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AIM: To compare the difference between using Ringer’s and Ringer’s lactate (RL) solutions as irrigating solutions during phacoemulsification and investigate their effect on corneal endothelium. METHODS: This was a prospective interventional double blinded clinical study that included 100 eyes of 100 patients aged between 50 to 65y suffering from a visually significant age-related cataract and scheduled for routine uncomplicated phacoemulsification. The included eyes were randomly divided into two equal groups (each group included 50 eyes). Group 1 received Ringer’s solution and group 2 received Ringer’s lactate as an irrigating solution. RESULTS: The first group with Ringer’s solution had a mean age of 57.5±8y and the second group with RL solution had a mean age of 58.6±9y. After 3mo, endothelial cell density decreased in group 1 by a mean of 8.5%, and in group 2 by a mean of 3.6% (P=0.013). Additionally, central corneal thickness increased in group 1 by a mean of 6.9% and in group 2 by a mean of 1.5% (P=0.006). By correlating the percentage of change in pachymetry and specular microscopic parameters with volume of irrigation solution used, there was no significant correlation. CONCLUSION: The use of Ringer’s lactate as an irrigating solution is associated with less endothelial cell loss postoperatively in comparison to Ringer’s solution and associated with decreased postoperative edema.

Purpose To evaluate the safety and efficacy of non-penetrating deep sclerectomy with a collagen implant versus trabeculectomy in primary congenital glaucoma. Subjects and methods This was a retrospective interventional comparative non-randomized clinical study that included 80 eyes of 80 children presenting with primary congenital glaucoma under the age of 3 years. Forty eyes have undergone non-penetrating deep sclerectomy (NPDS) and the other 40 eyes have undergone penetrating trabeculectomy. The main outcome measure was the reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP). Secondary outcomes included percentage of patients with complete and qualified success, need for topical antiglaucoma medications, rate of complications, and need for further interventions. Complete success of the surgical outcome was considered an IOP ≤16 mmHg with no antiglaucoma medications. Qualified success was considered an IOP ≤16 mmHg using antiglaucoma medications. Results The mean preoperative IOP was 27.4 ± 6.9 and 28.5 ± 6.6 mmHg in NPDS and trabeculectomy groups, respectively (p = 0.175). At the end of the follow -up period, the mean IOP was 11.2 ± 4.5 and 11.1 ± 3.4 mmHg with a mean reduction of 16.2 and 17.4 mmHg in NPDS and trabeculectomy groups, respectively. At the end of the follow -up period, ie at 36 months postoperative, the complete success rate was 60% (24 eyes) versus 57.5% (23 eyes), the qualified success rate was 25% (10 eyes) versus 25% (10 eyes), the overall success rate was 85% (34 eyes) versus 82.5% (33 eyes), and the rate of failure was 15% (6 eyes) versus 17.5% (7 eyes) in NPDS and trabeculectomy groups, respectively (p = 0.952). Eight cases (20%) of the trabeculectomy group had shallow anterior chamber. None of the NPDS group cases suffered from shallow anterior chamber. Conclusion Non-penetrating deep sclerectomy appears to be an efficient and safe surgical alternative to penetrating trabeculectomy in treatment of primary congenital glaucoma. Non-penetrating deep sclerectomy has fewer postoperative complications in comparison to penetrating trabeculectomy with a comparative postoperative reduction in the intraocular pressure and overall success rates. Trial registration The trial was registered on 11/01/2020 with number PACTR202002874953456 (https://pactr.samrc.ac.za).

Background There is an ongoing need to move toward sutureless surgery with less surgical manipulations, while maintaining the same results achieved by conventional surgery. Aim The aim was to evaluate the safety and the effectiveness of fenestration technique of the medial recuts muscle with resection of ipsilateral lateral rectus muscle in patients with sensory esotropia. Design A prospective, noncomparative, single-institution interventional study was conducted. Patients and methods This is a prospective study conducted on 16 children with sensory esotropia. Fenestration of the medial rectus muscle is a novel technique of weakening of the medial rectus by excising a rectangular wide central part extending from the insertion to a point back 5–8 mm depending on the angle of the esotropia leaving superior and inferior longitudinal muscle sleeves with no muscle sutures needed. Postoperative angle was reported at 3 months and at final follow-up. Results The procedure reduced the angle of esotropia from mean preoperative angle of 36.6±9 (20–50) to 5.3±5.9 (0–20) PD. Satisfactory horizontal alignment, defined as postoperative alignment within 8 PD of orthotropia at distance, was achieved in 81.25% of the cases at 3 months of follow-up. There were no overcorrections. The procedure was well tolerated by patients. Conclusion Fenestration technique is a safe and effective weakening procedure for medial rectus in cases of sensory esotropia.

Purpose To assess the causes and the ways of management of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) performed in diabetic patients with advanced diabetic eye disease. Methods Retrospective review of the records of the patients who had undergone PPV for complicated proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) was done. Cases with RRD after the PPV were analyzed in the study (n = 32). Preoperative, operative, and postoperative data of the patients were recorded. All patients were recruited for a final follow-up visit. Results This retrospective case-control study included 400 eyes of 345 patients. Prolonged surgical duration increased the risk of developing RRD (odds ratio = 1.6342, p = 0.0321). The presence of intraoperative retinal breaks increased the risk of developing postoperative RRD (odds ratio = 2.2308, p = 0.0380). Also, complex diabetic detachment that needed for bimanual dissection of the membranes during surgery were associated with a higher risk of developing postoperative RRD (odds ratio = 2.7311, p = 0.0401). Conclusion Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment following diabetic vitrectomy needs a further vitrectomy for the management and usually has poor visual outcome. Prolonged surgical duration, the presence of intraoperative retinal breaks, and the need for bimanual dissection of the membranes (major complex cases) during surgery were associated with higher risk of developing RRD postoperatively.

Purpose To assess spectacle independence and patient satisfaction with pseudophakic mini-monovision in patients undergoing routine bilateral cataract surgery with implantation of an aspherical aberration-free intraocular lens (Akreos AO, Bausch and Lomb, USA). Methods This study was a retrospective analysis that included 60 eyes of 30 consecutive patients between 2016 and 2018. The included patients had undergone sequential bilateral routine phacoemulsification after choosing the mini-monovision option. Test for ocular dominance was done using a sighting test. Emmetropia was aimed at in the dominant eye, while in the non-dominant eye the aim was myopia between -1 D and -1.5 D. The main outcome parameters were uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA), and data reported from a questionnaire given to the patients at 3 months postoperative visit. Results The study included 60 eyes of 30 consecutive patients. The mean binocular UDVA was 0.09 ± 0.07 logMAR. Twenty-eight patients (93%) had binocular UDVA of 0.2 logMAR or better. The mean binocular uncorrected intermediate distance visual acuity (at 65 cm) was 0.16 ± 0.12 logMAR. Twenty-six patients (87%) had binocular uncorrected intermediate distance visual acuity of 0.2 logMAR or better. The mean binocular UNVA (at 35 cm) was 0.30 ± 0.21 logMAR. Fourteen patients (47%) had binocular UNVA of 0.2 logMAR or better. The patients score in the questionnaire was significantly higher in far and intermediate vision than near vision (p = 0.022). The patients score was significantly higher in day vision than night vision (p = 0.031). The mean overall patient satisfaction was good (9.1 ± 1.54). Twenty-eight patients (93%) reported high spectacle independence for far vision (score 8, 9, or 10). Conclusion Pseudophakic mini-monovision shows good results for spectacle independence and high patient satisfaction. It is a safe and inexpensive option after bilateral cataract surgery for correcting distance and intermediate vision. However, it might show lower results with near and night vision which is generally acceptable. Using aberration-free monofocal IOL allows for the residual normal positive corneal aberration that may augment the effect of monovision.

Purpose To evaluate the outcome of limbal transplantation in eyes with bilateral severe ocular surface damage secondary to chemical injury. Patients and methods This was a retrospective case series that included 20 patients who had undergone living related limbal transplantation due to the presence of bilateral severe stem cell deficiency resulting from chemical injury. Medical records of the selected patients were reviewed. The following data were recorded and analyzed: gender; age at the time of the surgery; duration of follow-up; corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA); symptoms; intraocular pressure (IOP); any complications; postoperative treatment; and other surgical procedures needed. Results The mean age of the included patients was 27.4±9.3 years. The causative agent was an alkali in 14 patients. Fifteen patients (75%) had a stable ocular surface (ie, complete corneal re-epithelization and resolution of postoperative inflammation) after the first limbal transplantation, while the other five patients (25%) needed regrafting. As regards the IOP; five patients (25%) needed Ahmed's valve implantation to control the IOP. Other surgical procedures needed were penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) in three patients (15%), cataract surgery in six patients (30%), and lid surgery in one patient (5%). Conclusion In conclusion, living related conjunctival limbal allograft transplantation, especially when combined with amniotic membrane transplantation, yielded good results in the management of cases with bilateral severe chemical eye injuries.

Purpose To evaluate the safety and efficacy of non-penetrating deep sclerectomy with a collagen implant versus trabeculectomy in primary congenital glaucoma. Subjects and Methods This was a retrospective interventional comparative non-randomized clinical study that included 80 eyes of 80 children presenting with primary congenital glaucoma under the age of 3 years. Forty eyes have undergone non-penetrating deep sclerectomy (NPDS) and the other 40 eyes have undergone penetrating trabeculectomy. The main outcome measure was the reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP). Secondary outcomes included percentage of patients with complete and qualified success, need for topical antiglaucoma medications, rate of complications, and need for further interventions. Complete success of the surgical outcome was considered an IOP ≤16 mmHg with no antiglaucoma medications. Qualified success was considered an IOP ≤16 mmHg using antiglaucoma medications. Results The mean preoperative IOP was 27.4 ± 6.9 and 28.5 ± 6.6 mmHg in NPDS and trabeculectomy groups, respectively (p = 0.175). At the end of the follow -up period, the mean IOP was 11.2 ± 4.5 and 11.1 ± 3.4 mmHg with a mean reduction of 16.2 and 17.4 mmHg in NPDS and trabeculectomy groups, respectively. At the end of the follow -up period, ie at 36 months postoperative, the complete success rate was 60% (24 eyes) versus 57.5% (23 eyes), the qualified success rate was 25% (10 eyes) versus 25% (10 eyes), the overall success rate was 85% (34 eyes) versus 82.5% (33 eyes), and the rate of failure was 15% (6 eyes) versus 17.5% (7 eyes) in NPDS and trabeculectomy groups, respectively (p = 0.952). Eight cases (20%) of the trabeculectomy group had shallow anterior chamber. None of the NPDS group cases suffered from shallow anterior chamber. Conclusion Non-penetrating deep sclerectomy appears to be an efficient and safe surgical alternative to penetrating trabeculectomy in treatment of primary congenital glaucoma. Non-penetrating deep sclerectomy has fewer postoperative complications in comparison to penetrating trabeculectomy with a comparative postoperative reduction in the intraocular pressure and overall success rates. Trial Registration The trial was registered on 11/01/2020 with number PACTR202002874953456 (https://pactr.samrc.ac.za).

Background To compare the visual and refractive outcomes of femtosecond laser assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) using Victus platform (Technolas Bausch and Lomb (B&L), Munich, Germany) and conventional phacoemulsification cataract surgery (CPCS). Methods A retrospective study of 100 eyes operated for cataract. FLACS was performed in 50 eyes and CPCS was done in another 50 eyes. Preoperative and 6 months postoperative visual and refractive evaluation (efficacy, safety, predictability, and surgically induced astigmatism) as well as higher-order aberrations were analyzed. Efficacy index which equals post-operative mean of uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) divided by preoperative mean corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) was calculated in both groups. Safety index equals post-operative mean of corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) divided by preoperative mean CDVA. Results Logarithm of the Minimum Angle of Resolution (LogMAR), UDVA improved in both groups after surgery (p p = 0.015). The post-operative comparison between both groups was in favor of CPCS group vs. FLACS group regarding total aberrations (0.563 ± 0.386 vs. 0.91 ± 1.20) (p = 0.03), while low order aberrations were significantly less in FLACS group vs. CPCS group (0.64 + 0.63 vs. 2.07 + 3.15) (p = 0.027). RMS high order aberration was higher in FLACS group vs. CPCS group but of no statistical significance 0.54 ± 0.96 vs. 0.328 ± 0.360 (p = 0.082). Conclusion Femtosecond laser -assisted cataract surgery was a safe and precise procedure but enhanced visual outcomes only minimally when compared to conventional cataract surgery in experienced hands. Both FLACS and manual surgeries can achieve a high efficacy, predictability and safety with slight superior outcomes in FLACS. Trial registration number PACTR201804003256258 (date: 27 Mar 2018) Available at: https://pactr.samrc.ac.za/

Purpose. To assess the safety and stability in cases of small incision lenticule extraction with collagen cross-linking (SMILE Xtra). Methods. This study was a retrospective interventional comparative study that included 60 eyes of 30 patients divided equally into two groups: SMILE Xtra and SMILE alone. The inclusion criteria were patients >18 years of age, myopic error >6 D, thinner cornea Results. There was a significant difference between the 2 groups regarding UDVA, CDVA, and MRSE at 1 month. In the SMILE Xtra group, 90% of eyes had postoperative UDVA of 20/20 and 97% had UDVA of 20/30 at 24 months. At 24 months, 26 eyes (87%) vs. 25 eyes (84%) were within ±0.50 D of attempted correction in SMILE Xtra and SMILE groups, respectively. Regarding stability, both groups showed improvement of MRSE at 1st month postoperatively and remained stable along the 24 months of follow-up. CRF and corneal densitometry were higher in the SMILE Xtra group along the whole follow-up period (p=0.001). Conclusion. Combining corneal cross-linking with SMILE procedure (SMILE Xtra) is a promising tool to prevent ectasia in high-risk patients. It is a safe and simple procedure that can be offered to patients undergoing SMILE with risk for ectasia. Trial registration no: PACTR201810577524718.

Objective To assess the accuracy of axial length measurements in cases of macula-off retinal detachment using different methods (optical biometry, A-scan ultrasound, and combined applanation vector-A/B-scan biometry). Methods This prospective clinical study included 100 eyes of 100 patients who underwent vitrectomy alone or phacovitrectomy for macula-off retinal detachment. All patients included signed an informed consent. Preoperative examination of the patients included recording the axial length measurements using optical biometry, A-scan ultrasound, and combined applanation vector-A/B-scan biometry. Results The mean postoperative IOLMaster axial length after macular reattachment was 26.11 ± 2.91 mm. The mean preoperative IOLMaster axial length with macula-off was 25.32 ± 2.72 mm. The mean preoperative A-scan axial length with macula-off was 25.29 ± 2.80 mm. The mean preoperative vector-A/B-scan axial length with macula-off was 26.03 ± 2.90 mm. The preoperative vector-A/B-scan mean absolute error was 0.59 ± 0.48 D (range, 0.10–2.25 D). Conclusions Regular methods (optical biometry and A-scan biometry) of measuring the axial length in cases with a detached macula proved to be variable and less accurate. The vector-A/B-scan offered good measurements of the actual axial length in the patients. This was reflected on more accurate postoperative refractive outcome.

Purpose. To compare the refractive outcome of 2 different methods of intraocular lens implantation in cases of posterior microphthalmos, primary piggyback IOLs versus secondary iris claw lenses. Methods. This study was a retrospective interventional comparative study that included 60 eyes of 30 patients. The included patients had bilateral microphthalmos with high axial hyperopia and had undergone a lens-based surgical procedure for hyperopia correction. The included patients were equally divided into two groups. The first group had undergone refractive lens exchange (RLE) with primary piggyback IOL implantation. The second group undergone RLE with maximum available IOL power implanted followed by a secondary implantation of Artisan iris-fixated IOL (Ophtec B.V., Groningen, the Netherlands). Results. The 2 groups were highly comparable to each other regarding the mean age, axial length (AL), manifest refraction (MR), and K readings. Postoperatively, there was a statistically significant difference between the 2 groups regarding the manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA). There was no significant difference between the 2 groups regarding the CDVA. At 36 months, 20% and 73% of the eyes were within ±0.5 D of intended refraction at 36 months in 1ry piggyback and 2ry Artisan groups, respectively. Fifty-three percent and 93% of the eyes were within ±1.0 D of intended refraction at 36 months in 1ry piggyback and 2ry Artisan groups, respectively (p=0.001). Conclusion. Secondary procedure with implantation of iris-fixated intraocular lens yielded very good results for treatment of axial hyperopia in cases of posterior microphthalmos. The primary piggyback IOL showed less satisfactory results with cases of under correction and the possible complication of interlenticular opacification. Both groups showed good safety parameters.

Purpose: to compare the refractive outcome of 2 different methods of intraocular lens implantation in cases of posterior microphthalmos, primary piggy back IOLs versus secondary iris claw lenses. Methods: This study was a retrospective interventional comparative study that included 60 eyes of 30 patients. The included patients had bilateral microphthalmos with high axial hyperopia and had undergone a lens based surgical procedure for hyperopia correction. The included patients were equally divided into two groups. The first group had undergone refractive lens exchange (RLE) with primary piggyback IOL implantation. The second group undergone RLE with maximum available IOL power implanted followed by a secondary implantation of Artisan iris-fixated IOL (Ophtec B.V., Groningen, The Netherlands). Results: The 2 groups were highly comparable to each other regarding the mean age, axial length (AL), manifest refraction (MR), and K readings. Postoperative, there was a statistically significant difference between the 2 groups regarding the manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA). There was no significant difference between the 2 groups regarding the CDVA. At 36 months, 20 % and 73 % of eyes were within + 0.5 D of intended refraction at 36 months in 1ry piggy back and 2ry Artisan groups respectively. Fifty-three % and 93 % of eyes were within + 1.0 D of intended refraction at 36 months in 1ry piggy back and 2ry Artisan groups respectively (p = 0.001). Conclusion: secondary procedure with implantation of iris-fixated intraocular lens yielded very good results for treatment of axial hyperopia in cases of posterior microphthalmos. The primary piggyback IOL showed less satisfactory results with cases of under correction and the possible complication of inter-lenticular opacification. Both groups showed good safety parameters.

Purpose. To evaluate the outcome of primary nonpenetrating deep sclerectomy (NPDS) in patients with steroid-induced glaucoma.Methods. This was a retrospective interventional clinical study that included 60 eyes of 60 steroid-induced glaucoma patients that had undergone NPDS. Patients were followed up for 4 years. Data from the records was retrieved as regards corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), visual field mean defect (dB), and number of antiglaucoma medications needed if any. Complete success of the surgical outcome was considered an IOP ≤ 21 mmHg with no antiglaucoma medications. Qualified success was considered an IOP ≤ 21 mmHg using antiglaucoma medications.Results. The mean age was 21.2 ± 8.5 years (ranged from 12 to 35 years). At 48 months, mean IOP was 13.6 ± 2.8 mmHg (range 11–23 mmHg). This represented 60% reduction of mean IOP from preoperative levels. One case had YAG laser goniopuncture. Three cases required needling followed by ab interno revision. Using ANOVA test, there was a statistically significant difference between preoperative and postoperative mean IOP values (P=0.032). Twelve, 16, and 20 patients required topical antiglaucoma medications at 24, 26, and 48 months postoperative, respectively.Conclusion. Primary nonpenetrating deep sclerectomy is a safe and an effective method of treating eyes with steroid-induced glaucoma. No major complications were encountered. After 4 years of follow-up, complete success rate was 56.7% and qualified success rate was 70%.

Background: Psoriasis is a common disorder worldwide. The prevalence of psoriasis in Egypt, an African country with a Caucasian population, ranges 0.19–3%. Despite this relatively high prevalence of psoriasis, there are no epidemiologic data regarding the burden of associated eye affection. Determining the magnitude of the problem could help in offering better integrated health services. Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate eye involvement in a sample of Egyptian psoriatic patients. Patients and Methods: This case-control study included 100 patients with psoriasis and 100 age and sex matched healthy controls. Psoriasis extent and severity was graded by psoriasis area and severity index (PASI). Complete ophthalmological examination and tests for dry eye were performed to all subjects. Results: The mean age of the psoriasis group was 50.7 ± 14.3 years. Thirty eight percent of the cases were females. The mean duration of psoriasis was 10.1 ± 7.5 years. Psoriasis patients had more conjunctival injection (n = 40, P = 0.035), more pinguecula (n = 38, P = 0.048) than controls. Ocular surface disease index (OSDI), tear breakup time (TBUT), Schirmer I, and Rose Bengal staining showed statistically significant positive results in the psoriasis group. Conclusion: This is the first report on the prevalence of eye comorbidities in Egyptian psoriatic patients. Dry eyes were more common with psoriasis, particularly the erythrodermic type. Other ocular findings were not statistically significantly different except for conjunctival injection and pinguecula.

Purpose The aim of this study was to compare the predictability of different intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation formulas [Sanders–Retzlaff–Kraff (SRK) II formula, SRK-T formula, Haigis formula, Hoffer Q formula] in axial hyperopic patients [axial length (AL) Patients and methods This study comprised 40 eyes of 26 patients who presented with cataract and axial eye length less than 22 mm. Before phacoemulsification and IOL implantation, AL measurement, keratometry measurement and anterior chamber depth measurement using the IOL master were done. IOL power was calculated using four different formulas (SRK-II, SRK-T, Haigis, Hoffer Q). Actual stabilized postoperative refraction (spherical equivalent) 1 month after surgery was measured and the accuracy of the four different formulas was compared. Differences between actual postoperative refraction and predicted refraction using the different formulas were analyzed. P value less than or equal to 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Furthermore, the percentage of eyes with mean absolute prediction error (MAE) within ±0.5 and ±1.0 diopter (D) for each formula was estimated, as well as the correlation coefficient (r) between the AL and MAE for each formula. Results There was a significant difference between the MAE of the four formulas, except there was no significant difference between the MAE of SRK-T and SRK-II. The Haigis formula had a smallest MAE of 0.47±0.36 D, then Hoffer Q with a MAE of 0.87±0.51 D, and then SRK-T with a MAE of 1.38±0.89 D. The SRK-II had the largest MAE of 1.70±1.06 D. The Haigis formula predicted more eyes with MAE within ±0.5 and ±1.0 D of the predicted spherical equivalent compared with other formulas. The correlation between AL and AE has shown a negative r value and P value of less than 0.05 for all formulas. Conclusion The Haigis formula provides more accurate results concerning the postoperative target of refraction in eyes with an AL of less than 22.0 mm. Hoffer Q could be also used as an alternative.

Purpose The aim of the present study was to compare the pupil diameter in cases injected with intracameral adrenaline intraoperatively, in addition to topical mydriatics, and cases that received topical mydriatics only. In addition, this study aimed at assessing the systemic and local side effects of the two techniques. Patients and methods The study was conducted on a total of 80 consecutive eyes that underwent phacoemulsification surgery. Patients with different types of cataract requiring phacoemulsification were included in this study. The patients were randomized and divided into two groups. The first group (50 cases) received intraoperative bolus adrenaline injection intracameraly, in addition to preoperative topical mydriatics. The pupil diameter was measured twice, once after topical mydriatics and the second time after intracameral adrenaline injection. The second group (30 cases) received benoxinate hydrochloride 4 mg (Benox) preoperatively as a topical anesthetic, and tropicamid 1% (Mydriacil) as mydriatic. The pupil diameter was measured by using a squint caliper after mydriacyl. Results The mean preoperative pupil diameter in the first group was 6.76 ± 0.90 mm. Patients in the first group had smaller pupils. The mean preoperative pupil diameter in the second group was 8.07 ± 0.68 mm. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant. On the other hand, the mean pupil diameter after intracameral adrenaline injection was 7.91 ± 1.01 mm, which was statistically different as adrenaline dilated the pupil. Conclusion The present study revealed better pupil dilatation in cases with narrower pupil when injected with intracameral adrenaline than in cases with topical mydriatic only, with no local or systemic side effects.

To compare the clinical outcome of digital and manual marking for toric intraocular lens (IOL) alignment. This is a prospective clinical study that included 60 eyes of 60 patients undergoing cataract surgery with coexisting corneal astigmatism more than 1 diopter (D). The eyes were randomly assigned to either digital image guidance using VERION digital marker (Alcon Laboratories, Ft. Worth, TX) or manual slitlamp-assisted preoperative marking using pendulum-attached marker. Tecnis toric IOL (Abbott Medical Optics, Inc, Santa Ana, CA) was implanted in all cases. The mean postoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity (UCDVA) for the digital-marking group was 0.12 + 0.12 logMAR, and for the manual-marking group was 0.18 + 0.14 logMAR (P = 0.104). The mean deviation from targeted induced astigmatism (TIA) for the first group was 0.10 + 0.08 D and for the second group was 0.20 + 0.14 D (P = 0.001). The mean postoperative toric IOL misalignment measured by the slitlamp was 2.4° + 1.96° for the first group and was 4.33° + 2.72° for the second group (P = 0.003). Accurate alignment of the toric IOL is important to achieve the desired astigmatism correction. VERION system has the advantage of preoperative planning and intraoperative digital guidance of the toric IOL alignment. The use of VERION system resulted in less postoperative deviation from TIA and showed less postoperative toric IOL misalignment than using manual-marking technique.

Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of corneal power measurements for intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation after myopic laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Methods: The study evaluated 45 eyes with a history of myopic LASIK. Corneal power was measured using manual keratometry, automated keratometry, optical biometry, and Scheimflug tomography. Different hypothetical IOL power calculation formulas were performed for each case. Results: The steepest mean K value was measured with manual keratometry (37.48 ± 2.86 D) followed by automated keratometry (37.31 ± 2.83 D) then optical biometry (37.06 ± 2.98 D) followed by Scheimflug tomography (36.55 ± 3.08). None of the K values generated by Scheimflug tomography were steeper than the measurements from the other 3 instruments. Using equivalent K reading (EKR) 4 mm with the Double-K SRK/T formula, the refractive outcome generated 97.8% of cases within ± 2 D, 80.0% of cases within ± 1 D, and 42.2% of cases within ± 0.5 D. The best combination of formulas was “Shammas-PL + Double-K SRK/T formula using EKR 4 mm.” Conclusion: Scheimflug tomography imaging using the Holladay EKR 4 mm improved the accuracy of IOL power calculation in post.LASIK eyes. The best option is a combination of formulas. We recommended the use the combined “Shammas-PL ± Double-K SRK/T formula using EKR 4 mm”h for optical outcomes.

Purpose The study aimed at investigating retrospectively the values of corneal and lens densitometry using the Pentacam Scheimpflug system after corneal cross-linking (CXL). Materials and methods This study included 50 eyes of 50 patients who had undergone CXL for keratoconus. The Pentacam Scheimpflug system was used before the procedure to measure objectively the corneal and lens densitometry values. The same measurements were recorded during the follow-up visits at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months using the Scheimpflug image taken at the same axis as at the baseline visit. During the same preoperative and follow-up visits, slit-lamp examination was performed by the same examiner to grade the corneal haze on a scale from 1 to 4. Results The mean Scheimpflug corneal densitometry at baseline was 16.30 ± 1.90 (measured on a scale of 100). At 1 month postoperatively, the corneal densitometry increased to 28.81 ± 4.33. Between 6 and 12 months postoperatively, there was a decrease in the corneal densitometry values by 4.78, which was statistically significant ( P P Conclusion Scheimpflug corneal densitometry and the clinical corneal haze peaked at 1 month, followed by a gradual decline. They reached near baseline levels at 12 months, but at significantly higher values. Lens densitometry was not affected by CXL.

Settings The study was conducted in Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt. Purpose The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of various surgical factors on the postoperative corneal refractive power and astigmatism after keratoplasty in eyes with corneal diseases. Patients and Methods This was a retrospective study on 100 eyes with clear grafts 6 months following keratoplasty; the influence of different surgical factors (technique of keratoplasty, type of suturing, size of trephination) on the postoperative corneal refractive power and astigmatism was analyzed. All included patients signed informed consent. Results Around 70% of the cases of the four subgroups had keratoconus. The flattest 6 months postoperative keratometric reading was the penetrating keratoplasty (PK) with interrupted sutures subgroup with mean ± SD 43.90 ± 3.09 D. The steepest was the deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) with double-running sutures subgroup with mean ± SD 45.30 ± 1.70 D. The highest 6 months postoperative astigmatism was the PK with interrupted sutures subgroup with mean ± SD 7.15 ± 1.95 D. The lowest was the PK with double-running sutures subgroup with mean ± SD 2.36 ± 1.15 D. Conclusion Interrupted sutures resulted in significantly higher postoperative astigmatism in both PK and DALK before suture removal. Double-running sutures resulted in acceptable postoperative astigmatism even before suture removal. DALK resulted in higher postoperative astigmatism and steeper grafts than PK.

Background Evaluating the corneal biomechanical changes using the Ocular Response Analyzer and the Corvis ST in eyes with incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and laser assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Methods This is a retrospective study that included 50 eyes equally divided into two groups. The first group included eyes that underwent SMILE procedure using VisuMax® 500 kHz laser system (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany) and the second group included eyes that underwent LASIK procedure using the EX500 Allegretto excimer laser platform (Wavelight GmbH, Erlangen, Germany). The Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA) and the Corvis ST (CST) measured the corneal biomechanical changes before and after the procedures. Results The ORA showed significant decrease of corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factor (CRF) in both groups postoperatively. The percentage of change of CH and CRF were found to be significantly higher in group II. There was no significant difference in the IOP with the ORA and the CST pre and postoperatively in either group. Using CST, the deformation amplitude and HC peak distances increased significantly in both groups. It was also noted that the mean percentage of change of the deformation amplitude was nearly five times higher in group II than group I. Conclusion Both LASIK and SMILE substantially decreased the corneal biomechanical properties with greater reduction in the LASIK group.