efficacy and protection of layer chickens. Key words: Pasteurella multocida; chickens; immunization; protection; Egypt UČINKOVITOST CEPLJENJA KOKOŠI NESNIC Z INAKTIVIRANO BAKTERIJO KOLERE PERJADI, PRIPRAVLJENE IZ LOKALNIH EGIPTOVSKIH SEVOV BAKTERIJE Pasteurella multocida Povzetek: Raziskava je bila izvedena z namenom ocenitve učinkovitosti cepljenja kokoši nesnic z inaktivirano bakterijo FC, pripravljeno iz lokalnih egiptovskih sevov bakterije Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida). Skupno 200 kokoši nesnic je bilo razdeljenih v 5 enakih skupin. V vsaki skupini je bilo 40 kokoši. Pri 6 tednih smo kokoši v skupinah A in B cepili s serotipoma P. multocida A:1 in A:3, po 3 tednih, ko so bile živali stare 9 tednov, so dobile poživitvene doze cepiva. Po dveh tednih (v starosti 11 tednov) so bile kokoši okužene z virulentnima serotipoma A:1 in A:3. Piščanci v skupinah C in D niso bili cepljeni temveč samo okuženi s serotipoma A:1 in A:3. Kokoši v skupini E niso bile niti cepljene, niti okužene. Vzorci krvi so bili odvzeti pri vseh skupinah tedensko za preverjanje humoralnega imunskega odziva. Vse kokoši smo stalno opazovali in beležili prisotnost bolezenskih znakov, različnih ran in umiranje kokoši. Pri poginulih kokoših smo osamili bakterije ter opravili histopatološki pregled. Rezultati encimsko-imunskega testa (ELISA) so pokazali da je bila najvišja stopnja zaščite dosežena 5 tednov po cepljenju, saj so titri dosegli 3970 v skupini A in 3905 v skupini B. Klinični znaki, stopnja umrljivosti in rane so bili pri cepljenih kokoših blagi, hude rane pa so bile vidne pri necepljenih in okuženih kokoših. Stopnja zaščite je bila v skupinah A in B 85- oziroma 80-odstotna, v skupinah C in D pa 10- oziroma 20-odstotna. Stopnje ponovne izolacije P. multocida po okužbi so bile 90 in 95 odstotkov pri kokoših, ki niso bile cepljene, medtem, ko so bile v skupinah, ki so bile okužene s P. multocida serotipa A:1 in A:3 15- in 25-odstotkov. Histopatološki pregled cepljenih in okuženih kokoši je pokazal popolno odsotnost ali prisotnost blagih mikroskopskih poškodb, medtem ko so imele necepljene okužene kokoši bolj obsežne histopatološke poškodbe. Pripravljena inaktivirana bakterija FC iz lokalnih egiptovskih prevladujočih serovarov P. multocide se je izkazala za učinkovito zaščito kokoši nesnic. Ključne besede: Pasteurella multocida; kokoši; imunizacija; zaščita; Egipt

In this paper, we present a Branch and Bound (B&B) algorithm of scheduling (n) jobs on a single machine to minimize the sum total completion time, total tardiness, total earliness, number of tardy jobs and total late work with unequal release dates. We proposed six heuristic methods for account upper bound. Also to obtain lower bound (LB) to this problem we modified a (LB) select from literature, with (Moore algorithm and Lawler's algorithm). And some dominance rules were suggested. Also, two special cases were derived. Computational experience showed the proposed (B&B) algorithm was effective in solving problems with up to (16) jobs, also the upper bounds and the lower bound were effective in restricting the search.

In this paper, two of the local search algorithms are used (genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization), in scheduling number of products (n jobs) on a single machine to minimize a multi-objective function which is denoted as (total completion time, total tardiness, total earliness and the total late work). A branch and bound (BAB) method is used for comparing the results for (n) jobs starting from (5-18). The results show that the two algorithms have found the optimal and near optimal solutions in an appropriate times.

The present investigation describes the design strategy and synthesis of novel thienopyrimidine compounds in addition to their anticancer activity targeting tyrosine kinase FLT3 enzyme. The synthesized compounds were subjected to a cytotoxic study where compounds 9a and 9b showed the most potent cytotoxicity against HT-29, HepG-2, and MCF-7 cell lines reflected by their IC50 values for 9a (1.21 ± 0.34, 6.62 ± 0.7 and 7.2 ± 1.9 μM), for 9b (0.85 ± 0.16, 9.11 ± 0.3 and 16.26 ± 2.3 μM) and better than that of reference standard which recorded (1.4 ± 1.16, 13.915 ± 2.2, and 8.43 ± 0.5 μM), respectively. Compounds’ selectivity to malignant cells was determined using selectivity assay, interestingly, all the tested compounds demonstrated an excellent selectivity index (SI) range from 20.2 to 99.7. Target in-silico prediction revealed the FLT3 kinase enzyme was the kinase enzyme of highest probability. Molecular docking studies were performed on the prepared compounds which showed promising binding affinity for FLT3 kinase enzyme and the main interactions between the synthesized ligands and kinase active site were similar to those between the co-crystallized ligand and the receptor. Further biological exploration was performed using in-vitro FLT3 kinase enzyme inhibition assay. The results showed that the 2-morpholinoacetamido derivative 10a exhibited highest FLT3 inhibitory activity among the tested compounds followed by compound 9a then 12. Pharmacokinetic assessment disclosed that all the investigated compounds were considered as “drug-like” molecules with promising bioavailability.

This work describes the synthesis and anticancer activity against kinase enzymes of newly designed thiophene and thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives, along with their potential to activate autophagic and apoptotic cell death in cancer cells. The designed compounds were scanned for their affinity for kinases. The results were promising with affinity ranges from 46.7% to 13.3%. Molecular docking studies were performed, and the compounds were then screened for their antiproliferative effects. Interestingly, compounds 8 and 5 resulted in higher cytotoxic effects than the reference standard against MCF-7 and HepG-2. The compounds were evaluated for their induction of apoptosis and/or necrosis on HT-29 and HepG-2. Three compounds induced significant early apoptosis compared to untreated control HT-29 cells, and four derivatives were more significant compared to untreated HepG-2 cells. We further investigated the effect of four compounds on the autophagy process within HT-29, HepG-2, and MCF-7 cells with flow cytometry. Similar to the apoptosis results, compound 5 showed the highest autophagic induction among all compounds. The potential inhibitory activity of the synthesized compounds on kinases was assessed. Screened compounds showed inhibition activity ranging from 41.4% to 83.5%. Compounds recorded significant inhibition were further investigated for their specific FLT3 kinase inhibitory activity. Noticeably, Compound 5 exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against FLT3.

Metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) are regarded as critical tools for overcoming ongoing and prospective crop productivity challenges. MONPs with distinct physiochemical characteristics boost crop production and resistance to abiotic stresses such as drought. They have recently been used to improve plant growth, physiology, and yield of a variety of crops grown in drought-stressed settings. Additionally, they mitigate drought-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the aggregation of osmolytes, which results in enhanced osmotic adaptation and crop water balance. These roles of MONPs are based on their physicochemical and biological features, foliar application method, and the applied MONPs concentrations. In this review, we focused on three important metal oxide nanoparticles that are widely used in agriculture: titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), and iron oxide (Fe3O4). The impacts of various MONPs forms, features, and dosages on plant growth and development under drought stress are summarized and discussed. Overall, this review will contribute to our present understanding of MONPs’ effects on plants in alleviating drought stress in crop plants.

Aim: This work was conducted to study the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of locally isolated Salmonella strains (Salmonella Pullorum, Salmonella Enteritidis, and Salmonella Typhimurium) from poultry used in the preparation of Salmonella antigens in Egypt. Materials and Methods: The phenotypic characterization of Salmonella strains was done using standard microbiological, biochemical, and serological techniques. Molecular identification was done using different sets of primers on different genes using different polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. Results: The phenotypic characterization of Salmonella strains was confirmed. Molecular identification revealed detection of 284 bp fragment of InvA gene in all studied Salmonella strains. Furthermore, multiplex PCR was used for more confirmation of being Salmonella spp., generally at 429 bp as well as genotyping of Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis at 559 and 312 bp, respectively, in one reaction. Conclusion: The locally isolated field Salmonella strains were confirmed phenotypically and genotypically to be Salmonella Enteritidis, and Salmonella Typhimurium and could be used for the preparation of Salmonella antigens.

There is increasing evidence of astrocyte dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Animal studies supported by human post-mortem work have demonstrated two main astrocyte types: the C3 immunopositive neurotoxic A1 astrocytes and the S100A10 immunopositive neuroprotective A2 astrocytes. A1 astrocytes predominate in AD, but the number of cases has been relatively small. We examined post-mortem brains from a larger cohort of AD cases and controls employing C3 and S100 immunohistochemistry to identify the astrocytic subtypes. There were a number of C3 immunopositive astrocyte-like cells (ASLCs) in the control cases, especially in the lower cerebral cortex and white matter. In AD this cell density appeared to be increased in the upper cerebral cortex but was similar to controls in other regions. The S100A10 showed minimal immunopositivity in the control cases in the cortex and white matter, but there was increased ASLC density in upper/lower cortex and white matter in AD compared to controls. In AD and control cases the numbers of C3 immunopositive ASLCs were greater than those for S100A10 ASLCs in all areas studied. It would appear that the relationship between A1 and A2 astrocytes and their possible role in the pathogenesis of AD is complex and requires more research.

In this data was done to demonstrate the administration of phenobarbital compounds & showed histopathological effects. In this study fourteen of local goats were divided into two groups (each group seven animals) for 60 days. First one were treated phenobarbital injected with 35 mg \kg.B.W.,twice daily ,second group act as control group. These animals were examined internally and externally during adaptation period. After end experimental period scarified the animals, necropsy, preparation of slid by routine technique and examined by light microscope, there are showed different histological changes into tissue of animals treatment with phenobarbital such as degeneration of epithelial cells lining of renal tubules of kidney and thyroid gland congested of central vein with fibrosis in liver ,vacuolated of mucosal layer of rumen, small intestine and pancreas, atrophyseminiferous tubules of testis and lymph node.

أجريت هذه الدراسة لمعرفة التأثير الأليلوباثي للمستخلص المائي لنبات الميرامية Salvia triloba L على إنبات بذور كلٍّ من الشعير Hordeum vulgane L والذرة L Zea maysوالشوفان Avena sativa L. والخروب Ceratonia siliqua L. استخدمت أربعة تراكيز (100,50,25,0%) .بعد عشرة أيام من بدء التجربة تبين أن هناك فروقاً معنوية عالية بين هذه التراكيز في تأثيرها على نسبة الإنبات، حيت أوضحت النتائج مجموعة من الاختلافات من خلال تحليل التباين (ANOVA) عند مستوى (α =0.05) لجميع الوحدات التجريبية لبذور الأنواع المختبرة ووجود فروق معنوية عالية للتركيزات الثلاثة (25,50 و 100%). عند نهاية التجربة تبين أن جميع الأنواع المختبرة نجحت في الإنبات تحت معاملة الشاهد أو تركيز (0 %) حيث ترواحت النسبة ما بين 93.3 % - 100 % في كل الوحدات التجريبية. عند التركيز (100 %) ظهر العكس وذلك بفشل جميع الأنواع في الإنبات نتيجة للتأثير الأليلوباثي الواضح لمستخلص الميرامية S. triloba L . ، أكبر تأثير معنوي ظهر على الشوفان A. sativa L. في حين إن أقل تأثير ظهر على الخروبC. siliqua L.

A pot experiment was carried out during two successive seasons (2014 and 2015) at Salinity and Alkalinity Soil Research Laboratory in Alexandria. The goal of this work was to study the response of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) plants irrigated with saline water at 0, 2000 and 4000 ppm NaCl to the application of antistress agents (salicylic acid “SA” at 0 and 0.2 mM and diatomaceous earth “DDM” at 0 and 6 g/10 kg soil). The effect of these antistress agents on the vegetative growth, volatile oil percentage and its chemical composition were recorded. In general results indicated that irrigation with saline water and antistress agents ( DDM and SA each of them solely) had a significant effect on vegetative growth expressed as plant height, number of branches/plant, herb fresh and air dry weights and volatile oil percentage as compared to control in most treatments in both cuts of the two seasons. Moreover the plants receiveddiatomaceous earth (DDM) at 6 g/10 kg soil combined with irrigation with non saline water (tap water) recorded the highest values of vegetative growth and volatile oil percentage in both seasons at the two cuts. Also the highest camphor content was achieved with this treatment. Proline content was decreased with increasing the rate of diatomaceous earth followed by salicylic acid, this refers to the response of rosemary plants grown under salt stress to the application of antistress agents ( DDM and SA).

This study was carried out during 2012 and 2013 seasons at the experimental farm of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department in El-Kanater El-Khairia. The investigation aimed to study the effect of irrigation at 25, 50 and 100% from field capacity (FC) combined with diatomaceous earth (DDM) at 0, 2 and 4 g/10 kg soil in order to regulate water irrigation and to study their effect on vegetative growth and volatile oil production of spearmint plants (Mentha viridis L.). The obtained results are summarized as follows: in all cuts in the two seasons, the plants received DDM at 4 g/10 kg soil + 100% FC, showed stimulation in growth characters, i.e plant height, branching, fresh and dry weights of spearmint plants.Although the highest volatile oil percentage/plant through the two seasons was achieved when the plants were treated with 25% and 50% FC but the volatile oil yield was the highest at 4 g DDM /10 kg soil + 100% FC. The highest percentage of Carvone (the main component of the volatile oil) was produced with 4 g DDM/10 kg soil +100% FC.Proline content was decreased with increasing irrigation and diatomaceous earth rate, this refers to response of mint plants to treated by diatomaceous earth with the irrigation at 50% or 100% FC and not exposed to stress at 25% FC compared to the control (the highest proline content).

In this paper many algorithmswereapplied to" zoom –out" the images, like the traditional algorithm (Linear Averaging) algorithm, then this algorithm was developed to a proposed algorithm (Block Averaging) to be the new one in this paper. another algorithm is obtained from another application which is involved as an enhancement smoothing algorithms and will be used as a (zooming-out) scheme, this algorithm is the (Median) algorithm. The obtained results of these algorithms were compared together to sign the better one. The MATLAB language is used to apply the algorithms. .

With the evolution of life and complexity there is a need to use the images in many scientific fields weather forecast, medical, engineering, and the fact that these images are a lot of distortion during capture due to the availability of cameras and Rate in abundance and in the hands of people who do not have enough experience in how to capture images in terms of quality lighting and distribution has become important use a variety of methods to improve these images show the best form of these methods and improve the image contrast (Contrast Enhancement). In this research applied traditional algorithm filter to improve the Adaptive Contrast Enhancement Global Filter (ACE _mean) and has been the development of this algorithm to a new two Hybrid algorithms to improve the contrast Enhancement (Median Contrast Enhancement ACE_median) and the other algorithm is (Max & Min Contrast Enhancement ACE_max&min). the two hybrid algorithms obtained from merging two available methods, first is the traditional algorithm (ACE_mean) with the second methods of another practice in improving the image is (Smoothing Images Enhancement) which is used to removing the noise from images .the results of each method were compared with the results of other algorithms to show the best of them.

The development in life has made the need very important for using images in many scientific fields like space, engineering and medicine. Due to the fact that such images are affected by various types of noises which produced from different sources which required some kind of filtering in order to produce a better images. The new algorithm applied in this research is obtained from merging two available methods using Matlab (2008). The first method adopts the mean filter while the second one uses the conservative smoothing filter .the application done on (jpg, gif) images for (salt & pepper) noises in different values and also (salt & pepper, Gaussian) noises which applied at the same time on the image. The result of each method is compared with the new result outcome from the application of the new hybrid algorithm.

In this paper many algorithmswere applied to" zoom –in" the images, like traditional algorithms which is used (Linear Averaging) algorithm, (Convolution) algorithm and the proposed algorithms to be the new algorithms in this paper. These algorithms are obtained from another application which involves in Enhancement Smoothing Algorithms and will be used as a (zooming-in) color images algorithms which are include (Median) Algorithm and (Max & Min) Algorithm and sometimes called (Conservative Smoothing Algorithm). The obtained results of these algorithms were compared together. The MATLAB language is used to apply the algorithms.

Secreting vasoactive factors such asadrenomedullin (AM) has been intensively investigated due to its vascular protective properties and promising potential as a therapeutic target. The relationship between adrenomedullin and type (2)diabetes needs to be elucidated as it is associated with significant elevation in plasma adrenomedullin levels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of adrenomedullin in the development of vasculopathy and its significance as a marker denoting renal affection in type 2 diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 60 diabetic patients, 20 without nephropathy, 20with nephropathy & 20 with diabetic nephropathy(DN) on haemodialysis as well as 20 age- and sex matched healthy controls. All were subjected to full history, Echocardiography, lipid profile analysis and plasma adrenomedullin using ELISA method. Results: plasma AM concentration was elevated in all groups of diabetic patients and increment was dependent on the severity of DN (P

Artificial Neural Networks have wide applications now a day, Among these are in the field of pattern recognition and image processing. This is due to the fact that it has a good performance and advanced mathematical computation power particularly its flexible adaptation to parallelism technique. That is why this research is conducted for the recognition of hand written Arabic numbers (0 - 9). Recognition artificial neural network is simulated the human eye for tracking the property of entered image (Feature extractor). The systems examined on samples of Arabic numbers its performance was found to be balanced in spite of the variations in position and direction of the recognized number.

The development in life has made the need for using images very important in many fields like space, engineering and medicine. Due to the fact that such images are affected by various noises from different resources they require some kind of filtering. The new algorithm applied in this research is obtained from merging two available methods. The first method adopts the conservative smoothing filter while the second one uses the median filter. The result of each method is compared with the new result outcome from the application of the new hybrid algorithm.

Background: This study report the corrosion behavior of commercially pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V alloy samples without coating and with hydroxyapatite, partial stabilized zirconia and mixture of partial stabilized zirconia and hydroxyapatite coating and comparison between them through electrochemical polarization tests in 37 0 C Hank's solution. Materials and methods: Electrophoretic deposition technique (EPD) was used to achieve the coating from each one of three types of the coating materials (HAP, PSZ and mixture of 50% HAP and 50%PSZ) on Cp Ti and Ti-6Al-4V alloy samples. The electrochemical corrosion test was performed when samples were exposed to Hank's solution prepared in the laboratory and the polarization potential, corrosion rate and the open circuit potential of the samples were measured. Results: The results indicated that the corrosion rate is significantly higher for Ti-6Al-4V than for Cp Ti .The three types of coating significantly reduced the corrosion rate for Cp Ti while did not for Ti-6Al-4V alloy .After coating the corrosion rate for Ti-6Al-4V remained significantly higher than the coated Cp Ti samples .The open circuit potential (OCP) for both Cp Ti and Ti-6Al-4V samples was in the following sequence PSZ > HAP> mixture of HAP and PSZ >uncoated. Conclusions: Cp Ti showed less corrosion rate than Ti-6Al-4V alloy with and without coating .Coating significantly decreased the corrosion rate of Cp Ti but did not for Ti-6Al-4V alloy.

In this paper, we investigated the minimax of the bifunction J:H1(Ω)xV2→RmxRn, such that J(v1,v2)=((12a(v1,v1)−L(v1)),v2) where a(.,.) is a finite symmetric bilinear bicontinuous, coercive form on H1(Ω) and L belongs to the dual of H1(Ω).

In the domain of teaching bilingual students, the issue of using the first language in a second-language based class has been widely controversial. While some studies have questioned the method of moving between the two languages, Translanguaging, others found it highly beneficial. Here we aimed to investigate the effect of Translanguaging on the learner's performance and language learning. 34 consenting female students of English participated in oral and written exercises pre-and-post the use of Translanguaging. A short questionnaire was answered afterwards to elicit the participants' perception on the use of Translanguaging as part of their classwork. Even though students did not believe that their ability to alternate between the two languages has placed them in a significantly enhanced comfort zone, their higher grades post-Translanguaging indicate Translanguaging enhanced their understanding and enabled them to achieve higher levels of knowledge processing. Nevertheless, the participants' language was not significantly affected by the process. Overall, we can conclude that Translanguaging in a bilingual classroom is effective in fully understanding the topic and the information provided, yet it does not help improve language proficiency.