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For nearly two decades there has been an abundance of research and clinical development programs underway to develop active specific immunotherapies, to educate the patient’s immune response, specifically the T-cell immunity and memory, to recognize and destroy tumor cells by cell-mediated cellular toxicity. While many of these technology platforms achieved promising results in preclinical and clinical phase I and II clinical trials, essentially all but one have failed to achieve FDA market approval as a therapeutic drug product.

'No authority was cited or evidence introduced to establish that transparency has become part of customary international law.' So said Tysoe J. of the Supreme Court of British Columbia, disagreeing with the arbitral Tribunal in the Metalclad case under NAFTA Chapter 11. Is Tysoe J. correct? Some very prominent courts take a restrictive view toward the recognition of international customary law. Some very prominent international arbitrators have less difficulty finding it. The concept of international customary law of transparency and security for international investors under bilateral and multilateral investment treaties is familiar to international commercial arbitrators. The content of that concept is, however, far from clear. This article will first examine how the United States federal courts have recently defined international customary law. Second, it will examine how the oft cited Metalclad arbitration award under Chapter 11 of North American Free Trade Agreement defines transparency of governmental administration as it relates to investors protected by investment treaties. Third, it will examine how a number of recent arbitral Tribunals and the World Trade Organization Appellate Body have dealt with the concept of transparency. Fourth, it will endeavour to deduce a consistent basis in law for the awards discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the concept of international customary law of transparency and security for international investors under bilateral and multilateral investment treaties. Decisions of U.S. federal courts on international customary law; Definition of transparency of governmental administration in the arbitration case Metalclad Corp. versus United Mexican States as it relates to investors protected by investment treaties; Basis of customary law of governmental transparency toward investors protected by investment treaties.

Examines the reorganization of the Internal Revenue Code in the United States. List of purposes of recapitalization; Conditions for recapitalizing; Effects of Section 305 of the Internal Revenue Code on recapitalization.

Studies were performed on localization of 125I-human γ-globulin in spleen lymphatic tissue germinal centres during the primary and secondary immune response as influenced by competitive injections of specific or non-cross- reacting antigens. Isologous mouse 7S serum protein labelled with 125I was used as the control. The results of these studies support the following conclusions: (1) Antigen retention in germinal centres during the primary immune reaction is a dynamic process. For some antigens there may be opsonins available at the the time of injection which promote initial localization in germinal centres. However, the continued localization of antigen over weeks and months is a function of specific antibody production. (2) For some period of time, germinal centres are specific to the antigen that stimulated their development, and eventually these centres will respond to a different antigen. (3)Antigen persisting in germinal centres is functional in the development of the secondary immune potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "mug-book" biographical works sprang up in significant quantity in the 1870's and 1880's and continued through the first few decades of the 20th century. Subscribers paid a fixed sum (around 25 dollars) to buy the book and also paid for the privilege of inclusion in it. Most popular in primarily rural areas with many small towns and cities, these mug-books predominantly covered farmers and small businessmen, with lawyers and doctors also well represented. Most subjects were males, with only an occasional spinster or widow. The biographical information, often including ancestry, is valuable to genealogists, historians, and demographers. One difficulty in using the material is the lack of an adequate bibliography of national scope. Another problem is in locating an individual biography without knowing whether a subject might be included in his native State or any one of other States to which he migrated. Compilation of a bibliography would be feasible if there were financial support to carry through the project. Undocumented.