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SUMMARYWith the transition from the so-called 'Golden Ages' to the age of Enlightenment, Spain lost its political and cultural hegemony to its northern neighbour, France. In the field of the language studies, this change is evident especially in the area of lexicography: the Diccionario de la Real Academia Espanola (1726-1739) was soon modeled after the Dictionnaire de l'Academie Francaise (1694). In grammaticography, things seem to have been different, at least if one listens to those few historians of linguistics who payed attention to 18th-century Spanish linguistics. The overall judgements range from 'a total lack of good grammar' to a 'complete disregard of modern [i.e., French] theories'. However, a closer look at the grammatical production of the time does not confirm any of these assessments. Apart from Latin grammars in the tradition of Nebrija and bilingual Spanish-French grammars clearly influenced by contemporary French theories, there are a tradition of monolingual grammaticography, which are totally up-to-date on contemporary European grammatical discussions, focussed, as they were, on the teachings of Port-Royal. The Gramatica de la lengua castellana of the Spanish Royal Academy follows along the same lines by developing even more the logical approach to grammatical description. Before starting to write down the final version of their grammar, the Academicians even went as far as to study dozens of grammars of other languages, old and new, Western as well as non-Western, in order to get a more general linguistic framework and to follow more closely the theories of the scholar who, in the eyes of the grammarians of Port-Royal, was the starting point of 'modern' linguistics, the Spaniard Francisco Sanchez de las Brozas (1523-1600/1601).RESUMEAvec la transition des 'Ages d'Or' au Siecle des Lumieres, l'Espagne cede son hegemonie politique et culturelle a son voisin septentrional, la France. Dans le domaine des les etudes linguistiques, ce changement se fait sentir surtout en lexicographie: le Diccionario de la Real Academia Espanola (1726-1739) est concu sur le modele du Dictionnaire de l'Academie Francaise (1694). En grammaticographie, la situation semble se developper differemment, surtout lorsqu'on ecoute les linguistes contemporains. Leur jugement varie entre 'il n'y a pas de grammaire convenable' et 'un manque total des connaissances theoriques modernes [= francaises]'. Pourtant, un examen attentif de la production grammaticale contemporaine ne confirme ni l'un ni l'autre des points critiques. Abstraction faite des grammaires latines dans la tradition de Nebrija et des grammaires bilingues franco-espagnoles influencees par les theories francaises contemporaines, il y a une tradition de grammaticographie monolingue tout a fait a la hauteur de la discussion europeenne, impregnee de l'enseignement de Port-Royal. La Gramâtica de la lengua castellana de l'Academie Royale espagnole poursuit des idees analogues en developpant le cote logique de l'analyse grammaticale. Avant la redaction finale de la grammaire, les academiciens se mirent a etudier des douzaines de grammaires d'autres langues, anciennes et modernes, europeennes et exotiques, pour arriver a une connaissance linguistique plus generale et pour suivre de plus pres l'enseignement d'un grammairien qui, selon les Messieurs de Port-Royal, avait ete le point de depart de la linguistique moderne, l'espagnol Francisco Sanchez de las Brozas (1523-1600/1601).ZUSAMMENFASSUNGMit dem Ubergang von den 'Goldenen Zeitaltern' zur Aufklarung geht Spaniens politische und kulturelle Vorherrschaft auf seinen nordlichen Nach-barn Frankreich uber. In der Sprachwissenschaft findet dies seinen Niederschlag namentlich in der Lexikographie: der Diccionario de la Real Acade-mia Espanola (1726-1739) orientiert sich am Modell des Dictionnaire de l'Academie Francaise (1694). Bei der Grammatikographie scheinen die Dinge anders zu liegen, namentlich, wenn man den Zeitgenossen glauben schenkt, welche rundheraus erklaren, es gabe uberhaupt keine brauchbaren Grammatiken mehr bzw. die vorhandenen Grammatiken seien nicht auf der Hohe der zeitgenossischen (i.e., franzosischen) Diskussion. Eine genauere Analys zeigt allerdings, daG weder die eine noch die andere Aussage gerecht-fertigt ist. Abgesehen von den Lateingrammatiken in der Tradition Nebrijas und den zweisprachigen spanisch-franzosischen Grammatiken der Zeit sind hier durchaus einsprachige spanische Grammatiken zu nennen, welche sich genau so an Port-Royal orientieren, wie die nichtspanischen. Die Gramâtica de la lengua castellana der spanischen Akademie (1771) gehort auch dazu mit ihrem Versuch, die Sprachanalyse unter logischen und allgemeinsprach-lichen Vorzeichen weiter zu entwickeln. Vor der Endredaktion studierten die Akademiemitglieder dutzende Grammatiken anderer Sprachen, alter und neu-er, europaischer und uberseeischer, um ihre linguistischen Kenntnisse zu er-weitern und um sich an jene Lehrmeinung anzuschliesen, welche — wie schon die Herren von Port-Royal gesehen hatten — am Anfang der 'moder-nen ' Sprachwissenschaft steht, die Sprachauffassung des Spaniers Francisco Sanchez de las Brozas (1523-1600/1601).

Since the publication of the still very valuable Biblioteca historica de la filologia by Cipriano Munoz y Manzano, conde de la Vinaza (Madrid, 1893), our knowledge of the history of the study of the Spanish language has grown considerably. It has been the purpose of BICRES I (from the early beginnings to 1600), published in 1994, to bring together already available bibliographical information with the more recent research findings, scattered in many places, books and articles. BICRES II (covering the 1601–1700 period) followed in 1999 and BICRES III (including period 1701-1800) was published in 2005. Now, the fourth volume, arranged according to the same principles as those guiding the preceding volumes and covering the years from 1801 to 1860, has become available. Years of research in the major libraries of Spain and other European countries have gone into this new bibliography and relative sources of the Americas have also been covered, in order to offer — in an as exhaustive as possible fashion — a description of all Spanish grammars and dictionaries, histories of the Spanish language as well as studies devoted to particular facets of its evolution during the years 1801-1860. BICRES IV brings together in chronological order more than 3,279 titles. Access to the bibliographical information is facilitated by several detailed indexes, such as a short title index, a listing of printers, publishers and places of production, and an author index.

This book contains papers presented at an international colloquium which has taken place at regular intervals (since 1985) and which is devoted to the contrasting study of the French language in Europe and Canada. In 2007 the focus was on the different varieties of French that can be observed in France and in Canada. Here specialists from Canada, France and Germany present their research results in the fields of phonetics and phonology, vocabulary and lexicography, word formation, history of the French language and the history of (French) place names in present-day Canada.