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The sharp decline in language take-up in schools and universities in the UK over the last two decades has become a matter for concern for a variety of reasons and from a range of perspectives. There have been a number of initiatives and interventions to foster language learning in schools, including the creation of a nation-wide portfolio of outreach activities by Routes into Languages.12 Although the work of Routes into Languages has demonstrated that activities and events can have a positive impact on student attitudes towards languages,13 the UK is still witnessing an unprecedented decline in languages uptake in schools, particularly at ‘A’ level. The purpose of this paper is to explore some of the reasons for this decline and evaluate how the introduction of a wider range of languages, including some community languages, could form part of the solution.

Trididemnum shawi sp. nov. (Figures 12, 11D) Type material Holotype: NIWA 10872. Type locality: Fiordland, Crayfish Heights, Thompson Sound (45° 14.279’S, 166° 59.566’E, 10 m, 31 February 2006). Paratypes: Fiordland, Crayfish Heights, Thompson Sound (45° 14.279’S, 166° 59.566’E, 10 m, 31 February 2006, NIWA 87166); The Narrows, Long Sound (46° 03.829’S, 166° 44.16’E, 13 m, 28 February 2009 NIWA 49945, one colony); Nine Fathom Passage, Dusky Sound (45° 44.237’S, 166° 53.199’E, 16 m, 1 February 2009, NIWA 49960, one colony); Sunday Cove, Breaksea Sound (45° 35.89S, 166° 44.58’E, 10 m, 18 April 2012, NIWA 68138, 68139, 68140, 68141 and 68142). Etymology Named after Lance Shaw in recognition of his lifetime passion for conservation in Fiordland. Description The colonies of Trididemnum shawi sp. nov. are irregular shaped cushions reaching 150 mm long and 50 mm high. They have large terminal common cloacal apertures (5 mm diameter) located at the proximal end of upright lobes in the colony. The colony is supported by positive hydrostatic pressure and basal test core expanded into the centre of large common cloacal cavities that collapse on removal from water. Colonies are peach coloured (YR 7/8) with characteristic clusters of red pigment cells scattered randomly throughout the test (Figure 11D). The texture is gelatinous with zooids regularly packed around the outside edge and sparse spicules concentrated in a layer around zooid branchial apertures. The inner test below the zooid thoraces has no spicules. Developing larvae are present in the test surrounding posterior abdominal cavities in colonies from Breaksea Sound. The zooids are small, the thoraces measuring 0.45 mm and abdomen 0.8 mm long in contracted specimens. There are reticulated posterior abdominal canals running below a single layer of zooids. The canals connect to a central common cloacal cavity in the anterior half of the colony, the centre supported by an extension of the basal test. The zooid branchial aperture has six sharply pointed lobes, and the atrial aperture is a sessile opening in the centre of the thorax. The branchial sac has three rows of stigmata and a small lateral thoracic organ each side adjacent to the third row of stigmata (Figure 12A). The number and shape of stigmata are difficult to determine due to contraction of the thorax. There is a long retractor muscle originating from the base of the thorax. The gut has a smooth globular stomach and the intestine is wide with constrictions occurring between duodenum, posterior stomach and rectum (Figure 12A). There is a single large dome-shaped testis follicle with a vas deferens tightly coiled 10–11 times anticlockwise (Figure 12B); a large ovum lies on the anterior dorsal side of the testis. Developed larvae in colonies collected in April 2012 from Breaksea Sound (NIWA68138) are large (trunk length 1.1 mm) and have four stout lateral ampullae crowded each side of three slender adhesive papillae (Figure 12C). Zooids in these colonies have no testis, suggesting that the reproductive season has ended, but the brooded larvae are still maturing. Stellate spicules are present in a layer around the zooid thoraces and range in size from Remarks Of nine species of Trididemnum described with sessile atrial openings similar to Trididemnum shawi sp. nov., Trididemnum cyclops Michaelsen, 1921 and T. miniatum Kott, 1977 have only six, and T. nubilum Kott, 1980 seven coils of the vas deferens, compared with 10–11 for T. shawi sp. nov.. Trididemnum paracyclops Kott, 1980 from Australia and the Western Pacific has 10 coils of the vas deferens, but differs markedly in colony (forming thin encrusting colonies), zooid and spicule morphology, a zooid with a long oesophageal neck and larvae with only two adhesive papillae. Trididemnum poma Monniot and Monniot, 2001 from Saipan has a larva with a similar arrangement of adhesive papillae and lateral ampullae, but the larvae are significantly smaller (0.25 mm compared with 1.1 mm) than those of T. shawi sp. nov.. Furthermore, the colonies of T. poma are thin, brittle and encrusting compared with those of T. shawi. Both Trididemnum species recorded from New Zealand, T. sluiteri Brewin, 1958 and T. cerebriforme Hartmeyer, 1913, differ from T. shawi in possessing atrial siphons. Trididemnum shawi sp. nov. is distinguished from the majority of species in this genus by the presence of a sessile transverse atrial opening, a large number of coils of the vas deferens, cushion-shaped colonies with terminal common cloacal apertures and scattered red pigment granules in the tunic., Published as part of Page, M. J., Willis, T. J. & Handley, S. J., 2014, The colonial ascidian fauna of Fiordland, New Zealand, with a description of two new species, pp. 1653-1688 in Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) (J. Nat. Hist.) 48 (27 - 28) on pages 1676-1678, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.896487, http://zenodo.org/record/5193878, {"references":["Michaelsen, W. 1921. Ascidien vom westlichen Indeschen Ozean aus dem Reichmuseum zu Stockholm. Arkiv foer Zoologi. 13: 1 - 25.","Kott, P. 1977 Algal-supporting didemnid ascidians for the Great Barrier Reef. In: Proceedings of the Second International Coral Reef Symposium; Maiami: University of Maiami.","Kott, P. 1980. Algal-bearing didemnid ascidians in the Indo-west Pacific. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 20: 1 - 47.","Hartmeyer, R. 1913. Tunicata. In: L Schaltze (ed), Zoologische und Antropologische Ergebnisse einer For schungsreise im Westlichen und Zentrelen Sudafrica ausgefuhrt in den Jaren 1903 - 1905. Bd. 5. Denkschriften der Medizinisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena 17: p. 124 - 144."]}

Ritterella sigillinoides (Brewin, 1958) Pesudodistoma sigillinoides Brewin, 1958a: p. 455, fig. 2A 1, A 2, A 3, A 4 Pesudodistoma sigillinoides: Millar 1982: p. 47 Material examined New Records: Edwardson Sound (45° 56.52’S, 166° 37.56’E, 14 m, 29 February 2009, NIWA 49948, three colonies); Caswell Sound (45° 01.01’S, 167° 08.40’E, 18 m, 3 February 2009, NIWA 49989, two colonies). Previously recorded: New Zealand, Stewart Island (Brewin 1958a); east coast Stewart Island, 101 m (Millar 1982). Description The colonies have numerous, small light-yellow capitate heads to 10 mm diameter on slender tapering, almost woody, sometimes branching stalks up to 40 mm high. As many as 20–30 zooids are embedded in a soft gelatinous test and open separately to the surface. The zooids are up to 14 mm long with atrial and branchial siphons that have six low indistinct lobes and a stomach with 11 broken folds. No larvae were present in specimens collected from Fiordland. Remarks This species is relatively uncommon in Fiordland and easily distinguished from other species by soft gelatinous colony heads. The branching character in the specimens collected in Fiordland agrees with the description by Millar (1982) collected from 135 m off Port Pegasus, Stewart Island. Deep emergent species are common in shallow water in Fiordland. The branching character seen in colonies here may be common to individuals in deeper environments., Published as part of Page, M. J., Willis, T. J. & Handley, S. J., 2014, The colonial ascidian fauna of Fiordland, New Zealand, with a description of two new species, pp. 1653-1688 in Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) (J. Nat. Hist.) 48 (27 - 28) on page 1676, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.896487, http://zenodo.org/record/5193878, {"references":["Brewin, BI. 1958 a. Ascidians of New Zealand. Part XI. Ascidians of the Stewart Island region. Trans Royal Soc NZ. 85: 439 - 453.","Millar, RH. 1982. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Ascidiacea. New Zealand Oceanogr Mem. 85: 114 pp."]}

Aplidium benhami (Brewin, 1946) (Figures 9, 7C) Aplidium (Amaroucium) benhami Brewin, 1946: p. 95 –97, fig. 4, pl. 2, figs 1, 4, pl. 3, fig. 3, pl. 5, fig. 1. Amaroucium benhami Brewin, 1956a: p. 122; 1958a: p. 439; 1960: p119. Material examined New records: Thompson Sound, Crayfish heights (45° 13.182’S, 166° 58.656’E, 3–10 m, 30 January.2006, NIWA 49993). Previously recorded: New Zealand, South Island; Portobello Peninsula (Brewin 1946), Chatham Islands (Brewin 1956a), Stewart Island (Brewin 1958a) and Cook Strait (Brewin 1960). Description Aplidium benhami has characteristic small orange vase-shaped colonies arising from a short narrow stalk. The colony heads, approximately 30 mm high, can be joined at their base to form diffuse aggregations in a larger colony (Figure 7C). The hemispherical tops of the colony heads contain up to 60 zooids in a soft, sand-free gelatinous test. The orange zooids form stellate systems around indistinct common cloacal apertures. The rim of zooid branchial apertures is pigmented white and the atrial aperture surmounted by three lappets, the central one being the longest of the three. Zooids measure approximately 9 mm long, and the post-abdomen encompasses half of the total length (Figure 9A). The branchial sac has 11 rows of 12–13 stigmata per half row. The stomach is barrel-shaped with 23–29 discontinuous folds. Testis follicles occur in paired rows in the posterior threequarters of the post-abdomen and the ovary lies above at the anterior end. Bright orange embryos are crowded in the atrial cavity, which is bulged into a brood pouch to accommodate the large larvae, 0.85 mm in trunk length (Figure 9B). The larvae have three slender median ampullae alternating between three adhesive papillae arranged along the median line and four short lateral ampullae each side (Figure 9C). Remarks Fiordland species closely resemble the type specimen from Otago (Brewin 1946) in colour, colony and zooid morphology. However, Brewin did not note the presence of a brood pouch, or show detail of the arrangement of ampullae on lateral and median sides of the tadpole. The 3.4 mm long tadpole measured by Brewin is significantly greater than the trunk length of larvae from our material (0.85 mm). Brewin’ s measurement probably referred to the total larval length. Aplidium larvae are generally less than 1.0 mm trunk length with few exceptions; e.g. Kott (1992) named Aplidium magnilarvum Kott, 1992 after the large 2 mm long larva (trunk length)., Published as part of Page, M. J., Willis, T. J. & Handley, S. J., 2014, The colonial ascidian fauna of Fiordland, New Zealand, with a description of two new species, pp. 1653-1688 in Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) (J. Nat. Hist.) 48 (27 - 28) on pages 1668-1669, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.896487, http://zenodo.org/record/5193878, {"references":["Brewin, BI. 1946. Ascidians in the vicinity of the Portobello Marine Biological Station, Otago Harbour. Trans Proc Royal Soc New Zealand. 76: 87 - 131.","Brewin, BI. 1956 a. Ascidians from the Chatham Islands and the Chatham Rise. Trans Proc Royal Soc New Zealand. 84: 121 - 137.","Brewin, BI. 1958 a. Ascidians of New Zealand. Part XI. Ascidians of the Stewart Island region. Trans Royal Soc NZ. 85: 439 - 453.","Brewin, BI. 1960. Ascidians of New Zealand. Part XIII. Ascidians of the Cook Strait region. Trans Proc Royal Soc New Zealand. 88: 119 - 120.","Kott, P. 1992. The Australian ascidiacea III. Aplousobranchia (2). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 32: 375 - 620."]}

Botryllus stewartensis Brewin, 1958 (Figures 2, 3A) Botryllus stewartensis Brewin, 1958a: p. 447, fig. 3 A 1 –A 5. Parabotryllus nemorus Kott, 1975: p. 11. Botryllus stewartensis: Millar, 1982: p. 61. Botryllus stewartensis: Kott, 1985: p. 269; Kott, 1990: p. 286; Kott, 2006: p. 221, fig. 10H. Material examined New records: Breaksea Sound, First Cove (45° 34.74’S, 166° 44.43’E, 15 m, 1 February 2009, NIWA 49968, NIWA 49974); Caswell Sound, Paua Bay (45° 01.01’S, 166° 08.40’E, 25 m, NIWA 49983). Previously recorded: New Zealand, Stewart Island and Foveaux Strait (Brewin 1958a); Stewart Island, 47° 15’S, 167° 55’E, 101 m (Millar 1982): p. 61, fig. 32; Queensland, Western and South Australia (see Kott 1990). Description The colonies are approximately 120 mm in diameter, comprising a transparent gelatinous test that can vary widely in colour from mauve (RP 5/4, NIWA 49968) to light tan (YR 7/4, NIWA 49974). The colonies have a basal mat with tightly packed flat-topped lobes approximately 10 mm high and 10 mm in diameter (Figure 3A). Sand adheres to the sides of the lobes, but the heads and test internally have no incorporated sand (Figure 2A). Up to 10 zooids are arranged in circular systems around a common cloacal aperture. Several systems may occur on a single head. The zooids have a narrow branchial aperture with 12 long oral tentacles. There are three longitudinal vessels on each side of the branchial sac with 10–12 rows of 13 stigmata per half row. The atrial aperture is produced into a short siphon (Figure 2B). There is a single fan-shaped testis follicle with numerous, sometimes divided lobes on each side of the branchial sac (Figure 2C). Up to four embryos can be found developing anterior to the testis follicles on each side of the branchial sac. The stomach is oblong with nine continuous folds excluding the typhlosole, which extends into the pyloric region of the stomach (Figure 2D). A pyloric caecum approximately half the length of the stomach arises from the pyloric end of the typhlosole, curving in towards the pole of the gut loop. There is a distinctive ‘bulb-like’ protuberance at the distal end of the caecum that varies in size among zooids. A pyloric gland is evident on the distal part of the intestine adjacent to the bulbous end of the caecum. Remarks The specimens examined from Fiordland closely resemble colony morphology of the Stewart Island holotype described by Brewin (1958a). The characters that distinguish New Zealand and Australian Botryllus stewartensis (Kott 1985) are the arrangement of zooids in circular systems at the terminal end of sandy flattopped lobes, an atrial siphon with a short languet, fan-shaped testis follicles and an inwardly curved lobed caecum on the left side of the stomach. Detailed examination of the stomach morphology shows nine folds excluding the typhlosole, which may have been included as the 10 th fold in descriptions by Brewin (1958a) and Kott (1985). Neither of these authors noted the presence of a pyloric gland, distinctive in specimens described in this study., Published as part of Page, M. J., Willis, T. J. & Handley, S. J., 2014, The colonial ascidian fauna of Fiordland, New Zealand, with a description of two new species, pp. 1653-1688 in Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) (J. Nat. Hist.) 48 (27 - 28) on pages 1654-1658, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.896487, http://zenodo.org/record/5193878, {"references":["Brewin, BI. 1958 a. Ascidians of New Zealand. Part XI. Ascidians of the Stewart Island region. Trans Royal Soc NZ. 85: 439 - 453.","Kott, P. 1975. The ascidians of South Australia III. Northern sector of the Great Australian Bight and additional records. Trans Royal Soc South Australia. 99: 1 - 20.","Millar, RH. 1982. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Ascidiacea. New Zealand Oceanogr Mem. 85: 114 pp.","Kott, P. 1985. The Australian Ascidiacea I. Phlebobranchia and Stolidobranchia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 23: 440.","Kott, P. 1990. The Australian Ascidiacea, Phlebobrancia and Stolidobranchia, supplement. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 29: 267 - 298.","Kott, P. 2006. Observations on non- didemnid ascidians from Australian waters (1). J Nat Hist. 40: 169 - 234."]}

Didemnum lithostrotum Brewin, 1956 (Figure 11F) Didemnum lithostrotum Brewin, 1956a: p. 127 –129, figs 3A 1, A 2, A 3. Didemnum lithostrotum: Millar 1982: 49, 51. Material examined New record: Caswell Sound, Paua Bay (45° 01.01’S, 167° 08.40’E, 20 m, 3 February 2009, NIWA 49980, one colony). Previously recorded: New Zealand: Chatham Islands (Brewin 1956a); Chatham Rise (Brewin 1956a); Stewart Island (Brewin 1958a). Description The pink/orange (YR 7/6) colony from Caswell Sound is 1 mm thick, encrusting on the brachiopod Liothyrella neozealandica. The test is divided into irregular polygonal areas, each with a central common cloacal aperture (Figure 11F). Spicules occur throughout the colony, although more are concentrated in a layer near the surface and at the substratum. They have eight rounded rays in optical cross-section and measure 40–70 µm in diameter. The zooids are 1 mm long in fixed material, the branchial aperture is relatively tall with six low pointed lobes, and the atrial aperture is smooth rimmed with a short simple lappet. The stomach is small and globular. There are two testis follicles with six to seven coils of the vas deferens. Remarks Possible synonymy of this species to Didemnum densum (Nott 1892) was mentioned by Millar (1982). We have placed the Fiordland colony in the species Didemnum lithostrotum based on the southern distribution of the holotype, and different morphology of the tunic (not in polygonal pattern in D. densum) and the branchial aperture lobes. The zooids in the current species are smaller than given by Brewin (1956a), but this is because they were contracted on collection and preservation. Didemnum densum in relaxed colonies has a branchial siphon with needle-like lobes whereas D. lithostrotum does not. An in-situ photograph by Stocker (1985) identified as D. densum shows polygonal pattern in the tunic; it could be a misidentification because this is an important character., Published as part of Page, M. J., Willis, T. J. & Handley, S. J., 2014, The colonial ascidian fauna of Fiordland, New Zealand, with a description of two new species, pp. 1653-1688 in Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) (J. Nat. Hist.) 48 (27 - 28) on page 1680, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2014.896487, http://zenodo.org/record/5193878, {"references":["Brewin, BI. 1956 a. Ascidians from the Chatham Islands and the Chatham Rise. Trans Proc Royal Soc New Zealand. 84: 121 - 137.","Millar, RH. 1982. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Ascidiacea. New Zealand Oceanogr Mem. 85: 114 pp.","Brewin, BI. 1958 a. Ascidians of New Zealand. Part XI. Ascidians of the Stewart Island region. Trans Royal Soc NZ. 85: 439 - 453.","Nott, JT. 1892. On the composite ascidians of the North Shore reef. Trans Proc New Zealand Inst. 24: 305 - 334.","Stocker, LJ. 1985. An identification guide to some common New Zealand ascidians. University of Auckland Leigh Marine Laboratory, Auckland, New Zealand. 74 p."]}