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166 results on '"Hannikainen, Ivar R."'

2. Understanding rule enforcement using drift diffusion models

Author

Engelmann, Neele, Hannikainen, Ivar R, Gonzàlez-García, Carlos, and Ruz, Maria

Subjects
Philosophy, Psychology, Concepts and categories, Social cognition, Computational Modeling
Abstract

Since their inception, drift diffusion models have been applied across a wide range of disciplines within psychology to uncover the mental processes that underlie perception, attention, and cognitive control. Our studies contribute to ongoing efforts to extend these models to abstract, social reasoning processes like moral or legal judgment. We presented participants with a set of social rules, while manipulating whether variousbehaviors violated the rule's letter and/or its purpose–––two independent standards by which to decide what constitutes a transgression. In this framework, cases that violate or comply with both a rule's text and its purpose can be seen as congruent or ‘easy' cases, and cases that elicit opposing verdicts as incongruent or ‘hard' cases–––in a manner analogous to widely-studied conflict tasks in cognitive psychology. We recorded 34,573 decisions made by 364 participants under soft time pressure, and investigated whether hierarchical drift diffusion modeling could explain various behavioral patterns in our data. This approach yielded three key insights: (1) judgments of conviction were faster than judgments of acquittal owing to an overall bias (z parameter) toward conviction; (2) incongruent cases produced longer reaction times than congruent cases (an interference effect), due to differences in the rate of evidence accumulation (v parameter) across case-types; and (3) increases in the ratio of congruent-to-incongruent cases amplified the interference effect on reaction times, by fostering greater response caution—revealed by a larger threshold (or a parameter). Thus, our studies document dissociable effects of the drift diffusion components on rule-based decision-making, and illustrate how the cognitive processes that subserve abstract and social decision-making tasks, such as the enforcement of communal and legal rules, may be illuminated through the drift diffusion framework.

Published
2024

7. Purposes in Law and in Life: An Experimental Investigation of Purpose Attribution

Author

de Almeida, Guilherme da Franca Couto Fernandes, Knobe, Joshua, Struchiner, Noel, and Hannikainen, Ivar R.

Subjects
Sociological jurisprudence -- Research, Attribution (Social psychology) -- Research, Law
Abstract

There has been considerable debate in legal philosophy about how to attribute purposes to rules. Separately, within cognitive science, there has been a growing body of research concerned with questions about how people ordinarily attribute purposes. Here, we argue that these two separate fields might be connected by experimental jurisprudence. Across four studies, we find evidence for the claim that people use the same criteria to attribute purposes to physical objects and to rules. In both cases, purpose attributions appear to be governed not so much by original intention or by moral value as by current practice. We argue that these findings in the cognitive science of purpose attribution have implications for jurisprudential questions involving purposivist legal interpretation. Keywords: Experimental jurisprudence; Legal interpretation; Purposivism, 1. Introduction When people are trying to make sense of ordinary objects, they often attribute purposes to those objects. Thus, a person might say, 'This knife is for cutting bread,' [...]

Published
2023
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8. What Do We Mean by Precedent? Empirical Evidence of Ordinary Usage

Author

de Andrade, Priscila C., de Almeida, Guilherme F. C. F., Hannikainen, Ivar R., Struchiner, Noel, Mathis, Klaus, Series Editor, Chiassoni, Pierluigi, Editorial Board Member, Cserne, Péter, Editorial Board Member, Deffains, Bruno, Editorial Board Member, Eger, Thomas, Editorial Board Member, Golecki, Mariusz J., Editorial Board Member, Heinemann, Andreas, Editorial Board Member, Lanneau, Régis, Editorial Board Member, Portuese, Aurélien, Editorial Board Member, Purnhagen, Kai, Editorial Board Member, Reisch, Lucia A., Editorial Board Member, Sibony, Anne-Lise, Editorial Board Member, Stavang, Endre, Editorial Board Member, Bystranowski, Piotr, editor, Janik, Bartosz, editor, and Próchnicki, Maciej, editor

Published
2022
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24. The True Self and Decision-Making Capacity.

Author

Toomey, James, Lewis, Jonathan, Hannikainen, Ivar R., and Earp, Brian D.

Subjects
CAPACITY (Law), PATIENT decision making, VALUES (Ethics), COGNITION, MEDICAL ethics
Abstract

A commentary on the 2024 article "Affect, Values and Problems Assessing Decision-Making Capacity," by Jennifer Hawkins is presented. Topics include the set of studies into factors that influence ordinary people's judgments about medical decision-making, how ordinary people may not share Hawkins' view that cognitive capacity is necessary for a medical decision to be entitled to respect and why Hawkins'view requires a theory of why certain factors are relevant in some cases but not others.

Published
2024
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30. Family bereavement and organ donation in Spain: a mixed method, prospective cohort study protocol

Author

Martinez-Lopez, Maria Victoria, primary, Coll, Elisabeth, additional, Cruz-Quintana, Francisco, additional, Dominguez-Gil, Beatriz, additional, Hannikainen, Ivar R, additional, Lara Rosales, Ramón, additional, Pérez-Blanco, Alicia, additional, Perez-Marfil, Maria Nieves, additional, Pérez-Villares, Jose Miguel, additional, Uruñuela, David, additional, and Rodríguez-Arias, David, additional

Published
2023
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31. Trolleys, triage and Covid-19: the role of psychological realism in sacrificial dilemmas

Author

Kneer, Markus, Hannikainen, Ivar R, University of Zurich, and Hannikainen, Ivar R

Subjects
Decision Making, Moral judgment, Public policy, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Trolley problem, Morals, 10092 Institute of Philosophy, 170 Ethics, Judgment, Politics, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Nursing, Intensive care, Pandemic, Utilitarianism, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Humans, Pandemics, 3204 Developmental and Educational Psychology, 3205 Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Values, Triage, 1201 Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), 10001 Center for Ethics, Ethical Theory, Psychology, Realism
Abstract

The research was supported by a Swiss National Science Foundation grant (PZ00P1_179912, PI Markus Kneer). Data and materials are available on the Open Science Framework at: osf.io/dpsq9/?view_only=54a7c150e03d4d78819b2954cee3a240., At the height of the Covid-19 pandemic, frontline medical professionals at intensive care units around the world faced gruesome decisions about how to ration life-saving medical resources. These events provided a unique lens through which to understand how the public reasons about real-world dilemmas involving trade-offs between human lives. In three studies (total N = 2298), we examined people’s moral attitudes toward triage of acute coronavirus patients, and found elevated support for utilitarian triage policies. These utilitarian tendencies did not stem from period change in moral attitudes relative to pre-pandemic levels--but rather, from the heightened realism of triage dilemmas. Participants favored utilitarian resolutions of critical care dilemmas when compared to structurally analogous, non-medical dilemmas—and such support was rooted in prosocial dispositions, including empathy and impartial beneficence. Finally, despite abundant evidence of political polarization surrounding Covid-19, moral views about critical care triage differed modestly, if at all, between liberals and conservatives. Taken together, our findings highlight people’s robust support for utilitarian measures in the face of a global public health threat, and illustrate how hypothetical scenarios in moral psychology (e.g. trolley cases) should strive for more experiential and psychological realism, otherwise their results might not generalize to real-world moral dilemmas., Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) European Commission PZ00P1_179912

Published
2021

34. Coordination and expertise foster legal textualism

Author

Hannikainen, Ivar R., primary, Tobia, Kevin P., additional, de Almeida, Guilherme da F. C. F., additional, Struchiner, Noel, additional, Kneer, Markus, additional, Bystranowski, Piotr, additional, Dranseika, Vilius, additional, Strohmaier, Niek, additional, Bensinger, Samantha, additional, Dolinina, Kristina, additional, Janik, Bartosz, additional, Lauraitytė, Eglė, additional, Laakasuo, Michael, additional, Liefgreen, Alice, additional, Neiders, Ivars, additional, Próchnicki, Maciej, additional, Rosas, Alejandro, additional, Sundvall, Jukka, additional, and Żuradzki, Tomasz, additional

Published
2022
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36. Attitudes of European students towards family decision-making and the harmonisation of consent to deceased organ donation: A comparative cross-sectional survey

Author

Molina-Pérez, Alberto, primary, Werner-Felmayer, Gabriele, additional, Assche, Kristof Van, additional, Jensen, Anja M.B., additional, Delgado, Janet, additional, Flatscher-Thöni, Magdalena, additional, Hannikainen, Ivar R., additional, Rodriguez-Arias, David, additional, Schicktanz, Silke, additional, and Wöhlke, Sabine, additional

Published
2022
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37. Are There Cross‐Cultural Legal Principles? Modal Reasoning Uncovers Procedural Constraints on Law

Author

Hannikainen, Ivar R, Tobia, Kevin P, de Almeida, Guilherme da F C F, Donelson, Raff, Dranseika, Vilius, Kneer, Markus, et al, University of Zurich, and Hannikainen, Ivar R

Subjects
170 Ethics, 2805 Cognitive Neuroscience, 3205 Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Artificial Intelligence, Cognitive Neuroscience, 1702 Artificial Intelligence, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, 10001 Center for Ethics, 10092 Institute of Philosophy
Published
2021

41. Purposes in Law and in Life: An Experimental Investigation of Purpose Attribution.

Author

da Franca Couto Fernandes de Almeida, Guilherme, Knobe, Joshua, Struchiner, Noel, and Hannikainen, Ivar R.

Subjects
JURISPRUDENCE, ETHICS, COGNITIVE science, QUALITY (Philosophy), COGNITIVE structures
Abstract

There has been considerable debate in legal philosophy about how to attribute purposes to rules. Separately, within cognitive science, there has been a growing body of research concerned with questions about how people ordinarily attribute purposes. Here, we argue that these two separate fields might be connected by experimental jurisprudence. Across four studies, we find evidence for the claim that people use the same criteria to attribute purposes to physical objects and to rules. In both cases, purpose attributions appear to be governed not so much by original intention or by moral value as by current practice. We argue that these findings in the cognitive science of purpose attribution have implications for jurisprudential questions involving purposivist legal interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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42. Coordination Favors Legal Textualism by Suppressing Moral Valuation

Author

Hannikainen, Ivar R, Tobia, Kevin P, Almeida, Guilherme da FC F, Struchiner, Noel, Kneer, Markus, Bystranowski, Piotr, Dranseika, Vilius, Strohmaier, Niek, Bensinger, Samantha, Dolinina, Kristina, Janik, Bartosz, Lauraityte, Egle, Laakasuo, Michael, Liefgreen, Alice, Neiders, Ivars, Próchnicki, Maciej, Martinez, Alejandro Rosas, Sundvall, Jukka, Żuradzki, Tomasz, and University of Zurich

Subjects
170 Ethics, 10001 Center for Ethics, 10092 Institute of Philosophy
Published
2021

43. For Whom Does Determinism Undermine Moral Responsibility? Surveying the Conditions for Free Will Across Cultures

Author

Hannikainen, Ivar R, Machery, Edouard, Rose, David, Stich, Stephen, Olivola, Christopher Y, Sousa, Paulo, Cova, Florian, Buchtel, Emma E, Alai, Mario, Angelucci, Adriano, Berniûnas, Renatas, Chatterjee, Amita, Cheon, Hyundeuk, Cho, In-Rae, Cohnitz, Daniel, Dranseika, Vilius, Eraña Lagos, Ángeles, Ghadakpour, Laleh, Grinberg, Maurice, Hashimoto, Takaaki, Horowitz, Amir, Hristova, Evgeniya, Jraissati, Yasmina, Kadreva, Veselina, Karasawa, Kaori, Kim, Hackjin, Kim, Yeonjeong, Lee, Minwoo, Mauro, Carlos, Mizumoto, Masaharu, Moruzzi, Sebastiano, Ornelas, Jorge, Osimani, Barbara, Romero, Carlos, Rosas López, Alejandro, Sangoi, Massimo, Sereni, Andrea, Songhorian, Sarah, Struchiner, Noel, Tripodi, Vera, Usui, Naoki, Vázquez Del Mercado, Alejandro, Vosgerichian, Hrag A, Zhang, Xueyi, Zhu, Jing, Dep Filosofie en Religiewetenschap (F&R), LS Theoretische filosofie, OFR - Theoretical Philosophy, Afd Biomol.Mass Spect. and Proteomics, Dep Filosofie en Religiewetenschap (F&R), LS Theoretische filosofie, OFR - Theoretical Philosophy, Afd Biomol.Mass Spect. and Proteomics, Hannikainen, Ivar R, Machery, Edouard, Rose, David, Stich, Stephen, Olivola, Christopher Y, Sousa, Paulo, Cova, Florian, Buchtel, Emma E, Alai, Mario, Angelucci, Adriano, Berniūnas, Renata, Chatterjee, Amita, Cheon, Hyundeuk, Cho, In-Rae, Cohnitz, Daniel, Dranseika, Viliu, Eraña Lagos, Ángele, Ghadakpour, Laleh, Grinberg, Maurice, Takaaki, Hashimoto, Horowitz, Amir, Hristova, Evgeniya, Jraissati, Yasmina, Kadreva, Veselina, Karasawa, Kaori, Hackjin, Kim, Kim, Yeonjeong, Lee, Minwoo, Mauro, Carlo, Mizumoto, Masaharu, Moruzzi, Sebastiano, Jorge, Ornela, Osimani, Barbara, Romero, Carlo, Rosas Lopez, Alejandro, Sangoi, Massimo, Sereni, Andrea, Songhorian, Sarah, Struchiner, Noel, Tripodi, Vera, Usui, Naoki, Vázquez del Mercado, Alejandro, Vosgerichian, Hrag A, Zhang, Xueyi, and Zhu, Jing

Subjects
media_common.quotation_subject, sourcehood, lcsh:BF1-990, 050105 experimental psychology, Blame, compatibilism, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, experimental philosophy, situationism, Cultural diversity, Free will, Compatibilism, Psychology, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Moral responsibility, free will, compatibilism, cognitive style, situationism, dispositionism, sourcehood, alternate possibilities, experimental philosophy, Situational ethics, General Psychology, free will, compatibilism, cognitive style, situationism, dispositionism, sourcehood, alternate possibilities, media_common, Original Research, alternate possibilities, free will, cognitive style, dispositionism, 05 social sciences, Determinism, lcsh:Psychology, Social psychology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Cognitive style
Abstract

Philosophers have long debated whether, if determinism is true, we should hold people morally responsible for their actions since in a deterministic universe, people are arguably not the ultimate source of their actions nor could they have done otherwise if initial conditions and the laws of nature are held fixed. To reveal how non-philosophers ordinarily reason about the conditions for free will, we conducted a cross-cultural and cross-linguistic survey (N = 5,268) spanning twenty countries and sixteen languages. Overall, participants tended to ascribe moral responsibility whether the perpetrator lacked sourcehood or alternate possibilities. However, for American, European, and Middle Eastern participants, being the ultimate source of one’s actions promoted perceptions of free will and control as well as ascriptions of blame and punishment. By contrast, being the source of one’s actions was not particularly salient to Asian participants. Finally, across cultures, participants exhibiting greater cognitive reflection were more likely to view free will as incompatible with causal determinism. We discuss these findings in light of documented cultural differences in the tendency toward dispositional versus situational attributions.

Published
2019

44. Are There Cross‐Cultural Legal Principles? Modal Reasoning Uncovers Procedural Constraints on Law

Author

Hannikainen, Ivar R., primary, Tobia, Kevin P., additional, Almeida, Guilherme da F. C. F., additional, Donelson, Raff, additional, Dranseika, Vilius, additional, Kneer, Markus, additional, Strohmaier, Niek, additional, Bystranowski, Piotr, additional, Dolinina, Kristina, additional, Janik, Bartosz, additional, Keo, Sothie, additional, Lauraitytė, Eglė, additional, Liefgreen, Alice, additional, Próchnicki, Maciej, additional, Rosas, Alejandro, additional, and Struchiner, Noel, additional

Published
2021
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47. sj-docx-1-psp-10.1177_01461672211026128 – Supplemental material for Whose Words Hurt? Contextual Determinants of Offensive Speech

Author

Almagro, Manuel, Hannikainen, Ivar R., and Villanueva, Neftalí

Subjects
FOS: Psychology, 170199 Psychology not elsewhere classified
Abstract

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-psp-10.1177_01461672211026128 for Whose Words Hurt? Contextual Determinants of Offensive Speech by Manuel Almagro, Ivar R. Hannikainen and Neftalí Villanueva in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Published
2021
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