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Measurement-based quantum computation with continuous variables, which realizes computation by performing measurement and feedforward of measurement results on a large scale Gaussian cluster state, provides a feasible way to implement quantum computation. Quantum error correction is an essential procedure to protect quantum information in quantum computation and quantum communication. In this review, we briefly introduce the progress of measurement-based quantum computation and quantum error correction with continuous variables based on Gaussian cluster states. We also discuss the challenges in the fault-tolerant measurement-based quantum computation with continuous variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Circular RNAs (circRNAs) represent a distinct class of non-coding RNAs that have attracted substantial research attention in recent years. We identified a novel circRNA derived from golgi glycoprotein 1 mRNA (circ_GLG1), the role of which is unknown in colorectal cancer (CRC). The purpose of this study was to explore the potential roles and mechanisms of circ_GLG1 in CRC. Materials and Methods: Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed to quantify circ_GLG1 expression in 40 pairs of CRC tissues and adjacent normal tissues as well as CRC cell lines. DLD1 CRC cells were transfected with a small-interfering RNA against circ_GLG1, after which cell proliferation, viability, invasion, and migration were measured through cell counting kit-8 colony-formation, transwell, and wound-healing assays, respectively. Dual-luciferase reporter assays were performed to explore the binding sites among circ_GLG1, miR-622, and Kirsten rat sarcoma (KRAS) transcripts. KRAS protein expression was detected using Western blot analysis. Results: Circ_GLG1 expression was significantly higher in CRC tissues than in adjacent normal tissues. Knocking down circ_GLG1 in DLD1 cells inhibited tumor cell viability, proliferation, invasion, and migration, and these effects were reversed by co-transfecting an miR-622 inhibitor. Circ_GLG1 promoted KRAS expression at both the mRNA and protein levels by acting as an miR-622 sponge. Dual-luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that miR-622 interacted with circ_GLG1 and KRAS mRNA. Conclusion: Our study revealed the role of the circ_GLG1–miR-622–KRAS axis in CRC. Moreover, our findings provide insight into the molecular mechanism of circ_GLG1 in CRC and suggest potential new biomarkers for diagnosing this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a newly discovered class of endogenous non-coding RNAs. Owing to the development of high-throughput sequencing, researchers have identified thousands of circRNAs. Emerging evidence suggests that circRNAs are involved in various tumor cell processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and migration. Because of their high stability and abundance, tissue-specific expression, and easy detection, circRNAs are considered ideal biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. An increasing number of studies have recently demonstrated that circRNAs are closely associated with colorectal cancer (CRC). CRC is the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death globally. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the development and progression of CRC is vital. In this review, we summarize the current literature regarding human circRNAs related to CRC and present an overview of the potential clinical implications of circRNAs with respect to CRC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of lung cancer and lung cancer-associated mortality have markedly increased worldwide, and gene-targeted therapy has emerged as a promising treatment strategy. The present study aimed to explore the targeted antitumor effect of the herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase/human interleukin-12 (HSV-TK/hIL-12) fusion gene regulated by the human secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (hSLPI) promoter of human non-small cell lung cancer (hNSCLC). There were four recombinant eukaryotic expression vectors: pcDNA3.1-CMV-TK, pcDNA3.1-CMV-TK/hIL-12, pcDNA3.1-phSLP-TK and pcDNA3.1-phSLP-TK/hIL-12. These were constructed and transfected into the A549, SPC-A1 and HepG2 cell lines in vitro. The expression of the HSV-TK/hIL-12 fusion gene was detected with reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the content of hIL-12 was measured using an ELISA. The antitumor effect of the fusion gene on the A549, SPC-A1 and HepG2 cell lines was determined using an MTT assay. Analysis of the experimental data demonstrated that genes regulated by the cytomegalovirus promoter were expressed at the same level in three different tumor cell lines. Genes regulated by the hSLPI promoter were expressed in the A549 and SPC-A1 cell lines, but not in the HepG2 cell line. Coincidentally, the hIL-12 expression levels were similar to those observed in previous RT-PCR findings. In the Pcmv-TK/Pcmv-TK-hIL-12 group for all three cell lines, as well as in the PSLPI-TK/PSLPI-TK-hIL-12 group for the A549 and SPC-A1 cell lines, the cell survival rate declined significantly and the fusion gene transfection group indicated a lower cell survival rate, when compared with single gene transfection group. The present study indicated that the fusion gene regulated by the hSLPI promoter had a targeted antitumor effect on hNSCLC, and that the combined suicide gene and immune gene therapy had a stronger antitumor effect, compared with single gene therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deregulation of microRNA (miRNA) has been suggested as a critical event in colon cancer development and progression. Recent studies have suggested that miR-374b is a novel cancer-related miRNA involved in several cancer types. Thus far, very little is known about the role of miR-374b in colon cancer; therefore, the goal of this study was to investigate the potential role of miR-374b in colon cancer. Here, we showed that miR-374b expression was significantly downregulated in colon cancer tissues and cell lines. Overexpression of miR-374b inhibited the proliferation and invasion of colon cancer cells, while miR-374b suppression promoted colon cancer cell proliferation and invasion. Liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) was identified as a target of miR-374b in colon cancer cells. Both the mRNA and protein expression of LRH-1 were regulated by miR-374b. In addition, an inverse correlation between LRH-1 mRNA and miR-374b expression was evidenced in colon cancer specimens. Notably, overexpression of miR-374b also downregulated the Wnt signaling in colon cancer cells. Furthermore, restoration of LRH-1 expression significantly abolished the antitumor effect of miR-374b in colon cancer cells. These findings suggest that miR-374b inhibits colon cancer cell proliferation and invasion through downregulation of LRH-1 expression. Inhibiting LRH-1 by miR-374b may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of colon cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nondegenerate optical parametric oscillator (NOPO) above threshold is a simple set-up to generate entangled beams. To more accurately calculate the entanglement between the generated twin beams from the NOPO, we use the Langevin equations for the NOPO with a higher-transmissivity cavity mirror. The obtained new expressions for the amplitude-difference and phase-sum noise spectra suggest that increasing the transmissivity of the output mirror can enhance the entanglement beyond the previous expectation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diode-laser-pumped all-solid-state lasers are widely used for their high efficiency and excellent monochromaticity. However, existing figure-8 ring cavity single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) lasers, which use two concave cavity mirrors, produce elliptical output spots. Here, we present an SLM Nd:YAG laser with a trapezoidal cavity and planar mirrors, resulting in a circular output spot. Two of the cavity mirrors are Brewster thin-film polarizers (BTFPs), which along with a Faraday rotator and half-wave plate ensure unidirectional operation of an s-polarized intracavity beam. Our design achieves two outputs at 1064 nm: 945-mW s-polarized light from the output mirror and 652-mW p-polarized light from the BTFP cavity mirror. This design has advantages for the manufacturing and downsizing of high-power SLM lasers with isotropic gain media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum error correction protects the quantum state against noise and decoherence in quantum communication and quantum computation, which enables one to perform fault-torrent quantum information processing. We experimentally demonstrate a quantum error correction scheme with a five-wave-packet code against a single stochastic error, the original theoretical model of which was firstly proposed by S. L. Braunstein and T. A. Walker. Five submodes of a continuous variable cluster entangled state of light are used for five encoding channels. Especially, in our encoding scheme the information of the input state is only distributed on three of the five channels and thus any error appearing in the remained two channels never affects the output state, i.e. the output quantum state is immune from the error in the two channels. The stochastic error on a single channel is corrected for both vacuum and squeezed input states and the achieved fidelities of the output states are beyond the corresponding classical limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) participate in the occurrence and development of various diseases through different mechanisms, such as by acting as a microRNA (miRNA) sponge, interacting with RNA-binding proteins, and regulating gene transcription and protein translation. For example, the abnormal expression of specific circRNAs in tumor cells can alter key regulatory factors and the cell cycle network, resulting in cell cycle disorders and the development and metastasis of tumors. Here, we summarize the mechanisms involved in the circRNA-mediated processes that lead to uncontrolled cell cycle and tumor cell proliferation. Extensive studies investigating the abnormal expression of circRNAs in different cancer types have been conducted. The unique characteristics of circRNAs and their ability to regulate the cell cycle through diverse mechanisms is extremely valuable in tumor diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Our review may assist in further understanding the circRNA-mediated regulation of the cell cycle in tumors and provide insights for research on circRNA-based therapeutic strategies and biological diagnosis for cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Circ-SHPRH is a circular RNA that can regulate the expression of target genes by sponging microRNAs (miRNAs) or translating tumor suppressor proteins. Recent studies have suggested that circ-SHPRH may play a role in the development of tumors and cancers. Hence, this paper aimed to review the biological characteristics, molecular mechanisms, and potential clinical significance of circ-SHPRH in a variety of tumors and to evaluate its potential as a new diagnostic and prognostic biomarker. Methods: Numerous experiments were performed regarding the abnormal expression of circ-SHPRH in a variety of tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, osteosarcoma, colorectal cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, retinoblastoma, and glioblastoma. Results: Upregulation of circ-SHPRH reportedly inhibits tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, leading to the inhibition of tumor development. The clinicopathological parameters and the functional characteristics of circ-SHPRH in multiple human tumors and cancers were summarized. Circ-SHPRH functions as a tumor suppressor gene and has great potential as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for different types of cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma worldwide. The molecular mechanisms underlying DLBCL have not been fully elucidated, and approximately 40% of patients who undergo standard chemoimmunotherapy still present with primary refractory disease or relapse. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), a group of biomolecules functioning at the RNA level, are increasingly recognized as vital components of molecular biology. With the development of RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) technology, accumulating evidence shows that ncRNAs are important mediators of diverse biological processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. They are also considered promising biomarkers and better candidates than proteins and genes for the early recognition of disease onset, as they are associated with relative stability, specificity, and reproducibility. In this review, we provide the first comprehensive description of the current knowledge regarding three groups of ncRNAs—microRNAs (miRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs)—focusing on their characteristics, molecular functions, as well as diagnostic and therapeutic potential in DLBCL. This review provides an exhaustive account for researchers to explore novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of DLBCL and therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid increase in cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide is a major challenge for public health providers. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore the molecular mechanism of tumorigenesis and identify potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic methods. Circular RNA (circRNA) is characterized by a stable structure and tissue-specific expression; these features are useful in medical research and clinical applications. In recent years, with the development of high-throughput sequencing technology, the potential use of circRNA in cancer prognosis and treatment has been extensively explored. Abnormal circRNA expression interferes with specific signaling pathways such as the MAPK pathway; this phenomenon may provide potential diagnostic biomarkers and new therapeutic targets. The present article discusses the research progress on the regulatory roles of MAPK/ERK pathway-related circRNA molecules in the development and progression of different types of tumors. This review may provide insight into the development of circRNA-based cancer management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]