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Tube internal erosion, which corresponds to its wall thinning process, is one of the major safety concerns for tubes. Many sensing technologies have been developed to detect a tube wall thinning process. Among them, fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors are the most popular ones due to their precise measurement properties. Most of the current works focus on how to design different types of FBG sensors according to certain physical laws and only test their sensors in controlled laboratory conditions. However, in practice, an industrial system usually suffers from harsh and dynamic environmental conditions, and FBG signals are affected by many unpredictable factors. Consequently, the FBG signals have more fluctuations and are polluted by noises. Hence, the signals no longer directly follow the assumed physical laws and their proposed thinning detection mechanisms no longer work. Targeting at this, this article develops a data-driven model for FBG signal feature extraction and tube wall thickness monitoring using data analytic techniques. In particular, we develop a spatiotemporal model to describe dynamic FBG signals and extract features related to thickness. By taking physical law as guideline, we trace the relationship between the extracted features and the tube wall thickness, based on which we construct an online statistical monitoring scheme for tube wall thinning process. We use both laboratory test and field trial experiment to demonstrate the efficacy and efficiency of the proposed scheme. Note to Practitioners—This article is motivated by the real industrial needs of inner erosion detection of tubes in harsh environment. Most of the current research works focus on designing various sensing apparatuses based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors for nondestructive erosion detection. These apparatuses prove to be able to collect signals reflecting tube wall thickness in static and controllable laboratory environment qualitatively. However, in reality, the industrial environment, which is impacted by many changing factors, is dynamic and uncontrollable. Consequently, the signals collected by these FBG apparatuses would have larger variations that mask the signals related to thickness. Furthermore, current methods have neither mentioned how to process their collected data to capture the unnoticeably slow but accumulative erosion information efficiently nor constructed online monitoring algorithms to detect the tube wall thinning process based on the collected signals quantitatively. Built upon their apparatuses but targeting at their unsolved challenges, we propose a novel data-driven approach for FBG signal analysis that can remove the environmental influence and extract features only related to tube wall thickness, and using the extracted features, we construct a statistical process control scheme to monitor tube wall thickness and detect erosion in real time efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]